When Dolores Jacoby\u2019s doctor told her there was little she could do to treat her acute myeloid leukemia, a deafening silence filled the hospital room, where she was surrounded by her family. Dolores had only recently been diagnosed with the rare aggressive cancer. Her beloved nursing assistant, Janeth, was standing just outside her room. After the doctor left, Janeth entered with a tray containing each family member\u2019s favorite beverage. \u201cIf there\u2019s anybody who can recover, it\u2019s your mother,\u201d she told John Jacoby, Dolores\u2019s son, before leaving the room as inconspicuously as she had arrived.<\/p>\n
It was 2012. More than a decade later, John still remembers that day in his mother\u2019s hospital room in the San Francisco Bay Area clearly. \u201cWe had just heard the worst news of our lives, and Janeth injected life into my mom, into her veins, into the atmosphere, you know, for all of us,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
Dolores was given three months to live after her diagnosis, her children said. She lived for three years. The family largely credits Janeth, who later attended Dolores\u2019s funeral and stayed in touch with them.<\/p>\n
In March, the Guardian informed John that Janeth, who is from Honduras, had lost her job because of her immigration status. He was gutted. \u201cThat makes no sense,\u201d he said. \u201cThey need to take her back for the patients. I just hope I don\u2019t ever end up in a hospital bed without someone like [her] by my side.\u201d<\/p>\n
Janeth, 50, prefers to be identified by only her middle name for this article because of the sensitivity of her immigration case. She has been in the United States for over two decades on temporary protected status (TPS), a legal program that has allowed more than a million people<\/a> to live and work in the US. TPS is granted<\/a> to individuals from countries facing conflict, environmental disaster, or other circumstances that make it unsafe to return. Last year, the Trump administration revoked TPS for many countries, including Honduras, leaving its former beneficiaries without lawful immigration status virtually overnight \u2013 and at risk of detention and deportation as a legal battle over it continues.<\/p>\n After winning a prestigious national nursing award<\/a> seven times during her 23-year career, Janeth was suddenly considered by the government to be in the United States illegally. She and her 85-year-old mother had to move in with Janeth\u2019s daughter because she can no longer pay her mortgage. \u201cI just want my job back, I just want my life back. I want to take care of my patients again,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n A central promise of the second Trump administration has been the mass deportation of immigrants who are deemed to be in the country illegally. But less publicized is the administration\u2019s efforts also to strip<\/a> thousands of immigrants of their legal status in the US \u2013 and in particular what that means for people seeking medical care in the country.<\/p>\n The administration\u2019s policies are straining an already fragile multi-trillion dollar US healthcare system, as about one in six<\/a> hospital workers directly involved in patient care is an immigrant, and an estimated 4% of hospital workers are not naturalized citizens. These workers fill an important gap in healthcare that experts say cannot be easily replaced. \u201cJust because we are stopping immigration pathways and banning people from these countries doesn\u2019t mean we can ban patients, too. They continue to come to hospitals and nursing homes, except now there is a shortage of people who can attend to their needs,\u201d said Kimberly Pierce Burke, executive director of the Alliance of Independent Academic Medical Centers, a national organization of about 90 independent teaching hospitals.<\/p>\n It is difficult to quantify exactly how many healthcare workers are affected by these policies. But FWD.us, a DC-based immigration advocacy organization, used census and other government data to estimate that, as of early 2025, nearly 1.3 million people in the US were on TPS, of whom at least 50,000<\/a> were working in the healthcare sector. US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), which is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), said in response to questions from the Guardian that the government does not maintain data on TPS holders\u2019 occupations.<\/p>\n Individual employers sometimes try to keep track. Amina Dubuisson, vice-president of clinical services at Ventura Services Florida, who oversees nine nursing homes across Miami, said at least 20% to 30% of their workers are TPS holders. Each nursing home has 200 to 300 staff members. \u201cThey do a lot of the jobs that Americans don\u2019t want to do,\u201d she said, such as nursing assistants, who clean and feed patients.