Knill, E., Laflamme, Rs. & Milburn, G. J. A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics. Nature 409, 46–52 https://doi.org/10.1038/35051009 (2001).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bourassa, J. E. et al. Blueprint for a scalable photonic fault-tolerant quantum computer. Quantum 5, 392 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bartolucci, S. et al. Fusion-based quantum computation. Nat. Commun. 14, 912 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36493-1 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chan, M. L., Capatos, A. A., Lodahl, P., Sørensen, A. S. & Paesani, S. Practical blueprint for low-depth photonic quantum computing with quantum dots. npj Quantum Inf. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01258-3 (2026).

Pittaluga, M. et al. Long-distance coherent quantum communications in deployed telecom networks. Nature 640, 911–917 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08801-w (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Liao, S.-K. et al. Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution. Nature 549, 43–47 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23655 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yin, J. et al. Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers. Science 356, 1140–1144 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3211 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Liao, S.-K. et al. Satellite-relayed intercontinental quantum network. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 030501 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.030501 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yu, H. et al. Quantum correlations between light and the kilogram-mass mirrors of LIGO. Nature 583, 43–47 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2420-8 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

LIGO O4 Detector Collaboration.Broadband quantum enhancement of the LIGO detectors with frequency-dependent squeezing. Phys. Rev. X 13, 041021 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.041021 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sahu, R. et al. Entangling microwaves with light. Science 380, 718–721 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812 (2023).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Knaut, C. M. et al. Entanglement of nanophotonic quantum memory nodes in a telecom network. Nature 629, 573–578 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07252-z (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wan, N. H. et al. Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits. Nature 583, 226–231 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Clark, G. et al. Nanoelectromechanical control of spin-photon interfaces in a hybrid quantum system on chip. Nano Lett. 24, 1316–1323 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04301 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C. et al. Lithium tantalate photonic integrated circuits for volume manufacturing. Nature 629, 784–790 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07369-1 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Thureja, P. et al. Spalled barium titanate single crystal thin films for functional device applications. Nano Lett. 25, 11089–11096 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c02279 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Eltes, F. et al. A BaTiO3-based electro-optic Pockels modulator monolithically integrated on an advanced silicon photonics platform. J. Lightwave Technol. 37, 1456–1462 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lukin, D. M. et al. 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator for integrated quantum and nonlinear photonics. Nat. Photon. 14, 330–334 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0556-6 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, X. et al. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in 4H-SiC integrated platform. Laser Photon. Rev. 19, 2500104 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202500104 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ulrich, A. et al. Engineering high Pockels coefficients in thin-film strontium titanate for cryogenic quantum electro-optic applications. Science 390, 390–393 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx3741 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Anderson, C. P. et al. Quantum critical electro-optic and piezo-electric nonlinearities. Science 390, 394–399 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx8657 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, Y., Jiao, Y. & Williams, K. Scaling photonic integrated circuits with InP technology: a perspective. APL Photon. 9, 050902 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0200861 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wooten, E. et al. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6, 69–82 https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.826874 (2000).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Myers, L. E. et al. Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO3. J. Opt. Soc. Am B 12, 2102–2116 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.12.002102 (1995).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tanzilli, S. et al. Highly efficient photon-pair source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. Electron. Lett. 37, 26–28 https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20010009 (2001).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tanzilli, S. et al. On the genesis and evolution of integrated quantum optics. Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 115–143 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201100010 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Levy, M. et al. Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2293–2295 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121801 (1998).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rabiei, P. & Gunter, P. Optical and electro-optical properties of submicrometer lithium niobate slab waveguides prepared by crystal ion slicing and wafer bonding. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4603–4605 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1819527 (2004).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, H., Gui, L., Ricken, R. & Sohler, W. in Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies (Broquin, J.-E. & Greiner, C. M. eds) Vol. 7604, 76040R https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842674 (SPIE/International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2010).

