The East Wing, which was constructed in 1902, was demolished in October to make way for Trump’s multi-million dollar ballroom.
Since then, the proposed blueprint has expanded from a ballroom with a capacity of 500 people to a space that can fit 1,350 guests.
The White House says the project is expected to cost $400m (£302m) and is being funded entirely by private donors.
The National Trust is a nonprofit organisation tasked by the US Congress with helping preserve historic sites.
The group’s president, Carol Quillen, released a statement, saying: “We are pleased with Judge Leon’s ruling today to order a halt to any further ballroom construction until the Administration complies with the law and obtains express authorization to go forward.
“This is a win for the American people on a project that forever impacts one of the most beloved and iconic places in our nation.”
Reacting to the judge’s decision, Trump wrote on his Truth Social account: “The National Trust for Historic Preservation sues me for a Ballroom that is under budget, ahead of schedule, being built at no cost to the Taxpayer, and will be the finest Building of its kind anywhere in the World.”
He also criticised the trust for suing to stop his renovation of the Kennedy Center, which Trump recently renamed after himself.
“All I am doing is fixing, cleaning, running, and ‘sprucing up’ a terribly maintained, for many years, Building,” Trump wrote about the performing arts venue in Washington DC.
In later remarks with reporters, Trump said the White House would appeal against the ruling, and denied that he needs approval from Congress to continue building.
He also noted the forthcoming visit to the US by King Charles III, saying that a ballroom tent is not sufficient to host him because of how wet the grass can get when it rains.
“King Charles, who’s a great guy. We don’t want him to sit in a pool of water,” he said.