{"id":492517,"date":"2026-02-20T14:00:13","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T14:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/492517\/"},"modified":"2026-02-20T14:00:13","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T14:00:13","slug":"emergence-of-antarctic-mineral-resources-in-a-warming-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/492517\/","title":{"rendered":"Emergence of Antarctic mineral resources in a warming world"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Antarctic Treaty (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, 1959).<\/p>\n

Thorp, A. Antarctica: The Treaty System and Territorial Claims (House of Commons Library, 2012).<\/p>\n

Antarctica. In The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency, 2025).<\/p>\n

Burton-Johnson, A., Black, M., Fretwell, P. T. & Kaluza-Gilbert, J. An automated methodology for differentiating rock from snow, clouds and sea in Antarctica from Landsat 8 imagery: a new rock outcrop map and area estimation for the entire Antarctic continent. Cryosphere 10, 1665\u20131677 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brooks, S. T. et al. Our footprint on Antarctica competes with nature for rare ice-free land. Nat. Sustain. 2, 185\u2013190 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

T\u00f3th, A. B. et al. A dataset of Antarctic ecosystems in ice-free lands: classification, descriptions, and maps. Sci. Data 12, 133 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rignot, E. et al. Four decades of Antarctic ice sheet mass balance from 1979\u20132017. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 1095\u20131103 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shepherd, A. et al. Trends in Antarctic ice sheet elevation and mass. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 8174\u20138183 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seroussi, H. et al. Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet over the next three centuries from an ISMIP6 model ensemble. Earth\u2019s Future 12, e2024EF004561 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Farrell, W. E. & Clark, J. A. On postglacial sea level. Geophys. J. Int. 46, 647\u2013667 (1976).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chown, S. L. & Convey, P. Spatial and temporal variability across life\u2019s hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 362, 2307\u20132331 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, J. et al. Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat. Nature 547, 49\u201354 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Neill, T. A. Protection of Antarctic soil environments: a review of the current issues and future challenges for the Environmental Protocol. Environ. Sci. Policy 76, 153\u2013164 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cox, S. C. et al. A continent-wide detailed geological map dataset of Antarctica. Sci. Data 10, 250 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Antarctic Station Catalogue (Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, 2017).<\/p>\n

Tin, T. et al. Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment. Antarct. Sci. 21, 3\u201333 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aronson, R. B., Thatje, S., McClintock, J. B. & Hughes, K. A. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1223, 82\u2013107 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brooks, S. T., Jabour, J., Sharman, A. J. & Bergstrom, D. M. An analysis of environmental incidents for a national Antarctic program. J. Environ. Manage. 212, 340\u2013348 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

National Research Council Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy (National Academies Press, 2008).<\/p>\n

Watari, T., Nansai, K. & Nakajima, K. Review of critical metal dynamics to 2050 for 48 elements. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 155, 104669 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vidal, O., le Boulzec, H., Andrieu, B. & Verzier, F. Modelling the demand and access of mineral resources in a changing world. Sustainability 14, 11 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 (IEA, 2025).<\/p>\n

Foster, C. E. in Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives (eds Hemmings, A. D. et al.) 154\u2013171 (Routledge, 2012).<\/p>\n

Rintoul, S. R. et al. Choosing the future of Antarctica. Nature 558, 233\u2013241 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Press, A. J. & Jackson, A. W. in Geopolitical Change and the Antarctic Treaty System (eds Scott, S. V. et al.) 231\u2013248 (Springer Polar Sciences, 2024).<\/p>\n

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, 1991).<\/p>\n

Liggett, D., Frame, B., Gilbert, N. & Morgan, F. Is it all going south? Four future scenarios for Antarctica. Polar Rec. 53, 459\u2013478 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Runde, D. F. & Zeimer, H. Great Power Competition Comes for the South Pole (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2023).<\/p>\n