Poberaj, G., Hu, H., Sohler, W. & Günter, P. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 488–503 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201100035 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C., Zhang, M., Stern, B., Lipson, M. & Lončar, M. Nanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators. Opt. Express 26, 1547–1555 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.001547 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C. et al. Ultrahigh-efficiency wavelength conversion in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. Optica 5, 1438–1441 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001438 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pohl, D. et al. An integrated broadband spectrometer on thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Photon. 14, 24–29 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0529-9 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

He, M. et al. High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s-1 and beyond. Nat. Photon. 13, 359–364 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0378-6 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, M. et al. High-performance coherent optical modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat. Commun. 11, 3911 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17806-0 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Li, M. et al. Monolithic low-noise erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate waveguide amplifier with 18 dB fiber to fiber net gain. ACS Photon. 12, 6388–6396 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5c01901 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, J. et al. Modal phase-matching in thin-film lithium niobate waveguides for efficient generation of entangled photon pairs. Opt. Express 32, 40629–40639 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.539105 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Arge, T. N. et al. Demonstration of a squeezed light source on thin-film lithium niobate with modal phase matching. Opt. Quantum 3, 467–473 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.562545 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, X. et al. Efficient photon-pair generation in layer-poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguides. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 282 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01645-5 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, L., Zhang, X. & Chen, F. Efficient second harmonic generation in a reverse-polarization dual-layer crystalline thin film nanophotonic waveguide. Laser Photon. Rev. 15, 2100409 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202100409 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey 5-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27151-1_2 (2005).

Chen, P.-K. et al. Adapted poling to break the nonlinear efficiency limit in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 44–50 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01525-w (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhao, J., Ma, C., Rüsing, M. & Mookherjea, S. High quality entangled photon pair generation in periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 163603 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.163603 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Graffitti, F., Kelly-Massicotte, J., Fedrizzi, A. & Brańczyk, A. M. Design considerations for high-purity heralded single-photon sources. Phys. Rev. A 98, 053811 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.98.053811 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hamilton, C. S. et al. Gaussian boson sampling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 170501 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.170501 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Madsen, L. S. et al. Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor. Nature 606, 75–81 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pan, J.-W. et al. Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry. Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777–838 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.84.777 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chapman, R. J. et al. On-chip quantum interference between independent lithium niobate-on-insulator photon-pair sources. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 223602 https://doi.org/10.1103/n2y3-2bmz (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Maeder, A. et al. Programmable Bell state generation in an integrated thin film lithium niobate circuit. Light Sci. Appl. 15, 43 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02150-z (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jiao, X.-F. et al. Electrically pumped ultrabright entangled photons on chip. Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 250803 https://doi.org/10.1103/sfj2-dcx1 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, C. et al. Integrated bright source of polarization-entangled photons using lithium niobate photonic chips. Optica 13, 1553–1562 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.585293 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Finco, G. et al. Time-bin entangled Bell state generation and tomography on thin-film lithium niobate. npj Quantum Inf. 10, 135 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-024-00925-7 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, J.-H., Chae, J.-W., Jeong, Y.-C. & Kim, Y.-H. Quantum communication with time-bin entanglement over a wavelength-multiplexed fiber network. APL Photon. 7, 016106 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0073040 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Mueller, A. et al. High-rate multiplexed entanglement source based on time-bin qubits for advanced quantum networks. Opt. Quantum 2, 64–71 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.509335 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Mundhra, S., Sendonaris, E., Gray, R. M., Williams, J. & Marandi, A. Optimizing for a near single-mode type-0 optical parametric amplifier in nanophotonics. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.07004 (2025).

