Bromfalk Å, Hultin M, Myrberg T, Engström Å, Walldén J. Postoperative recovery in preschool-aged children: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing premedication with midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. Paediatr Anaesth. 2023;33(11):962–72.
Qiao H, Chen J, Lv P, Ye Z, Lu Y, Li W, Jia JJTP. Efficacy of premedication with intravenous Midazolam on preoperative anxiety and mask compliance in pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial. Translational Pediatr. 2022;11(11):1751–8.
Bromfalk Å, Myrberg T, Walldén J, Engström Å, Hultin M. Preoperative anxiety in preschool children: a randomized clinical trial comparing midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(11):1225–33.
Barends CR, Absalom A, van Minnen B, Vissink A, Visser A. Dexmedetomidine versus Midazolam in procedural Sedation. A systematic review of efficacy and safety. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169525.
Mason KP, Seth N. The pearls of pediatric sedation: polish the old and embrace the new. Minerva Anestesiol. 2019;85(10):1105–17.
Moon YE. Paradoxical reaction to Midazolam in children. Korean J Anesthesiology. 2013;65(1):2–3.
Gencer M, Sezen O. A study comparing the effect of premedication with intravenous Midazolam or Dexmedetomidine on ketamine-fentanyl sedoanalgesia in burn patients: a randomized clinical trial. Burns. 2021;47(1):101–9.
Khan Z, Hameed M, Khan FA. Current role of perioperative intravenous ketamine: a narrative review. Anesthesiol Perioper Sci. 2023;1(4):36.
Casoni D, Spadavecchia C, Wampfler B, Thormann W, Levionnois OL. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of S-ketamine for intravenous general anaesthesia in horses undergoing field castration. Acta Vet Scand. 2015;57(1):21.
Bian Y, Zhou S, Hou H, Xu T, Huang YJTP. The optimal dose of oral midazolam with or without intranasal S-ketamine for premedication in children: a randomised, double blinded, sequential dose-finding trial. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(11):2941–51.
Huang J, Liu D, Bai J, Gu H. Median effective dose of Esketamine for intranasal premedication in children with congenital heart disease. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023;23(1):129.
Qiao H, Zhuang Y, Lv P, Ye Z, Lu Y, Jia J. Intranasal esketamine versus esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination for premedication in pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Transl Pediatr. 2024;13(8):1327–35.
Zhang MQ, Xu MZ, He Y, Su YW, Ma J, Zuo YX. Comparison of S-ketamine and midazolam for intravenous preoperative sedative and anxiolytic effects in preschool children: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials. 2023;24(1):724.
Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Cicchetti DV, Bagnall AL, Finley JD, Hofstadter MB. The Yale preoperative anxiety scale: how does it compare with a gold standard? Anesth Analgesia. 1997;85(4):783-8.
Cuzzocrea F, Gugliandolo MC, Larcan R, Romeo C, Turiaco N, Dominici T. A psychological preoperative program: effects on anxiety and cooperative behaviors. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(2):139–43.
Fortier MA, Del Rosario AM, Martin SR, Kain ZN. Perioperative anxiety in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010;20(4):318–22.
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Mayes LC, Weinberg ME, Wang SM, MacLaren JE, et al. Family-centered preparation for surgery improves perioperative outcomes in children: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(1):65–74.
Sola C, Lefauconnier A, Bringuier S, Raux O, Capdevila X, Dadure C. Childhood preoperative anxiolysis: is sedation and distraction better than either alone? A prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2017;27(8):827–34.
Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H, Beck C, Bouvet L, Cercueil E, et al. Pre-operative fasting in children: a guideline from the European society of anaesthesiology and intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(1):4–25.
Papadakis M, Meiwandi A, Grzybowski A. The WHO safer surgery checklist time out procedure revisited: strategies to optimise compliance and safety. Int J Surg. 2019;69:19–22.
Wang L, Huang L, Zhang T, Peng W. Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial. BioMed Res Int. 2020;2020:5142913.
Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(5):1138–45.
Jiao H, Wang H, Jiang Z, Hu J. Comparative efficacy of ancillary drugs in sevoflurane-related emergence agitation after paediatric adenotonsillectomy: a bayesian network meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45(5):1039–49.
Algyar MF, Abdelghany AM, Arafa SK, Elsayed AA. A placebo-controlled randomized trial comparing oral midazolam, dexmedetomidine, and gabapentin on prophylaxis of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in adenotonsillectomy. Pain Physician. 2025;28(1):31–8.
Eijlers R, Utens E, Staals LM, de Nijs PFA, Berghmans JM, Wijnen RMH, et al. Systematic review and Meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: effects on pain and anxiety. Anesth Analg. 2019;129(5):1344–53.
Ryu JH, Park SJ, Park JW, Kim JW, Yoo HJ, Kim TW, et al. Randomized clinical trial of immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theatre in children before anaesthesia. Br J Surg. 2017;104(12):1628–33.
Sulimani RJ, Albabtain AA, Althobaiti TM, Altowygry SM, Alshehri AA, Almuzaini TS, et al. Clinical implications of midazolam in preoperative anxiety and sedation: a review. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2024;11(11):4486–91.
Qi JW, Li C, Qiu XY, Wen XG, Yin H, Meng QL, et al. Effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine and esketamine for premedication on postoperative pain after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):330.
Sajedi P, Habibi B. Comparison of the effects of intravenous premedication: midazolam, ketamine, and combination of both on reducing anxiety in pediatric patients before general anesthesia. J Res Pharm Pract. 2015;4(4):187–92.
Huang C, Li P, Martin CR. Simplification or simulation: power calculation in clinical trials. Contemp Clin Trials. 2022;113:106663.
Suleiman A, Wongtangman K, Eikermann M, Stucke AG. Neuroanatomical and pharmaco-physiological effects of hypoxia and Esketamine on breathing, the sympathetic nerve system, and cortical function. Br J Anaesth. 2025;134(2):277–80.
Zeng M, Yi M, Yin H, Zheng T, Peng Y. Efficacy and safety of intraoperative Esketamine for postoperative sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2025;23(4):373–83.
Xie Y, Liang Z, Chen S, Liu J, Lv H, Xing F, et al. Effectiveness of perioperative low-dose esketamine infusion for postoperative pain management in pediatric urological surgery: a prospective clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024;24(1):65.
Gao J, Wang F, Wang X, Zou X, Liu HC, Song X, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel Dexmedetomidine nasal spray for pre-anesthetic sedation in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024;24(1):315.