<\/p>\n TPS was established in 1990 and the secretary of homeland security determines whether a country meets the criteria for protection. The designation can be made for up to 18 months at a time, and is continually re-evaluated to determine if it should be extended or terminated. For some countries like Honduras the designations have been extended over and over again for decades. TPS does not lead to permanent residency or citizenship, although TPS holders may separately apply for other immigration benefits.<\/p>\n A group of Salvadorans hold a sign during a vigil in Boston calling for the extension of the temporary protected status of refugees in June 1992. Photograph: Tom Herde\/The Boston Globe via Getty Images<\/p>\n Ever since Donald Trump\u2019s first term in office, he has held that TPS has been abused and extended unnecessarily. \u201cTPS was never designed to be permanent, yet previous administrations have used it as a de facto amnesty program for decades,\u201d said a DHS spokesperson in a statement to the Guardian.<\/p>\n Since returning to the US presidency in 2025, the Trump administration has ended or attempted to end<\/a> protected status for 13 of the 17 countries with TPS designations, including Honduras, Venezuela, Syria, and Haiti.<\/p>\n The administration\u2019s policy has become entangled in lawsuits, rulings, and appeals, including an anticipated supreme court decision this month that will determine whether the government can immediately end TPS for Haitians.<\/p>\n \u2018Suddenly I wasn\u2019t legal\u2019<\/p>\n Originally from Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras, Janeth migrated to the United States with her daughter in 1998 to escape gun violence and find better economic opportunities. She had a brother in the US with a conditional green card whom she hoped could help her.<\/p>\n She taught herself English, completed a nursing assistant course, and started working with post-surgery and cardiac patients at a Kaiser Permanente hospital in the Bay Area.<\/p>\n In September last year, the government announced it was terminating<\/a> TPS for Honduras, which had been in place since 1999. \u201cI was in a state of shock. I couldn\u2019t eat. I couldn\u2019t sleep,\u201d Janeth said, adding it was like \u201cI was here all this while, legally, and then suddenly I wasn\u2019t legal.\u201d When her colleagues learned that she had to abruptly stop working, they raised over $13,000 in a crowdfunding campaign for her.<\/p>\n Honduran police and army troops on the streets of Tegucigalpa in March 1999. Photograph: Orlando Sierra\/AFP via Getty Images<\/p>\n Janeth\u2019s absence is felt at the hospital every day, her former colleagues say. When she was around, even if she was the only nursing assistant on shift, the staff was assured that all patients would be taken care of, said a nurse at Kaiser. \u201cNot everyone has the heart to go above and beyond,\u201d she added. \u201cThere is a lack of joy and camaraderie that\u2019s been prompted by her leaving.\u201d<\/p>\n Another nurse whom Janeth assisted, recalled that she was able to turn \u201cdifficult patients\u201d into her \u201cbiggest fans\u201d. She remembered a patient with alcoholism, who didn\u2019t want anyone to come near them. But after one shift with Janeth, the patient only wanted her all the time. That kind of skillset you can\u2019t ever replace, said the nurse, who worked with Janeth for eight years.<\/p>\n Both nurses didn\u2019t want their names used, as they still work at the hospital.<\/p>\n Kaiser Permanente did not comment directly on Janeth\u2019s case, but said they have been \u201clooking for ways to reduce the anxiety and uncertainty for any of our employees who might find themselves in this situation\u201d.<\/p>\n On September 8, the day TPS ended for Hondurans, Michael Fein, a retired Kaiser physician, wrote a letter to US senator Adam Schiff of California about Janeth, who he only referred to as \u201ca close friend\u201d who had worked at Kaiser for 23 years.<\/p>\n \u201cShe is reliable, compassionate, dedicated, and knowledgeable. Recently she was told her Honduran TPS status was revoked and she would have to return to Honduras,\u201d Fein wrote. \u201cThis is devastating and so unfair. Anything you can do to support TPS would be appreciated.\u201d<\/p>\n Janeth has kept a small carton filled with handwritten letters from patients spanning two decades. Since losing her job, she struggles to even look at them as she finds it too painful. Janeth \u201cspends a lot of time doing extra kind things to make your stay pleasant. She was my cheerleader for long walks all over the hospital,\u201d wrote one surgery-ward patient in a 2004 letter. \u201cI could tell right away that [Janeth] calmed and comforted my mom. She bathed and took time with her, more than any nurse has done in the four days my mom has been here,\u201d wrote the daughter of another patient in 2014.<\/p>\n Not in the box of cards, but still etched in her heart, is something her patient Dolores used to say about her. Due to her compromised immune system, Dolores was in the infectious diseases ward, and everyone had to wear masks. For the longest time, Dolores didn\u2019t see Janeth\u2019s face, only her eyes. She told her son, John, that Janeth\u2019s big fluttering eyelashes reminded her of butterflies. \u201cSo every time she enters my room, I feel like I am in a garden.