Houde, M. et al. Ultrashort-pulse-pumped, single-mode type-0 squeezers in lithium niobate nanophotonics. Opt. Quantum 3, 560–568 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.566703 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tambasco, J.-L., Boes, A., Helt, L. G., Steel, M. J. & Mitchell, A. Domain engineering algorithm for practical and effective photon sources. Opt. Express 24, 19616–19626 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.019616 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xin, C. J. et al. Spectrally separable photon-pair generation in dispersion engineered thin-film lithium niobate. Opt. Lett. 47, 2830–2833 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.456873 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kuttner, T., Sabatti, A., Kellner, J., Grange, R. & Chapman, R. J. Heralded quantum interference in integrated lithium niobate nanophotonics. Opt. Quantum 4, 121–129 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.578936 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Luo, K.-H. et al. Counter-propagating photon pair generation in a nonlinear waveguide. Opt. Express 28, 3215–3225 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.378789 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kellner, J., Sabatti, A., Kuttner, T., Chapman, R. J. & Grange, R. Counter-propagating spontaneous parametric down-conversion source in lithium niobate on insulator. Opt. Quantum 4, 100–107 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.577154 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, F., Lu, J., Shen, M., Yang, G. & Tang, H. X. Symmetric second-harmonic generation in sub-wavelength periodically poled thin film lithium niobate. Optica 11, 1050–1055 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.527236 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sabatti, A., Kellner, J., Chapman, R. J. & Grange, R. Nanodomain poling unlocking backward nonlinear light generation in thin film lithium niobate. Nanophotonics 14, 4729–4737 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0429 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Clark, R. N. et al. Integrated photonics for continuous-variable quantum optics. Nat. Photon. 20, 489–503 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-026-01864-9 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, X. et al. Squeezed light generation in periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Nanophotonics 14, 4721–4727 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0377 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ren, X. et al. Quantum squeezing in an all-resonant periodically poled lithium niobate microresonator. Preprint at https://arXiv.org/abs/2602.22693 (2026).

Lu, J. et al. Periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators with a second-harmonic generation efficiency of 250,000%/W. Optica 6, 1455–1460 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.001455 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, J. et al. Ultralow-threshold thin-film lithium niobate optical parametric oscillator. Optica 8, 539–544 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.418984 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, J., Li, M., Zou, C.-L., Sayem, A. A. & Tang, H. X. Toward 1% single-photon anharmonicity with periodically poled lithium niobate microring resonators. Optica 7, 1654–1659 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.403931 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Karnik, T. S.et al. 18-dB on-chip vacuum squeezing in an adaptively poled lithium niobate waveguide. Preprint at https://arXiv.org/abs/2605.27607 (2026).

Stokowski, H. S. et al. Integrated quantum optical phase sensor in thin film lithium niobate. Nat. Commun. 14, 3355 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38246-6 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Park, T. et al. Single-mode squeezed-light generation and tomography with an integrated optical parametric oscillator. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl1814 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl1814 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gottesman, D., Kitaev, A. & Preskill, J. Encoding a qubit in an oscillator. Phys. Rev. A 64, 012310 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.64.012310 (2001).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Aghaee Rad, H. et al. Scaling and networking a modular photonic quantum computer. Nature 638, 912–919 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08406-9 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pernice, W. H. P. et al. High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Commun. 3, 1325 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2307 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lomonte, E. et al. Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Commun. 12, 6847 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27205-8 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Prencipe, A. et al. Wavelength-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors on thin film lithium niobate waveguides. Nano Lett. 23, 9748–9752 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02324 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sayem, A. A., Cheng, R., Wang, S. & Tang, H. X. Lithium-niobate-on-insulator waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 151102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142852 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Colangelo, M. et al. Molybdenum silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on lithium niobate waveguides. ACS Photon. 11, 356–361 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01628 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Desiatov, B. & Lončar, M. Silicon photodetector for integrated lithium niobate photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 115, 121108 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118901 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