Guild, P. W. et al. Explanatory Notes for the Mineral-Resources Map of the Circum-Pacific Region: Antarctica Sheet (US Geological Survey, 1998).<\/p>\n

Crispini, L., Federico, L., Capponi, G. & Talarico, F. The Dorn gold deposit in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: structure, hydrothermal alteration, and implications for the Gondwana Pacific margin. Gondwana Res. 19, 128\u2013140 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yaxley, G. et al. The discovery of kimberlites in Antarctica extends the vast Gondwanan Cretaceous province. Nat. Commun. 4, 2921 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Behrendt, J. C. in Petroleum and Mineral Resources of Antarctica (ed. Behrendt, J. C.) 3\u201324 (US Geological Survey, 1983).<\/p>\n

Craddock, C. in Mineral Resources Potential of Antarctica (eds Splettstoesser, J. F. & Dreschhoff, G. A. M.) 1\u20136 (American Geophysical Union, 1990).<\/p>\n

Wilsher, W. A. & de Wit, M. J. in Mineral Resources Potential of Antarctica (eds Splettstoesser, J. F. & Dreschhoff, G. A. M.) 7\u201314 (American Geophysical Union, 1990).<\/p>\n

Boger, S. D. Antarctica\u2014before and after Gondwana. Gondwana Res. 19, 335\u2013371 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jordan, T. A., Riley, T. R. & Siddoway, C. S. The geological history and evolution of West Antarctica. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 117\u2013133 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Robb, L. Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes 2nd edn (Wiley-Blackwell, 2020).<\/p>\n

Goldfarb, R. J., Groves, D. I. & Gardoll, S. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 18, 1\u201375 (2001).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Groves, D. I., Vielreicher, R. M., Goldfarb, R. J. & Condie, K. C. in Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution (eds McDonald, I. et al.) 71\u2013101 (Geological Society of London, 2005).<\/p>\n

Bierlein, F. P., Christie, A. B. & Smith, P. K. A comparison of orogenic gold mineralisation in central Victoria (AUS), western South Island (NZ) and Nova Scotia (CAN): implications for variations in the endowment of Palaeozoic metamorphic terrains. Ore Geol. Rev. 25, 125\u2013168 (2004).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saunders, A. D. & Tarney, J. Igneous activity in the Southern Andes and northern Antarctic Peninsula: a review. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 139, 691\u2013700 (1982).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hoggard, M. J. et al. Global distribution of sediment-hosted metals controlled by craton edge stability. Nat. Geosci. 13, 504\u2013510 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Begg, G. C. et al. Lithospheric, cratonic, and geodynamic setting of Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol. 105, 1057\u20131070 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Griffin, W., Begg, G. & O\u2019Reilly, S. Continental-root control on the genesis of magmatic ore deposits. Nat. Geosci. 6, 905\u2013910 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chen, C. et al. Sulfide-rich continental roots at cratonic margins formed by carbonated melts. Nature 637, 615\u2013621 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kingston, J. The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica Open File Report No. 91-597 (US Geological Survey, 1991).<\/p>\n