\u201d<\/p>\n The year 1998, when Janeth came to the United States, was also when Jhony Silva entered the country, also from Honduras. He was only three years old. Silva grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area being \u201cas American as possible\u201d, he said. In his teens, he tried to join the military, but was turned away because of his TPS status. He thought the US military could be a pathway to citizenship, not knowing one must already be a citizen or at least a green card holder to join the military<\/a>.<\/p>\n Jhony Silva at home in Hayward, California. Photograph: Ximena Natera\/The Guardian<\/p>\n His dream, though, was to become a nurse. He enrolled in a nursing school, and in the meantime, he worked as a nursing assistant at the Stanford hospital in Palo Alto. \u201cI met him as part of the \u2018float pool\u2019,\u201d said Renee Yee, a senior nurse in the cardiac surgery and heart transplant floor. The \u201cfloat pool\u201d consists of healthcare workers who aren\u2019t part of one specific unit, but move from one to another as needed. Yee said that her unit has seriously ill patients, connected to chest tubes and wires, and having multiple comorbidities. Most people are nervous around them, she said. \u201cBut Jhony was very comfortable with very complex patients.\u201d Impressed, she went to the manager and requested that Silva be made permanent in the unit.<\/p>\n He served there for a year, before last year\u2019s TPS revocation meant he had to leave. When the National TPS Alliance, a non-profit headquartered in California, decided to file the lawsuit challenging<\/a> the government\u2019s decision, Silva stepped up to be one of the lead plaintiffs. \u201cI\u2019m going to use my voice to speak up about what\u2019s going on, for people that can\u2019t speak like me,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Not only did Silva lose his job, he also had to drop out of nursing school, as he could no longer afford it. He still washes his hospital scrubs regularly, in the hope that he\u2019d be able to go back to work.<\/p>\n \u2018We are losing patients\u2019<\/p>\n Last September, 95 US representatives and 13 US senators, all Democrats, including Schiff, wrote<\/a> to Kristi Noem<\/a>, then DHS Secretary, and other government officials to express concern about how the TPS revocations will specifically impact the healthcare sector. \u201cThe most vulnerable Americans in need of healthcare will pay the price,\u201d the lawmakers warned.<\/p>\n While TPS has periodically been revoked for various countries over the years, plaintiffs suing the government over the most recent moves have argued that the Trump administration is not following the required legal procedure in its terminations. On June 16, lawyers for Haitian TPS holders filed a motion<\/a> requesting the supreme court dismiss the case, claiming that newly released emails show that the DHS did not analyze conditions in Haiti or consult with the state department, as required by law, before terminating the TPS for Haiti.<\/p>\n In December, a federal court ruled that the Trump administration\u2019s decision to end TPS for Honduras, Nepal, and Nicaragua was unlawful<\/a> because the DHS did not consult other government agencies or review the conditions of the countries, as the process requires. But the government appealed and in February this year the ninth circuit court of appeals upheld the administration\u2019s TPS revocation. The plaintiffs decided not to take the case to the supreme court for now, ending hope for a quick resolution for immigrants like Janeth.<\/p>\n Changes to immigration policy affecting health care workers aren\u2019t limited to TPS. In June<\/a> last year, the Trump administration also ended a humanitarian parole program launched by the Biden administration in 2023. The program, implemented at a time when people were arriving in record numbers at the US-Mexico border<\/a>, was aimed at providing \u201csafe and orderly pathways to the United States\u201d, mainly for Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans and Venezuelans (CHNV). Nearly 500,000 people came to the US through the program, according to Fwd.us<\/a>. Trump criticized the humanitarian parole program, saying it exacerbated a border crisis during Joe Biden\u2019s term. The DHS, in an emailed response to questions, said many of the parole recipients were \u201cvery poorly vetted\u201d and that ending the program was a \u201creturn to commonsense policies\u201d.<\/p>\n According to Fwd.us, as of September 2024, there were about 30,000 healthcare<\/a> workers allowed into the country and working under the CHNV program. Though DHS said the program allowed new arrivals to \u201ccompete for American jobs and undercut American workers\u201d, some employers told the Guardian they are reeling from the consequences of the termination last June.