He, J. et al. Heterogeneously integrated lithium niobate on insulator chip for frequency up-conversion and detection. ACS Photon. 11, 4111–4115 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00964 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wei, C. et al. Ultra-wideband waveguide-coupled photodiodes heterogeneously integrated on a thin-film lithium niobate platform. Light Adv. Manuf. 4, 263–271 https://doi.org/10.37188/lam.2023.030 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, S. et al. Integration of black phosphorus photoconductors with lithium niobate on insulator photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 11, 2201688 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202201688 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Nehra, R. et al. Few-cycle vacuum squeezing in nanophotonics. Science 377, 1333–1337 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6213 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Larsen, M. V. et al. Integrated photonic source of Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill qubits. Nature 642, 587–591 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09044-5 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Reck, M., Zeilinger, A., Bernstein, H. J. & Bertani, P. Experimental realization of any discrete unitary operator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 58–61 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.58 (1994).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Clements, W. R., Humphreys, P. C., Metcalf, B. J., Kolthammer, W. S. & Walmsley, I. A. Optimal design for universal multiport interferometers. Optica 3, 1460–1465 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.001460 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Carolan, J. et al. Universal linear optics. Science 349, 711–716 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3642 (2015).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Maeder, A. et al. On-chip tunable quantum interference in a lithium niobate-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit. Quantum Sci. Technol. 9, 035040 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad4b98 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sund, P. I. et al. High-speed thin-film lithium niobate quantum processor driven by a solid-state quantum emitter. Sci. Adv. 9, eadg7268 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg7268 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Paesani, S. et al. Near-ideal spontaneous photon sources in silicon quantum photonics. Nat. Commun. 11, 2505 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16187-8 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Taballione, C. et al. 20-Mode universal quantum photonic processor. Quantum 7, 1071 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-08-01-1071 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zheng, Y. et al. Electro-optically programmable photonic circuits enabled by wafer-scale integration on thin-film lithium niobate. Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 033206 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033206 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Maeder, A., Kaufmann, F., Pohl, D., Kellner, J. & Grange, R. High-bandwidth thermo-optic phase shifters for lithium niobate-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Lett. 47, 4375–4378 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.469358 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Parra, J., Navarro-Arenas, J. & Sanchis, P. Silicon thermo-optic phase shifters: a review of configurations and optimization strategies. Adv. Photon. Nexus 3, 044001 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.APN.3.4.044001 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Larocque, H. et al. Photonic crystal cavity IQ modulators in thin-film lithium niobate. ACS Photon. 11, 3860–3869 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01138 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pohl, D. et al. 100-GbD waveguide Bragg grating modulator in thin-film lithium niobate. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 33, 85–88 https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2020.3044648 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Brendel, J., Gisin, N., Tittel, W. & Zbinden, H. Pulsed energy-time entangled twin-photon source for quantum communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2594–2597 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2594 (1999).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fitzke, E. et al. Scalable network for simultaneous pairwise quantum key distribution via entanglement-based time-bin coding. PRX Quantum 3, 020341 https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020341 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Franson, J. D. Bell inequality for position and time. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2205–2208 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.2205 (1989).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bussieres, F., Soudagar, Y., Berlin, G., Lacroix, S. & Godbout, N. Manipulating time-bin qubits with fiber optics components. In 2006 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, 22-23 https://doi.org/10.1109/LEOSST.2006.1693998 (2006).

Marcikic, I., de Riedmatten, H., Tittel, W., Zbinden, H. & Gisin, N. Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths. Nature 421, 509–513 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01376 (2003).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Humphreys, P. C. et al. Linear optical quantum computing in a single spatial mode. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 150501 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.150501 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Williams, J. et al. Ultrashort pulse biphoton source in lithium niobate nanophotonics at 2 μm. Nanophotonics 13, 3535–3544 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0054 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ekici, A. et al. High-resolution single photon level storage of telecom light based on thin film lithium niobate photonics. Adv. Quantum Technol. 8, 2300195 https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.202300195 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rohde, P. P., Helt, L. G., Steel, M. J. & Gilchrist, A. Multiplexed single-photon-state preparation using a fiber-loop architecture. Phys. Rev. A 92, 053829 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.053829 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Meyer-Scott, E. et al. Scalable generation of multiphoton entangled states by active feed-forward and multiplexing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 150501 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.150501 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ekici, a et al. Scalable temporal multiplexing of telecom photons via thin-film lithium niobate photonics. npj Quantum Inf. 11, 21 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-024-00929-3 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rohde, P. P. Simple scheme for universal linear-optics quantum computing with constant experimental complexity using fiber loops. Phys. Rev. A 91, 012306 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.012306 (2015).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Schwartz, I. et al. Deterministic generation of a cluster state of entangled photons. Science 354, 434–437 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4758 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pont, M. et al. High-fidelity four-photon GHZ states on chip. npj Quantum Inf. 10, 50 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-024-00830-z (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cao, H. et al. Photonic source of heralded Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger States. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 130604 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.130604 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Maring, N. et al. A versatile single-photon-based quantum computing platform. Nat. Photon. 18, 603–609 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01403-4 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Thiele, F., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T. & Bartley, T. Optical bias and cryogenic laser readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector. APL Photon. 9, 076118 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Youssefi, A. et al. A cryogenic electro-optic interconnect for superconducting devices. Nat. Electron. 4, 326–332 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00570-4 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cirac, J. I., Zoller, P., Kimble, H. J. & Mabuchi, H. Quantum state transfer and entanglement distribution among distant nodes in a quantum network. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3221–3224 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3221 (1997).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