Galushkin, Y. I., Leichenkov, G. L. & Dubinin, E. P. Hydrocarbon generation by the rocks of the Bremer Formation in adjacent areas of the nonvolcanic passive margins of Australia and Antarctica. Geochem. Int. 56, 554\u2013565 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Latychev, K. et al. Glacial isostatic adjustment on 3-D Earth models: a finite-volume formulation. Geophys. J. Int. 161, 421\u2013444 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gomez, N., Latychev, K. & Pollard, D. A coupled ice sheet\u2013sea level model incorporating 3D Earth structure: variations in Antarctica during the last deglacial retreat. J. Clim. 31, 4041\u20134054 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Greve, R. & Chambers, C. Mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet until the year 3000 under a sustained late-21st-century climate. J. Glaciol. 68, 618\u2013624 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Greve, R. et al. Future projections for the Antarctic ice sheet until the year 2300 with a climate-index method. J. Glaciol. 69, 1569\u20131579 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kendall, R. A., Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. On post-glacial sea level\u2014II. Numerical formulation and comparative results on spherically symmetric models. Geophys. J. Int. 161, 679\u2013706 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mitrovica, J. X., Wahr, J., Matsuyama, I. & Paulson, A. The rotational stability of an ice-age Earth. Geophys. J. Int. 161, 491\u2013506 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. On post-glacial sea level: I. General theory. Geophys. J. Int. 154, 253\u2013267 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tsuji, L. J. S., Gomez, N., Mitrovica, J. X. & Kendall, R. Post-glacial isostatic adjustment and global warming in subarctic Canada: implications for islands of the James Bay region. Arctic 62, 458\u2013467 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hasterok, D. et al. New maps of global geological provinces and tectonic plates. Earth Sci. Rev. 231, 104069 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ford, A. B. Stratigraphy of the Layered Gabbroic Dufek Intrusion, Antarctica Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1405-D (US Geological Survey, 1976).<\/p>\n

Jordan, T. A. & Riley, T. R. Reinvestigating the Dufek Intrusion, through joint gravity and magnetic models. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 356, 107268 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024 (US Geological Survey, 2024).<\/p>\n

Wilch, T. I., McIntosh, W. C. & Panter, K. S. in Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-Up (eds Smellie, J. L. et al.) 515\u2013576 (Geological Society, 2021).<\/p>\n

Lucas, E. M., Nyblade, A. A., Wiens, D. A., Aster, R. C. & Wilson, T. J. Seismic evidence for widespread active magmatism in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 52, e2025GL116647 (2025b).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rowan, L. R. Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List Report No. R47982 (Congressional Research Service, 2025).<\/p>\n

Grob, J. Antarctica\u2019s frozen territorial claims: a meltdown proposal. Boston College Int. Comp. Law Rev. 30, 461\u2013484 (2007).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Talalay, P. G. & Zhan, N. Antarctic mineral resources: looking to the future of the Environmental Protocol. Earth Sci. Rev. 232, 104142 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B. & Rignot, E. MEaSUREs Antarctic Boundaries for IPY 2007\u20132009 from Satellite Radar, Version 2 (NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, 2017).<\/p>\n

An, M. et al. Temperature, lithosphere\u2013asthenosphere boundary, and heat flux beneath the Antarctic Plate inferred from seismic velocities. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 8720\u20138742 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Conrad, C. P. & Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. Influence of continental roots and asthenosphere on plate\u2013mantle coupling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L05312 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hay, C. C. et al. Sea level fingerprints in a region of complex Earth structure: the case of WAIS. J. Clim. 30, 1881\u20131892 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lucas, E. M., Gomez, N. & Wilson, T. The impact of regional-scale upper mantle heterogeneity on glacial isostatic adjustment in West Antarctica. Cryosphere 19, 2387\u20132405 (2025a).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lloyd, A. et al. Seismic structure of the Antarctic upper mantle imaged with adjoint tomography. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JB017823<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n

Lei, W. et al. Global adjoint tomography\u2014model GLAD-m25. Geophys. J. Int. 223, 1\u201321 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Austermann, J., Mitrovica, J. X., Latychev, K. & Milne, G. A. Barbados-based estimate of ice volume at Last Glacial Maximum affected by subducted plate. Nat. Geosci. 6, 553\u2013557 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kustowski, B., Ekstr\u00f6m, G. & Dziewo\u0144ski, A. Anisotropic shear-wave velocity structure of the Earth\u2019s mantle: a global model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 113, B06306 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

SICOPOLIS version 5-dev, branch develop, commit hash cb5a75b92 (GitLab, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 2021); https:\/\/gitlab.awi.de\/sicopolis\/sicopolis<\/a><\/p>\n

