Humanitarianism
October 2025
Notes
1
The author was project coordinator for MSF in Cité Soleil from August to November 2023 and April to June 2024.
2
See Justin Elliott et al., “How the Red Cross Raised Half a Billion Dollars for Haiti and Built Six Homes,” ProPublica, June 3, 2015, ➝; Damien Gayle, “Timeline: Oxfam Sexual Exploitation Scandal in Haiti,” The Guardian, June 15, 2018, ➝; and Emmanuel Baron et al., “The Origins of the 2010 Haiti Cholera Outbreak,” Humanitarian Alternatives, March 2024, ➝.
3
Cholera Outbreak OCG E-Cell response in Haiti, 2010-2011, MSF, ➝.
4
Chelsey L. Kivland, Street Sovereigns: Young Men and the Makeshift State in Urban Haiti (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020).
5
“Haiti : A Path to Stability for a Nation in Shock”, International Crisis Group, September 30, 2021, ➝.
6
The Population of Cité Soleil in the Grip of Gang Violence, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), February 2023, ➝.
7
Retrospective Estimate of Crude Mortality and the Level of Violence Suffered by the Population of Cité Soleil, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Between July 2022 and August 2023, Epicentre, November 2023, ➝.
9
“Haiti: Violence and Police Threats Force MSF to Suspend Work in Port-au-Prince,” MSF, November 20, 2024, ➝.
© 2025 e-flux and the author