As Syria fractures, Israel digs in

For the past nine months, soldiers from the IDF’s 810th Brigade, also known as the Mountain Brigade, have been operating deep inside Syrian territory. Since Israeli forces took control of Mount Hermon’s eastern ridge in December, the brigade’s troops have raided and disabled more than 30 abandoned outposts of the Assad regime.

Through persistent and painstaking work — sometimes tens of miles beyond the border — Israeli forces have arrived by vehicle or helicopter to neutralize threats and ensure that lethal weapons left behind by Syrian forces do not fall into hostile hands. More than seven tons of weaponry, including landmines, explosives, grenades and rockets, have already been seized and destroyed.

IDF patrol along the Hermon ridge

(Photo: Yair Kraus)

As we ascend toward the summit of Mount Hermon with the soldiers, the biting wind stings our faces. The blazing summer heat is left behind on the other side of the border, and a wintry chill settles in — a preview of the snowfall expected in the coming weeks. From an altitude of over 2,300 meters, at the Fortress of Winds outpost, the Lebanese mountain range stretches out in one direction. In the other, Druze and Sunni villages dot the Syrian hillsides. On a clear day, even Damascus is visible in the distance.

This sector, located on the Syrian side of Mount Hermon, has been under Israeli control since the collapse of the Assad regime in this area last December. The reality here is complex, fluid and far from clear-cut.

“There’s a lot of infrastructure here from the old Syrian army,” explains the brigade commander, Lt. Col. L. “We reached it and confiscated huge amounts of weapons. We destroyed much of the infrastructure as well. We made it clear — we won’t leave anything behind. The area has to be sterile. This is a defensive zone, and we need to manage it as best we can.”

But the biggest challenge facing Israeli forces operating across the Syrian border, the commander says, is a simple yet unresolved question: “Who exactly is the enemy?”

“It’s an undefined enemy,” says Lt. Col. L. “I don’t know what it looks like right now or what its goals are. I don’t think you’d find two people over there who would give you the same answer.”

Late last month, four Israeli soldiers were lightly wounded during an operation near Damascus at one of the former regime’s outposts. The injuries were caused by the explosion of an old Syrian grenade during efforts to clear out munitions. The soldiers, all from the 299th Battalion, were airlifted to Israel for treatment.

Mountain Brigade Commander Lt. Col. L.

(Photo: Yair Kraus)

Their commander, Lt. Col. (res.) S., explained: “We carry out missions even deep in Syria with one clear goal — to remove the munitions as quickly as possible, before they end up in the wrong hands.”

As Western powers embrace Syria’s newly appointed president, Sunni jihadist Ahmad al-Sharaa, now sporting a tailored suit and carefully crafted image, the IDF remains wary. Sharaa, formerly a commander in al-Qaeda, still represents — in Israel’s eyes — the same extremist ideology.

“The major challenge in Syria today is that the enemy is still taking shape,” Lt. Col. L. says,

“They may have a president now, and I see him in a suit, but I also see what lies beneath. No one here is blind to the massacres of recent months, like in Sweida, when regime troops slaughtered Druze civilians. I don’t know if there’s even a common language on the other side. Until the situation stabilizes, our presence here to keep the area sterile is critical.”

He recalls that when the war in Israel erupted on Oct. 7, 2023, “we knew exactly who was in power, and that it was Assad.” But today, he says, “one of the main challenges is understanding how this space is reshaping itself — what its intentions are, where it’s heading. These question marks will remain a challenge until they turn into exclamation marks. That’s why we must be ready here for any development.”

The Hermon region — once the seam between Israel, Syria and Lebanon, with no fence or clear border, shaped instead by fierce winds and extreme weather — has become sterile in recent months under Israeli control. Humanitarian aid missions by the IDF to nearby Druze villages continue, including in the Hermon sector. Still, the senior officer stresses the army’s effort to minimize friction with the local population, aware of how quickly dynamics could change.

A newly constructed IDF outpost on the Hermon ridge

(Photo: Yair Kraus)

“The Druze response to us is warm,” he says. “When you go down, they wave hello, they welcome you. But I don’t confuse that with our mission. My approach is operational, focused only on activities and aid operations, not something we do as part of daily routine.”

In newly built Hermon outposts, Israeli forces are preparing for long deployments under snow and freezing winds. The army’s snow-clearing unit is set to keep access routes open, while the Alpine unit trains for combat, climbing and mobility in winter conditions. Most of the effort, however, is going into hardening the outposts against the weather — an enemy no less challenging than the Syrians.

“We’re using every moment,” says Lt. Col. L. On our way to the Fortress of Winds outpost, we pass military engineers widening mountain paths and erecting tall snow markers, ready for when the roads vanish under several feet of snow.

Lt. Col. (res.) S. points to the bulldozers working near the base: “We’re racing against time, pushing to finish the outpost’s infrastructure and routes. The goal is to make sure the base is fully prepared, able to hold out even if cut off for days or even months.”