Eyring, V. et al. Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 1937\u20131958 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seroussi, H. et al. ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century. Cryosphere 14, 3033\u20133070 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nowicki, S. et al. Experimental protocol for sea level projections from ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet models. Cryosphere 14, 2331\u20132368 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Goelzer, H. et al. The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6. Cryosphere 14, 3071\u20133096 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aschwanden, A. et al. Contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level over the next millennium. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav9396 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gladstone, R. M. et al. Marine ice sheet model performance depends on basal sliding physics and sub-shelf melting. Cryosphere 11, 319\u2013329 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chambers, C., Greve, R., Obase, T., Saito, F. & Abe-Ouchi, A. Mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet until the year 3000 under a sustained late-21st-century climate. J. Glaciol. 68, 605\u2013617 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Argus, D. F., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R. & Moore, A. W. The Antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea level histories. Geophys. J. Int. 198, 537\u2013563 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

van der Wal, W., Whitehouse, P. L. & Schrama, E. J. Effect of GIA models with 3D composite mantle viscosity on GRACE mass balance estimates for Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 414, 134\u2013143 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J., Milne, G. A., King, M. A. & Thomas, I. D. A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates. Geophys. J. Int. 190, 1464\u20131482 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ivins, E. R. et al. Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise observed by GRACE with improved GIA correction. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118, 3126\u20133141 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Peltier, W., Argus, D. F. & Drummond, R. Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: the global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 450\u2013487 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Siegert, M., Ross, N., Corr, H., Kingslake, J. & Hindmarsh, R. Late Holocene ice-flow reconfiguration in the Weddell Sea sector of West Antarctica. Quat. Sci. Rev. 78, 98\u2013107 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bradley, S. L., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J. & King, M. A. Low post-glacial rebound rates in the Weddell Sea due to Late Holocene ice-sheet readvance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 413, 79\u201389 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Johnson, J. S. et al. Review article: existing and potential evidence for Holocene grounding line retreat and readvance in Antarctica. Cryosphere 16, 1543\u20131562 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Balco, G. et al. Reversible ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the Late Holocene. Cryosphere 17, 1787\u20131801 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

MacFerrin, M., Amante, C., Carignan, K., Love, M. & Lim, E. The Earth Topography 2022 (ETOPO 2022) global DEM dataset. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 17, 1835\u20131849 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Morlighem, M. et al. Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet. Nat. Geosci. 13, 132\u2013137 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lucas, E. M. et al. Data from \u2018Emergence of Antarctic mineral resources in a warming world\u2019. Dryad https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.f7m0cfz9j<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n

Greve, R. et al. Dataset for \u2018Future projections for the Antarctic ice sheet until the year 2300 with a climate-index method\u2019. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7773727<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n

Greve, R. & Chambers, C. Dataset for \u2018Mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet until the year 3000 under a sustained late-21st-century climate\u2019. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5880517<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25921\/fd45-gt74<\/a><\/p>\n

Wessel, P. et al. The Generic Mapping Tools version 6. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 20, 5556\u20135564 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ahrens, J., Geveci, B. & Law, C. in Visualization Handbook (eds Hansen, C. D. & Johnson, C. R.) 717\u2013731 (Elsevier, 2005).<\/p>\n

Borreggine, M. et al. Sea-level rise in southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment [data set]. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7126141<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Antarctic Treaty (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, 1959). Thorp, A. Antarctica: The Treaty System and Territorial Claims (House of…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":492518,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[64,63,68,6697,44754,223987,58692,75,6698,1325,28940,128],"class_list":{"0":"post-492517","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-au","9":"tag-australia","10":"tag-climate-change","11":"tag-climate-change-climate-change-impacts","12":"tag-climate-change-impacts","13":"tag-climate-change-policy","14":"tag-cryospheric-science","15":"tag-environment","16":"tag-environmental-law-policy-ecojustice","17":"tag-general","18":"tag-projection-and-prediction","19":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/492517","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=492517"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/492517\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/492518"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=492517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=492517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=492517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}