de Forges de Parny, L. et al. Satellite-based quantum information networks: use cases, architecture, and roadmap. Commun. Phys. 6, 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-022-01123-7 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lo, H.-K., Curty, M. & Tamaki, K. Secure quantum key distribution. Nat. Photon. 8, 595–604 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.149 (2014).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Acharya, R. et al. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold. Nature 638, 920–926 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shen, M. et al. Photonic link from single-flux-quantum circuits to room temperature. Nat. Photon. 18, 371–378 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01370-2 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shen, M., Pace, M. C. C. & Tang, H. X. Traveling-wave electro-optics for microwave-to-optical quantum transduction. Phys. Rev. A 109, 043515 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.109.043515 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rueda, A. et al. Efficient microwave to optical photon conversion: an electro-optical realization. Optica 3, 597–604 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.000597 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Warner, H. K. et al. Coherent control of a superconducting qubit using light. Nat. Phys. 21, 831–838 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-02812-0 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, Y. et al. Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Commun. 12, 4453 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24809-y (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

McKenna, T. P. et al. Cryogenic microwave-to-optical conversion using a triply resonant lithium-niobate-on-sapphire transducer. Optica 7, 1737–1745 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.397235 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Holzgrafe, J. et al. Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient microwave-to-optical transduction. Optica 7, 1714–1720 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.397513 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Holzgrafe, J. et al. Relaxation of the electro-optic response in thin-film lithium niobate modulators. Opt. Express 32, 3619–3631 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.507536 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, M. et al. Piezomechanical scattering loss in electro-optical quantum transducers. Phys. Rev. A 113, L011502 https://doi.org/10.1103/r9lb-yj86 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Scigliuzzo, M. et al. Phononic loss in superconducting resonators on piezoelectric substrates. N. J. Phys. 22, 053027 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab8044 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gruenke-Freudenstein, R. G. et al. Surface and bulk two-level-system losses in lithium niobate acoustic resonators. Phys. Rev. Appl. 23, 064055 https://doi.org/10.1103/tgs3-kkw8 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, W. et al. Lithium niobate piezo-optomechanical crystals. Optica 6, 845–853 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000845 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, W. et al. Efficient bidirectional piezo-optomechanical transduction between microwave and optical frequency. Nat. Commun. 11, 1166 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14863-3 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, W. et al. Optically heralded microwave photon addition. Nat. Phys. 19, 1423–1428 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-023-02129-w (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Aharonovich, I., Englund, D. & Toth, M. Solid-state single-photon emitters. Nat. Photon. 10, 631–641 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.186 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, X. et al. Quantum frequency conversion and single-photon detection with lithium niobate nanophotonic chips. npj Quantum Inf. 9, 38 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00704-w (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, J.-Y. et al. Photon conversion and interaction in a quasi-phase-matched microresonator. Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 064004 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.16.064004 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fan, H. et al. Photon conversion in thin-film lithium niobate nanowaveguides: a noise analysis. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, 2172–2179 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.425318 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