<\/p>\n TPS holders, union leaders and advocates rally at the supreme court in April. Photograph: Bill Clark\/CQ-Roll Call via Getty Images<\/p>\n Joseph Durandis, a doctor based in Miami, lost one of the three medical assistants he had when the CHNV program disappeared. This person had been a doctor in Cuba, and became an integral member of his team. Almost a year later, Durandis still hasn\u2019t found a replacement for the assistant, who had been allowed to come to the country under the CHNV humanitarian parole program. He described the assistant\u2019s calibre as \u201cnot replaceable\u201d. Moreover, finding someone that qualified who would be willing to serve the community here isn\u2019t an easy task, Durandis said, adding that many of the patients at his clinic are on food stamps and need essential care. Since losing that assistant, Durandis said that patients have to wait more before he can see them. \u201cTriage takes much longer and that causes annoyance among patients,\u201d which \u201caffects patient retention\u201d. He added that patient \u201csatisfaction is dropping too, definitely, we are losing patients\u201d.<\/p>\n Rachel Blumberg, the president and CEO of Sinai Residences, a seniors\u2019 assisted living and long-term care facility in Boca Raton, Florida, was devastated to learn that the government was ending the CHNV program. She went to work the day the CHNV expired, she said, and pulled aside nine members of her staff who were on the program, gave them $2,000 each, and asked them to leave, because they had lost their work authorization. \u201cIt felt like I had to do the dirty work of the government,\u201d Blumberg said.<\/p>\n The CHNV program was designed to provide temporary legal status and work authorization for up to two years. Workers with temporary permits like TPS and CHNV often seek more permanent options to stay in the US, such as applying for asylum or seeking a green card, but long wait times due to significant backlogs often make the process inaccessible.<\/p>\n To be eligible for TPS<\/a>, applicants must prove they have been continually present in the United States since the date the country was designated for the protection, and can apply even if they originally entered the country unlawfully<\/a>. However, they are generally ineligible for the status if they have committed crimes in the US or pose a security risk.<\/p>\n In 2021, the supreme court had barred TPS holders from obtaining a green card within the United States if their initial entry into the country was not authorized. The court ruled that they must first depart the country to have a visa processed, making the pathway to residency even narrower for many TPS holders.<\/p>\n Blumberg recalled two sisters from Haiti on her staff who came to the country under CHNV parole, which allows them to stay for two years. After they arrived, they applied for TPS, hoping that it would be renewed, so they could stay in the US longer. One applied for TPS sooner and received it, while the other was still on CHNV when the administration killed the program and she had to leave the facility. The other sister is now waiting to find out if her TPS status will disappear as well.<\/p>\n Supreme court ruling affects Haitians in US<\/p>\n While TPS for Honduras and some other countries has ended, Haiti\u2019s TPS status remains in limbo. The country was granted the TPS in 2010, following a devastating earthquake that killed thousands and displaced over a million people. The first Trump administration tried<\/a> to terminate<\/a> TPS for Haiti, triggering extensive litigation. The Biden administration ultimately redesignated<\/a> Haiti as a TPS-eligible country. In 2025, after Trump took office for his second term, DHS moved to shorten and then terminate Haiti\u2019s TPS designation.<\/p>\n TPS for Haiti was set to expire on 3 February but a federal judge in Washington ruled that terminating it would cause \u201cirreparable harm\u201d<\/a> to Haitians, who would be forced back to a country that the state department says in a travel advisory that Americans should not go to \u201cfor any reason\u201d<\/a>. Had the federal judge not ruled against the termination, many Haitians, including many working in nursing homes, would have lost their TPS status. According to 1199SEIU, Florida\u2019s largest<\/a> healthcare union, over 30% of the nursing home workers it represents would have lost their legal status overnight.<\/p>\n A rally against rising fuel prices in Port-au-Prince in April. Photograph: Clarens Siffroy\/AFP via Getty Images<\/p>\n The government appealed the judge\u2019s ruling and the case is now at the US supreme court, which will soon decide if Haitians (and Syrians, who are also included in the lawsuit) will be able to keep their status. In oral arguments in the court in April, lawyers representing the TPS holders argued that the Trump administration is discriminating against particular immigrants and attributed termination of the TPS to \u201cthe president\u2019s racial animus towards non-white immigrants and bare dislike of Haitians in particular\u201d.<\/p>\n