van Leent, T. et al. Long-distance distribution of atom-photon entanglement at telecom wavelength. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 010510 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.010510 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wengerowsky, S., Duranti, S., Heller, L. & de Riedmatten, H. Quantum frequency conversion of photons with microsecond duration from the visible to the telecommunication C band. Phys. Rev. Appl. 23, 024049 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.024049 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Dutta, S. et al. An atomic frequency comb memory in rare-earth-doped thin-film lithium niobate. ACS Photon. 10, 1104–1109 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01835 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, S. et al. Incorporation of erbium ions into thin-film lithium niobate integrated photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 151103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142631 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chae, H. U. et al. Monolithic growth of patternable III–V on LiNbO3. Cryst. Growth Des. 24, 4466–4472 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00116 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Aghaeimeibodi, S. et al. Integration of quantum dots with lithium niobate photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 221102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054865 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Descamps, T. et al. Acoustic modulation of individual nanowire quantum dots integrated into a hybrid thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform. Nano Lett. 24, 12493–12500 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03402 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, X. et al. Large-scale quantum dot-lithium niobate hybrid integrated photonic circuits enabling on-chip quantum networking. Nat. Mater. 24, 1898–1905 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02398-1 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Riedel, D. et al. Efficient photonic integration of diamond color centers and thin-film lithium niobate. ACS Photon. 10, 4236–4243 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00992 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lin, Z. et al. Integrated lithium niobate photonics for high-speed quantum key distribution. Opt. Quantum 3, 195–200 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.551726 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Heo, H. et al. On-chip quantum key distribution over field-deployed fiber using lithium niobate photonic circuit. APL Photon. 10, 031301 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223694 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bacchi, M. et al. Postselection free time-bin entanglement on a thin-film lithium niobate photonic chip. Phys. Rev. Appl. 25, 064045 https://doi.org/10.1103/1sjz-tw85 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xin, C. J. et al. Wavelength-accurate and wafer-scale process for nonlinear frequency mixers in thin-film lithium niobate. Commun. Phys. 8, 136 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02068-3 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, X. et al. Thermally tunable and efficient second-harmonic generation on thin-film lithium niobate with integrated micro-heater. Opt. Lett. 47, 4921–4924 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.470867 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, J. et al. Alleviation of DC drift in a thin-film lithium niobate modulator utilizing Ar+ ion milling. Opt. Lett. 50, 1703–1706 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.549975 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yeh, M.et al. Interface-mediated dc electro-optic instability in lithium niobate nanophotonics. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5775859/v1 (2025).

Mann, F., Chrzanowski, H. M., Gewers, F., Placke, M. & Ramelow, S. Noise analysis of a quasi-phase-matched quantum frequency converter and higher-order counter-propagating SPDC. Opt. Express 32, 42225–42239 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.534581 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, C. et al. High-efficient coupler for thin-film lithium niobate waveguide devices. Opt. Express 29, 5397–5406 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.416492 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, B. et al. Low-loss fiber grating coupler on thin film lithium niobate platform. APL Photon. 7, 076103 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0093033 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kaufmann, F., Finco, G., Maeder, A. & Grange, R. Redeposition-free inductively-coupled plasma etching of lithium niobate for integrated photonics. Nanophotonics 12, 1601–1611 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0676 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, M., Wang, C., Cheng, R., Shams-Ansari, A. & Lončar, M. Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator. Optica 4, 1536–1537 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001536 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shams-Ansari, A. et al. Reduced material loss in thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. APL Photon. 7, 081301 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0095146 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Churaev, M. et al. A heterogeneously integrated lithium niobate-on-silicon nitride photonic platform. Nat. Commun. 14, 3499 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39047-7 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Niels, M. et al. Centimetre-scale micro-transfer printing to enable heterogeneous integration of thin film lithium niobate with silicon photonics. Opt. Mater. Express 15, 531–540 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.551748 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Vandekerckhove, T. et al. A scalable quadratic nonlinear silicon photonics platform with printable entangled photon-pair sources. Laser Photon. Rev. 20, e01357 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202501357 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chelladurai, D. et al. Barium titanate and lithium niobate permittivity and Pockels coefficients from megahertz to sub-terahertz frequencies. Nat. Mater. 24, 868–875 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02158-1 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Alexander, K. et al. A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing. Nature 641, 876–883 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08820-7 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Karvounis, A., Timpu, F., Vogler-Neuling, V. V., Savo, R. & Grange, R. Barium titanate nanostructures and thin films for photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 2001249 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202001249 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yan, Y. et al. Wafer-scale fabrication of 42° rotated Y-cut LiTaO3-on-insulator (LTOI) substrate for a SAW resonator. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1, 1660–1666 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00351 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar