{"id":837201,"date":"2026-08-01T06:07:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T06:07:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/837201\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T06:07:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T06:07:34","slug":"network-analysis-highlights-socio-demographic-patterns-of-stone-tool-using-primates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/837201\/","title":{"rendered":"Network analysis highlights socio-demographic patterns of stone tool-using primates"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Huber, L. Tool use. In The Rational Animal (ed. Huber, L.) 43\u201389 (Springer, 2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" data-track-value=\"chapter reference\" data-track-action=\"chapter reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" aria-label=\"Chapter reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3\" target=\"_blank\">Chapter<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tool%20use&amp;doi=10.1007%2F978-3-031-60803-2_3&amp;pages=43-89&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Huber%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Sanz, C. M., Call, J. &amp; Boesch, C. Tool Use in Animals Cognition and Ecology (Cambridge University Press, 2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511894800\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511894800<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800\" data-track-value=\"book reference\" data-track-action=\"book reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FCBO9780511894800\" aria-label=\"Book reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800\" target=\"_blank\">Book<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tool%20Use%20in%20Animals%20Cognition%20and%20Ecology&amp;doi=10.1017%2FCBO9780511894800&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Sanz%2CCM&amp;author=Call%2CJ&amp;author=Boesch%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Shumaker, R. W., Walkup, K. R., Beck, B. B. &amp; Burghardt, G. M. Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1353\/book.98237\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1353\/book.98237\" data-track-value=\"book reference\" data-track-action=\"book reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353%2Fbook.98237\" aria-label=\"Book reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1353\/book.98237\" target=\"_blank\">Book<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Animal%20Tool%20Behavior%3A%20The%20Use%20and%20Manufacture%20of%20Tools%20by%20Animals&amp;doi=10.1353%2Fbook.98237&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Shumaker%2CRW&amp;author=Walkup%2CKR&amp;author=Beck%2CBB&amp;author=Burghardt%2CGM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Washburn, S. L. Tools and human evolution. Sci. Am. 203, 62\u201375 (1960).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/scientificamerican0960-62\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/scientificamerican0960-62\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0960-62\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/scientificamerican0960-62\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tools%20and%20human%20evolution&amp;journal=Sci.%20Am.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0960-62&amp;volume=203&amp;pages=62-75&amp;publication_year=1960&amp;author=Washburn%2CSL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Hunt, G. R., Gray, R. D. &amp; Taylor, A. H. Why is tool rare in animals? In Tool Use in Animals Cognition and Ecology (eds Sanz, C. M. et al.) 89\u2013118 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800.007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800.007\" data-track-value=\"chapter reference\" data-track-action=\"chapter reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FCBO9780511894800.007\" aria-label=\"Chapter reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800.007\" target=\"_blank\">Chapter<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Why%20is%20tool%20rare%20in%20animals%3F&amp;doi=10.1017%2FCBO9780511894800.007&amp;pages=89-118&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Hunt%2CGR&amp;author=Gray%2CRD&amp;author=Taylor%2CAH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Biro, D., Haslam, M. &amp; Rutz, C. Tool use as adaptation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 368, 20120408 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0408\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0408\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0408\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0408\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tool%20use%20as%20adaptation&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20B%3A%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0408&amp;volume=368&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Biro%2CD&amp;author=Haslam%2CM&amp;author=Rutz%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Koops, K. &amp; Sanz, C. Progress and prospects in primate tool use and cognition. In Primate Cognitive Studies 238\u2013259 (Cambridge University Press, 2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108955836.010\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/9781108955836.010\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108955836.010<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/9781108955836.010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/9781108955836.010\" data-track-value=\"chapter reference\" data-track-action=\"chapter reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2F9781108955836.010\" aria-label=\"Chapter reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/9781108955836.010\" target=\"_blank\">Chapter<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Progress%20and%20prospects%20in%20primate%20tool%20use%20and%20cognition&amp;doi=10.1017%2F9781108955836.010&amp;pages=238-259&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Koops%2CK&amp;author=Sanz%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">G\u00fcnther, M. M. &amp; Boesch, C. Energetic cost of nut-cracking behaviour in wild chimpanzees. In Hands of Primates 109\u2013129 (Springer Vienna, 1993). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" data-track-value=\"chapter reference\" data-track-action=\"chapter reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" aria-label=\"Chapter reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6914-8_8\" target=\"_blank\">Chapter<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Energetic%20cost%20of%20nut-cracking%20behaviour%20in%20wild%20chimpanzees&amp;doi=10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6914-8_8&amp;pages=109-129&amp;publication_year=1993&amp;author=G%C3%BCnther%2CMM&amp;author=Boesch%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Izar, P. et al. Stone tools improve diet quality in wild monkeys. Curr. Biol. 32, 4088-4092.e3 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.056\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.056\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.07.056\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.056\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitFKgu73K\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35985326\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stone%20tools%20improve%20diet%20quality%20in%20wild%20monkeys&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.07.056&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=4088-4092.e3&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Izar%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Lonsdorf, E. V. Sex differences in the development of termite-fishing skills in the wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Anim. Behav. 70, 673\u2013683 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.12.014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.12.014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2004.12.014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.12.014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%20differences%20in%20the%20development%20of%20termite-fishing%20skills%20in%20the%20wild%20chimpanzees%2C%20Pan%20troglodytes%20schweinfurthii%2C%20of%20Gombe%20National%20Park%2C%20Tanzania&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2004.12.014&amp;volume=70&amp;pages=673-683&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Lonsdorf%2CEV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Miller, R. et al. Decision-making flexibility in New Caledonian crows, young children and adult humans in a multi-dimensional tool-use task. PLoS ONE 15, e0219874 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219874\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219874\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0219874\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219874\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXmt1WntLc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32160191\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7065838\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Decision-making%20flexibility%20in%20New%20Caledonian%20crows%2C%20young%20children%20and%20adult%20humans%20in%20a%20multi-dimensional%20tool-use%20task&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0219874&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Miller%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Spagnoletti, N., Visalberghi, E., Ottoni, E., Izar, P. &amp; Fragaszy, D. Stone tool use by adult wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus). Frequency, efficiency and tool selectivity. J. Hum. Evol. 61, 97\u2013107 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.02.010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.02.010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2011.02.010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.02.010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21470663\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stone%20tool%20use%20by%20adult%20wild%20bearded%20capuchin%20monkeys%20%28Cebus%20libidinosus%29.%20Frequency%2C%20efficiency%20and%20tool%20selectivity&amp;journal=J.%20Hum.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2011.02.010&amp;volume=61&amp;pages=97-107&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Spagnoletti%2CN&amp;author=Visalberghi%2CE&amp;author=Ottoni%2CE&amp;author=Izar%2CP&amp;author=Fragaszy%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Westergaard, G. C., Liv, C., Rocca, A. M., Cleveland, A. &amp; Suomi, S. J. Tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) attribute value to foods and tools during voluntary exchanges with humans. Anim. Cogn. 7, 19\u201324 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0181-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0181-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10071-003-0181-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0181-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12884078\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tufted%20capuchins%20%28Cebus%20apella%29%20attribute%20value%20to%20foods%20and%20tools%20during%20voluntary%20exchanges%20with%20humans&amp;journal=Anim.%20Cogn.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10071-003-0181-z&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=19-24&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Westergaard%2CGC&amp;author=Liv%2CC&amp;author=Rocca%2CAM&amp;author=Cleveland%2CA&amp;author=Suomi%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Yamakoshi, G. Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Possible implications for ecological importance of tool use. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106, 283\u2013295 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3&lt;283::AID-AJPA2&gt;3.0.CO;2-O\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3&lt;283::AID-AJPA2&gt;3.0.CO;2-O\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28199807%29106%3A3%3C283%3A%3AAID-AJPA2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3&lt;283::AID-AJPA2&gt;3.0.CO;2-O\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaK1czlvFegtg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9696145\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dietary%20responses%20to%20fruit%20scarcity%20of%20wild%20chimpanzees%20at%20Bossou%2C%20Guinea%3A%20Possible%20implications%20for%20ecological%20importance%20of%20tool%20use&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Phys.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28199807%29106%3A3%3C283%3A%3AAID-AJPA2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&amp;volume=106&amp;pages=283-295&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Yamakoshi%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Koops, K., Visalberghi, E. &amp; van Schaik, C. P. The ecology of primate material culture. Biol. Lett. 10, 20140508 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0508\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0508\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsbl.2014.0508\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0508\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25392310\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4261853\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20ecology%20of%20primate%20material%20culture&amp;journal=Biol.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsbl.2014.0508&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Koops%2CK&amp;author=Visalberghi%2CE&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Kulahci, I. G. &amp; Quinn, J. L. Dynamic relationships between information transmission and social connections. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 545\u2013554 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.02.007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.02.007\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.02.007\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.02.007\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30902359\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamic%20relationships%20between%20information%20transmission%20and%20social%20connections&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.02.007&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=545-554&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Kulahci%2CIG&amp;author=Quinn%2CJL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Laland, K. N. Social learning strategies. Anim. Learn. Behav. 32, 4\u201314 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3758\/BF03196002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3758\/BF03196002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758%2FBF03196002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.3758\/BF03196002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20learning%20strategies&amp;journal=Anim.%20Learn.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.3758%2FBF03196002&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=4-14&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Laland%2CKN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Caldwell, C. A. &amp; Whiten, A. Scrounging facilitates social learning in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. Anim. Behav. 65, 1085\u20131092 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2145\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2145\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006%2Fanbe.2003.2145\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2145\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scrounging%20facilitates%20social%20learning%20in%20common%20marmosets%2C%20Callithrix%20jacchus&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1006%2Fanbe.2003.2145&amp;volume=65&amp;pages=1085-1092&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Caldwell%2CCA&amp;author=Whiten%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Coussi-Korbel, S. &amp; Fragaszy, D. M. On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Anim. Behav. 50, 1441\u20131453 (1995).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80001-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80001-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2895%2980001-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80001-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20relation%20between%20social%20dynamics%20and%20social%20learning&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0003-3472%2895%2980001-8&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=1441-1453&amp;publication_year=1995&amp;author=Coussi-Korbel%2CS&amp;author=Fragaszy%2CDM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Harrison, R. A., van Leeuwen, E. J. C. &amp; Whiten, A. Chimpanzees\u2019 behavioral flexibility, social tolerance, and use of tool-composites in a progressively challenging foraging problem. iScience 24, 102033 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102033\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102033\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2021.102033\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102033\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021iSci...24j2033H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33521600\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7820130\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chimpanzees%E2%80%99%20behavioral%20flexibility%2C%20social%20tolerance%2C%20and%20use%20of%20tool-composites%20in%20a%20progressively%20challenging%20foraging%20problem&amp;journal=iScience&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.isci.2021.102033&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Harrison%2CRA&amp;author=Leeuwen%2CEJC&amp;author=Whiten%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Coelho, C. G. et al. Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim. Cogn. 18, 911\u2013919 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10071-015-0861-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10071-015-0861-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10071-015-0861-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10071-015-0861-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MnmvFyiuw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25800169\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20learning%20strategies%20for%20nut-cracking%20by%20tufted%20capuchin%20monkeys%20%28Sapajus%20spp.%29&amp;journal=Anim.%20Cogn.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10071-015-0861-5&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=911-919&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Coelho%2CCG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Ottoni, E. B., De Resende, B. D. &amp; Izar, P. Watching the best nutcrackers: What capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) know about others\u2019 tool-using skills. Anim. Cogn. 8, 215\u2013219 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10071-004-0245-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10071-004-0245-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10071-004-0245-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10071-004-0245-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15719240\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Watching%20the%20best%20nutcrackers%3A%20What%20capuchin%20monkeys%20%28Cebus%20apella%29%20know%20about%20others%E2%80%99%20tool-using%20skills&amp;journal=Anim.%20Cogn.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10071-004-0245-8&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=215-219&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Ottoni%2CEB&amp;author=Resende%2CBD&amp;author=Izar%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Tan, A. W. Y., Hemelrijk, C. K., Malaivijitnond, S. &amp; Gumert, M. D. Young macaques (Macaca fascicularis) preferentially bias attention towards closer, older, and better tool users. Anim. Cogn. 21, 551\u2013563 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10071-018-1188-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10071-018-1188-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10071-018-1188-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10071-018-1188-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29754253\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Young%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29%20preferentially%20bias%20attention%20towards%20closer%2C%20older%2C%20and%20better%20tool%20users&amp;journal=Anim.%20Cogn.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10071-018-1188-9&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=551-563&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Tan%2CAWY&amp;author=Hemelrijk%2CCK&amp;author=Malaivijitnond%2CS&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Biro, D. et al. Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: Evidence from field experiments. Anim. Cogn. 6, 213\u2013223 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0183-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0183-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10071-003-0183-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10071-003-0183-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12898285\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cultural%20innovation%20and%20transmission%20of%20tool%20use%20in%20wild%20chimpanzees%3A%20Evidence%20from%20field%20experiments&amp;journal=Anim.%20Cogn.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10071-003-0183-x&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=213-223&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Biro%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Coelho, C. G., Garcia-Nisa, I., Ottoni, E. B. &amp; Kendal, R. L. Social tolerance and success-biased social learning underlie the cultural transmission of an induced extractive foraging tradition in a wild tool-using primate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 121, e2322884121 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2322884121\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2322884121\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2322884121\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2322884121\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsVCqtLk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39556750\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11621824\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20tolerance%20and%20success-biased%20social%20learning%20underlie%20the%20cultural%20transmission%20of%20an%20induced%20extractive%20foraging%20tradition%20in%20a%20wild%20tool-using%20primate&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2322884121&amp;volume=121&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Coelho%2CCG&amp;author=Garcia-Nisa%2CI&amp;author=Ottoni%2CEB&amp;author=Kendal%2CRL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Reeves, J. S., Tan, A., Malaivijitnond, S. &amp; Luncz, L. V. Simulation and social network analysis provide insight into the acquisition of tool behaviour in hybrid macaques. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 290, 20222276 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2276\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2276\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frspb.2022.2276\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2276\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Simulation%20and%20social%20network%20analysis%20provide%20insight%20into%20the%20acquisition%20of%20tool%20behaviour%20in%20hybrid%20macaques&amp;journal=Proc.%20R.%20Soc.%20B%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frspb.2022.2276&amp;volume=290&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Reeves%2CJS&amp;author=Tan%2CA&amp;author=Malaivijitnond%2CS&amp;author=Luncz%2CLV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Thierry, B. Unity in diversity: Lessons from macaque societies. Evol. Anthropol. 16, 224\u2013238 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/evan.20147\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/evan.20147\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fevan.20147\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/evan.20147\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unity%20in%20diversity%3A%20Lessons%20from%20macaque%20societies&amp;journal=Evol.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fevan.20147&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=224-238&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Thierry%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Altschul, D. M. Whither dominance? An enduring evolutionary legacy of primate sociality. Personal. Neurosci. 7, e1 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/pen.2023.13\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/pen.2023.13\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fpen.2023.13\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/pen.2023.13\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38384663\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10877274\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Whither%20dominance%3F%20An%20enduring%20evolutionary%20legacy%20of%20primate%20sociality&amp;journal=Personal.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1017%2Fpen.2023.13&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Altschul%2CDM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Dittus, W. P. J. The social regulation of population density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey. Behaviour 63, 281\u2013322 (1977).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/156853977X00450\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/156853977X00450\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F156853977X00450\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/156853977X00450\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20social%20regulation%20of%20population%20density%20and%20age-sex%20distribution%20in%20the%20toque%20monkey&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F156853977X00450&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=281-322&amp;publication_year=1977&amp;author=Dittus%2CWPJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Altmann, S. A. A field study of the sociobiology of Rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 102, 338\u2013435 (1962).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13650.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13650.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1962.tb13650.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13650.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1962NYASA.102..338A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaF383gsVaksQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14012344\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20field%20study%20of%20the%20sociobiology%20of%20Rhesus%20monkeys%2C%20Macaca%20mulatta&amp;journal=Ann.%20N.%20Y.%20Acad.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1962.tb13650.x&amp;volume=102&amp;pages=338-435&amp;publication_year=1962&amp;author=Altmann%2CSA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Gumert, M. D. Payment for sex in a macaque mating market. Anim. Behav. 74, 1655\u20131667 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.03.009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.03.009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2007.03.009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.03.009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Payment%20for%20sex%20in%20a%20macaque%20mating%20market&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2007.03.009&amp;volume=74&amp;pages=1655-1667&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Gumert, M. D. Grooming and infant handling interchange in Macaca fascicularis: The relationship between infant supply and grooming payment. Int. J. Primatol. 28, 1059\u20131074 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10764-007-9202-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10764-007-9202-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10764-007-9202-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10764-007-9202-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Grooming%20and%20infant%20handling%20interchange%20in%20Macaca%20fascicularis%3A%20The%20relationship%20between%20infant%20supply%20and%20grooming%20payment&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10764-007-9202-0&amp;volume=28&amp;pages=1059-1074&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Horner, V., Proctor, D., Bonnie, K. E., Whiten, A. &amp; de Waal, F. B. M. Prestige affects cultural learning in chimpanzees. PLoS ONE 5, e10625 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010625\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010625\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010625\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010625\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2010PLoSO...510625H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20502702\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2873264\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prestige%20affects%20cultural%20learning%20in%20chimpanzees&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010625&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Horner%2CV&amp;author=Proctor%2CD&amp;author=Bonnie%2CKE&amp;author=Whiten%2CA&amp;author=Waal%2CFBM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Kendal, R. et al. Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: Implications for cultural diversity. Evol. Hum. Behav. 36, 65\u201372 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27053916\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4820294\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chimpanzees%20copy%20dominant%20and%20knowledgeable%20individuals%3A%20Implications%20for%20cultural%20diversity&amp;journal=Evol.%20Hum.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=65-72&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Kendal%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Overduin-de Vries, A. M., de Vries, H., Vermande, M. M., Reijntjes, A. H. A. &amp; Sterck, E. H. M. Both aggressive and affiliative behaviour facilitate resource access in high-ranking female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behaviour 157, 267\u2013287 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/1568539X-bja10001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/1568539X-bja10001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F1568539X-bja10001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/1568539X-bja10001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Both%20aggressive%20and%20affiliative%20behaviour%20facilitate%20resource%20access%20in%20high-ranking%20female%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F1568539X-bja10001&amp;volume=157&amp;pages=267-287&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Overduin-de%20Vries%2CAM&amp;author=Vries%2CH&amp;author=Vermande%2CMM&amp;author=Reijntjes%2CAHA&amp;author=Sterck%2CEHM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Seyfarth, R. M. A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys. J. Theor. Biol. 65, 671\u2013698 (1977).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90015-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90015-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0022-5193%2877%2990015-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90015-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1977JThBi..65..671S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaE2s3htFWhsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=406485\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20model%20of%20social%20grooming%20among%20adult%20female%20monkeys&amp;journal=J.%20Theor.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0022-5193%2877%2990015-7&amp;volume=65&amp;pages=671-698&amp;publication_year=1977&amp;author=Seyfarth%2CRM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">van Noordwijk, M. A. &amp; van Schaik, C. P. Competition among female long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Anim. Behav. 35, 577\u2013589 (1987).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80284-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80284-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2887%2980284-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80284-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Competition%20among%20female%20long-tailed%20macaques%2C%20Macaca%20fascicularis&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2887%2980284-1&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=577-589&amp;publication_year=1987&amp;author=Noordwijk%2CMA&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Barrett, B. J. et al. Habitual stone-tool-aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 181002 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsos.181002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsos.181002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsos.181002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsos.181002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018RSOS....581002B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30225086\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6124021\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Habitual%20stone-tool-aided%20extractive%20foraging%20in%20white-faced%20capuchins%2C%20Cebus%20capucinus&amp;journal=R.%20Soc.%20Open%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsos.181002&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Barrett%2CBJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">de Andrade Moura, A. C. &amp; Lee, P. C. Wild Capuchins show male-biased feeding tool use. Int. J. Primatol. 31, 457\u2013470 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10764-010-9406-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10764-010-9406-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10764-010-9406-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10764-010-9406-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Wild%20Capuchins%20show%20male-biased%20feeding%20tool%20use&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10764-010-9406-6&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=457-470&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Andrade%20Moura%2CAC&amp;author=Lee%2CPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Fal\u00f3tico, T., Bueno, C. Q. &amp; Ottoni, E. B. Ontogeny and sex differences in object manipulation and probe tool use by wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus). Am. J. Primatol. 83, e23251 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.23251\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.23251\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.23251\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.23251\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33666265\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ontogeny%20and%20sex%20differences%20in%20object%20manipulation%20and%20probe%20tool%20use%20by%20wild%20tufted%20capuchin%20monkeys%20%28Sapajus%20libidinosus%29&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.23251&amp;volume=83&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Fal%C3%B3tico%2CT&amp;author=Bueno%2CCQ&amp;author=Ottoni%2CEB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Goldsborough, Z., Crofoot, M. C. &amp; Barrett, B. J. Male-biased stone tool use by wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator). Am. J. Primatol. 86, e23594 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.23594\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.23594\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.23594\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.23594\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXotVentQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38196199\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Male-biased%20stone%20tool%20use%20by%20wild%20white-faced%20capuchins%20%28Cebus%20capucinus%20imitator%29&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.23594&amp;volume=86&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Goldsborough%2CZ&amp;author=Crofoot%2CMC&amp;author=Barrett%2CBJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Muhammad, R. et al. Influence of COVID-19 on the emergence of stone-tool use behavior in a population of common long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) in Thailand. Am. J. Primatol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23580\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.23580\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23580<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.23580\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.23580\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.23580\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.23580\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38012960\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Influence%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20the%20emergence%20of%20stone-tool%20use%20behavior%20in%20a%20population%20of%20common%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%20fascicularis%29%20in%20Thailand&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.23580&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Muhammad%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Gumert, M. D., Hoong, L. K. &amp; Malaivijitnond, S. Sex differences in the stone tool-use behavior of a wild population of Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea). Am. J. Primatol. 73, 1239\u20131249 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.20996\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.20996\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.20996\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.20996\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21905061\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%20differences%20in%20the%20stone%20tool-use%20behavior%20of%20a%20wild%20population%20of%20Burmese%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%20aurea%29&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.20996&amp;volume=73&amp;pages=1239-1249&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD&amp;author=Hoong%2CLK&amp;author=Malaivijitnond%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Dunbar, R. I. M. Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatol. 57, 121\u2013131 (1991).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1159\/000156574\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1159\/000156574\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159%2F000156574\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1159\/000156574\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Functional%20significance%20of%20social%20grooming%20in%20primates&amp;journal=Folia%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1159%2F000156574&amp;volume=57&amp;pages=121-131&amp;publication_year=1991&amp;author=Dunbar%2CRIM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Gumert, M. D. &amp; Ho, M.-H.R. The trade balance of grooming and its coordination of reciprocation and tolerance in Indonesian long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Primates 49, 176\u2013185 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10329-008-0089-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10329-008-0089-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10329-008-0089-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10329-008-0089-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18545935\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20trade%20balance%20of%20grooming%20and%20its%20coordination%20of%20reciprocation%20and%20tolerance%20in%20Indonesian%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Primates&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10329-008-0089-y&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=176-185&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD&amp;author=Ho%2CM-HR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Henzi, S. P. &amp; Barrett, L. The value of grooming to female primates. Primates 40, 47\u201359 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/BF02557701\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/BF02557701\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/BF02557701\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/BF02557701\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20value%20of%20grooming%20to%20female%20primates&amp;journal=Primates&amp;doi=10.1007%2FBF02557701&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=47-59&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Henzi%2CSP&amp;author=Barrett%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Snyder-Mackler, N. et al. Social status drives social relationships in groups of unrelated female rhesus macaques. Anim. Behav. 111, 307\u2013317 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.10.033\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.10.033\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2015.10.033\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.10.033\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26769983\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4707678\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20status%20drives%20social%20relationships%20in%20groups%20of%20unrelated%20female%20rhesus%20macaques&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2015.10.033&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=307-317&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Snyder-Mackler%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">De la Fuente, M. F. et al. Foraging networks and social tolerance in a cooperatively breeding primate (Callithrix jacchus). J. Anim. Ecol. 91, 138\u2013153 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13609\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13609\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2656.13609\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13609\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34655252\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Foraging%20networks%20and%20social%20tolerance%20in%20a%20cooperatively%20breeding%20primate%20%28Callithrix%20jacchus%29&amp;journal=J.%20Anim.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2656.13609&amp;volume=91&amp;pages=138-153&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=De%20la%20Fuente%2CMF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Dubuc, C., Hughes, K. D., Cascio, J. &amp; Santos, L. R. Social tolerance in a despotic primate: Co-feeding between consortship partners in rhesus macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 148, 73\u201380 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22043\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22043\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajpa.22043\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22043\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22415860\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4167600\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20tolerance%20in%20a%20despotic%20primate%3A%20Co-feeding%20between%20consortship%20partners%20in%20rhesus%20macaques&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Phys.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajpa.22043&amp;volume=148&amp;pages=73-80&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Dubuc%2CC&amp;author=Hughes%2CKD&amp;author=Cascio%2CJ&amp;author=Santos%2CLR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Krause, J., Croft, D. P. &amp; James, R. Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: Potential applications. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62, 15\u201327 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00265-007-0445-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00265-007-0445-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00265-007-0445-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00265-007-0445-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BB383ns1Ogtw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32214613\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7079911\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20network%20theory%20in%20the%20behavioural%20sciences%3A%20Potential%20applications&amp;journal=Behav.%20Ecol.%20Sociobiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00265-007-0445-8&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=15-27&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Krause%2CJ&amp;author=Croft%2CDP&amp;author=James%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Sih, A., Hanser, S. F. &amp; McHugh, K. A. Social network theory: New insights and issues for behavioral ecologists. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 975\u2013988 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0725-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0725-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00265-009-0725-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0725-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20network%20theory%3A%20New%20insights%20and%20issues%20for%20behavioral%20ecologists&amp;journal=Behav.%20Ecol.%20Sociobiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00265-009-0725-6&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=975-988&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Sih%2CA&amp;author=Hanser%2CSF&amp;author=McHugh%2CKA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Sueur, C., Jacobs, A., Amblard, F., Petit, O. &amp; King, A. J. How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior?. Am. J. Primatol. 73, 703\u2013719 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.20915\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.20915\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.20915\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.20915\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21181869\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20can%20social%20network%20analysis%20improve%20the%20study%20of%20primate%20behavior%3F&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.20915&amp;volume=73&amp;pages=703-719&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Sueur%2CC&amp;author=Jacobs%2CA&amp;author=Amblard%2CF&amp;author=Petit%2CO&amp;author=King%2CAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Sosa, S. Social network analysis. In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (Springer, 2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20network%20analysis&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Sosa%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Mann, J., Stanton, M. A., Patterson, E. M., Bienenstock, E. J. &amp; Singh, L. O. Social networks reveal cultural behaviour in tool-using dolphins. Nat. Commun. 3, 980 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/ncomms1983\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/ncomms1983\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fncomms1983\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/ncomms1983\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2012NatCo...3..980M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22864573\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20networks%20reveal%20cultural%20behaviour%20in%20tool-using%20dolphins&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fncomms1983&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Mann%2CJ&amp;author=Stanton%2CMA&amp;author=Patterson%2CEM&amp;author=Bienenstock%2CEJ&amp;author=Singh%2CLO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Hobaiter, C., Poisot, T., Zuberb\u00fchler, K., Hoppitt, W. &amp; Gruber, T. Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001960 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001960\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001960\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001960\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001960\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25268798\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4181963\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20network%20analysis%20shows%20direct%20evidence%20for%20social%20transmission%20of%20tool%20use%20in%20wild%20chimpanzees&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001960&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Hobaiter%2CC&amp;author=Poisot%2CT&amp;author=Zuberb%C3%BChler%2CK&amp;author=Hoppitt%2CW&amp;author=Gruber%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Canteloup, C., Hoppitt, W. &amp; van de Waal, E. Wild primates copy higher-ranked individuals in a social transmission experiment. Nat. Commun. 11, 459 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-14209-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-14209-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-14209-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-14209-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020NatCo..11..459C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXksFamt78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31974385\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6978360\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Wild%20primates%20copy%20higher-ranked%20individuals%20in%20a%20social%20transmission%20experiment&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-14209-8&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Canteloup%2CC&amp;author=Hoppitt%2CW&amp;author=Waal%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Newman, M. E. J. Mixing patterns in networks. Phys. Rev. E 67, 026126 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.026126\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.026126\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.67.026126\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.026126\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2003PhRvE..67b6126N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1975193\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7itlOrtA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mixing%20patterns%20in%20networks&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20E&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevE.67.026126&amp;volume=67&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Newman%2CMEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Farine, D. R. Measuring phenotypic assortment in animal social networks: Weighted associations are more robust than binary edges. Anim. Behav. 89, 141\u2013153 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.01.001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.01.001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2014.01.001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.01.001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Measuring%20phenotypic%20assortment%20in%20animal%20social%20networks%3A%20Weighted%20associations%20are%20more%20robust%20than%20binary%20edges&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2014.01.001&amp;volume=89&amp;pages=141-153&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Farine%2CDR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Borgeaud, C., Sosa, S., Bshary, R., Sueur, C. &amp; van de Waal, E. Intergroup variation of social relationships in wild vervet monkeys: A dynamic network approach. Front. Psychol. 7, 1\u201310 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00915\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00915\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00915\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00915\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intergroup%20variation%20of%20social%20relationships%20in%20wild%20vervet%20monkeys%3A%20A%20dynamic%20network%20approach&amp;journal=Front.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00915&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=1-10&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Borgeaud%2CC&amp;author=Sosa%2CS&amp;author=Bshary%2CR&amp;author=Sueur%2CC&amp;author=Waal%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Gumert, M. D. Dominance and reciprocity in the grooming relationships of female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Indonesia. In Indonesian Primates (eds Gursky, S. &amp; Supriatna, J.) 309\u2013341 (Springer, 2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" data-track-value=\"chapter reference\" data-track-action=\"chapter reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" aria-label=\"Chapter reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1560-3\" target=\"_blank\">Chapter<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dominance%20and%20reciprocity%20in%20the%20grooming%20relationships%20of%20female%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29%20in%20Indonesia&amp;doi=10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1560-3&amp;pages=309-341&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Sosa, S. The influence of gender, age, matriline and hierarchical rank on individual social position, role and interactional patterns in Macaca sylvanus at \u2018La For\u00eat des Singes\u2019: A multilevel social network approach. Front. Psychol. 7, 529 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00529\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00529\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00529\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00529\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27148137\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4834345\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20influence%20of%20gender%2C%20age%2C%20matriline%20and%20hierarchical%20rank%20on%20individual%20social%20position%2C%20role%20and%20interactional%20patterns%20in%20Macaca%20sylvanus%20at%20%E2%80%98La%20For%C3%AAt%20des%20Singes%E2%80%99%3A%20A%20multilevel%20social%20network%20approach&amp;journal=Front.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00529&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Sosa%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Carpenter, A. Monkeys opening oysters. Nature 36, 53\u201353 (1887).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/036053d0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/036053d0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F036053d0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/036053d0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1887Natur..36...53C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Monkeys%20opening%20oysters&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2F036053d0&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=53-53&amp;publication_year=1887&amp;author=Carpenter%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Gumert, M. D. &amp; Malaivijitnond, S. Marine prey processed with stone tools by Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea) in intertidal habitats. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 149, 447\u2013457 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22143\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22143\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajpa.22143\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajpa.22143\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23042618\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Marine%20prey%20processed%20with%20stone%20tools%20by%20Burmese%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%20aurea%29%20in%20intertidal%20habitats&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Phys.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajpa.22143&amp;volume=149&amp;pages=447-457&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD&amp;author=Malaivijitnond%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Malaivijitnond, S. et al. Stone-tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Am. J. Primatol. 69, 227\u2013233 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.20342\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.20342\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.20342\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.20342\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17146796\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stone-tool%20usage%20by%20Thai%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.20342&amp;volume=69&amp;pages=227-233&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Malaivijitnond%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Gumert, M. D. et al. Prevalence of tool behaviour is associated with pelage phenotype in intraspecific hybrid long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea \u00d7 M. f. fascicularis). Behaviour 156, 1083\u20131125 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/1568539X-00003557\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/1568539X-00003557\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F1568539X-00003557\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/1568539X-00003557\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20tool%20behaviour%20is%20associated%20with%20pelage%20phenotype%20in%20intraspecific%20hybrid%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%20aurea%20%C3%97%20M.%20f.%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F1568539X-00003557&amp;volume=156&amp;pages=1083-1125&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Gumert%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Tan, A. W. Y. From play to proficiency: The ontogeny of stone-tool use in coastal-foraging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from a comparative perception-action perspective. J. Comp. Psychol. 131, 89\u2013114 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1037\/com0000068\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1037\/com0000068\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037%2Fcom0000068\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1037\/com0000068\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28318292\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=From%20play%20to%20proficiency%3A%20The%20ontogeny%20of%20stone-tool%20use%20in%20coastal-foraging%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29%20from%20a%20comparative%20perception-action%20perspective&amp;journal=J.%20Comp.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1037%2Fcom0000068&amp;volume=131&amp;pages=89-114&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Tan%2CAWY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Bunlungsup, S. et al. Morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea). Am. J. Primatol. 78, 441\u2013455 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.22512\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.22512\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.22512\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.22512\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26670099\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Morphological%20characteristics%20and%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20Burmese%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%20aurea%29&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.22512&amp;volume=78&amp;pages=441-455&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Bunlungsup%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Altmann, J. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227\u2013266 (1974).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/156853974X00534\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/156853974X00534\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F156853974X00534\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/156853974X00534\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaE2c7mtlWmsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4597405\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Observational%20study%20of%20behavior%3A%20Sampling%20methods&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F156853974X00534&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=227-266&amp;publication_year=1974&amp;author=Altmann%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Datta, S. The acquisition of dominance among free-ranging rhesus monkey siblings. Anim. Behav. 36, 754\u2013772 (1988).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(88)80159-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(88)80159-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2888%2980159-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(88)80159-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20acquisition%20of%20dominance%20among%20free-ranging%20rhesus%20monkey%20siblings&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2888%2980159-3&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=754-772&amp;publication_year=1988&amp;author=Datta%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">van Noordwijk, M. A. &amp; van Schaik, C. P. The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Primates 40, 105\u2013130 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/BF02557705\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/BF02557705\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/BF02557705\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/BF02557705\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23179535\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20effects%20of%20dominance%20rank%20and%20group%20size%20on%20female%20lifetime%20reproductive%20success%20in%20wild%20long-tailed%20macaques%2C%20Macaca%20fascicularis&amp;journal=Primates&amp;doi=10.1007%2FBF02557705&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=105-130&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Noordwijk%2CMA&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Clutton-Brock, T. H. &amp; Huchard, E. Social competition and selection in males and females. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20130074 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0074\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0074\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0074\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0074\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC2c7gs1Chtw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20competition%20and%20selection%20in%20males%20and%20females&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20B%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0074&amp;volume=368&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Clutton-Brock%2CTH&amp;author=Huchard%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Fedigan, L. M. Dominance and reproductive success in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26, 91\u2013129 (1983).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260506\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260506\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330260506\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260506\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dominance%20and%20reproductive%20success%20in%20primates&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Phys.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajpa.1330260506&amp;volume=26&amp;pages=91-129&amp;publication_year=1983&amp;author=Fedigan%2CLM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Kappeler, P. M. &amp; Van Schaik, C. P. Evolution of primate social systems. Int. J. Primatol. 23, 707\u2013740 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1023\/A:1015520830318\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1023\/A:1015520830318\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023%2FA%3A1015520830318\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1023\/A:1015520830318\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evolution%20of%20primate%20social%20systems&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1015520830318&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=707-740&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Kappeler%2CPM&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Sosa, S., Sueur, C. &amp; Puga-Gonzalez, I. Network measures in animal social network analysis: Their strengths, limits, interpretations and uses. Methods Ecol. Evol. 12, 10\u201321 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/2041-210X.13366\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/2041-210X.13366\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F2041-210X.13366\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/2041-210X.13366\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Network%20measures%20in%20animal%20social%20network%20analysis%3A%20Their%20strengths%2C%20limits%2C%20interpretations%20and%20uses&amp;journal=Methods%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F2041-210X.13366&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=10-21&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Sosa%2CS&amp;author=Sueur%2CC&amp;author=Puga-Gonzalez%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Barth\u00e9lemy, M., Barrat, A., Pastor-Satorras, R. &amp; Vespignani, A. Characterization and modeling of weighted networks. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 346, 34\u201343 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.physa.2004.08.047\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.physa.2004.08.047\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.physa.2004.08.047\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.physa.2004.08.047\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2005PhyA..346...34B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Characterization%20and%20modeling%20of%20weighted%20networks&amp;journal=Phys.%20A%20Stat.%20Mech.%20Its%20Appl.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.physa.2004.08.047&amp;volume=346&amp;pages=34-43&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Barth%C3%A9lemy%2CM&amp;author=Barrat%2CA&amp;author=Pastor-Satorras%2CR&amp;author=Vespignani%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Newman, M. E. J. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Rev. 45, 167\u2013256 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1137\/S003614450342480\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1137\/S003614450342480\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137%2FS003614450342480\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1137\/S003614450342480\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2003SIAMR..45..167N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2010377\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20complex%20networks&amp;journal=SIAM%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1137%2FS003614450342480&amp;volume=45&amp;pages=167-256&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Newman%2CMEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Bonacich, P. Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification. J. Math. Sociol. 2, 113\u2013120 (1972).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/0022250X.1972.9989806\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/0022250X.1972.9989806\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F0022250X.1972.9989806\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/0022250X.1972.9989806\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Factoring%20and%20weighting%20approaches%20to%20status%20scores%20and%20clique%20identification&amp;journal=J.%20Math.%20Sociol.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F0022250X.1972.9989806&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=113-120&amp;publication_year=1972&amp;author=Bonacich%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Bonacich, P. Some unique properties of eigenvector centrality. Soc. Netw. 29, 555\u2013564 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.socnet.2007.04.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.socnet.2007.04.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2007.04.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.socnet.2007.04.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Some%20unique%20properties%20of%20eigenvector%20centrality&amp;journal=Soc.%20Netw.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2007.04.002&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=555-564&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Bonacich%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Bonacich, P. &amp; Lloyd, P. Eigenvector-like measures of centrality for asymmetric relations. Soc. Netw. 23, 191\u2013201 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00038-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00038-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0378-8733%2801%2900038-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00038-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Eigenvector-like%20measures%20of%20centrality%20for%20asymmetric%20relations&amp;journal=Soc.%20Netw.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0378-8733%2801%2900038-7&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=191-201&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Bonacich%2CP&amp;author=Lloyd%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Brent, L. J. N. Friends of friends: Are indirect connections in social networks important to animal behaviour?. Anim. Behav. 103, 211\u2013222 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.01.020\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.01.020\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2015.01.020\" aria-label=\"Article reference 80\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.01.020\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25937639\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4415378\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 80\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Friends%20of%20friends%3A%20Are%20indirect%20connections%20in%20social%20networks%20important%20to%20animal%20behaviour%3F&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2015.01.020&amp;volume=103&amp;pages=211-222&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Brent%2CLJN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Newman, M. E. J. Analysis of weighted networks. Phys. Rev. E 70, 056131-1-056131\u20139 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056131\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056131\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.70.056131\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056131\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Analysis%20of%20weighted%20networks&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20E&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevE.70.056131&amp;volume=70&amp;pages=056131%E2%80%931-056131%E2%80%939&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Newman%2CMEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/<\/a> (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. &amp; Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01\" data-track-item_id=\"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637%2Fjss.v067.i01\" aria-label=\"Article reference 83\" data-doi=\"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 83\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fitting%20linear%20mixed-effects%20models%20using%20lme4&amp;journal=J.%20Stat.%20Softw.&amp;doi=10.18637%2Fjss.v067.i01&amp;volume=67&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Bates%2CD&amp;author=M%C3%A4chler%2CM&amp;author=Bolker%2CB&amp;author=Walker%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Brooks, M. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 9, 378 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066\" data-track-item_id=\"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614%2FRJ-2017-066\" aria-label=\"Article reference 84\" data-doi=\"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=glmmTMB%20balances%20speed%20and%20flexibility%20among%20packages%20for%20zero-inflated%20generalized%20linear%20mixed%20modeling&amp;journal=R%20J.&amp;doi=10.32614%2FRJ-2017-066&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Brooks%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">McGillycuddy, M., Warton, D. I., Popovic, G. &amp; Bolker, B. M. Parsimoniously Fitting Large Multivariate Random Effects in glmmTMB. J. Stat. Softw. 112, 1 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.18637\/jss.v112.i01\" data-track-item_id=\"10.18637\/jss.v112.i01\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637%2Fjss.v112.i01\" aria-label=\"Article reference 85\" data-doi=\"10.18637\/jss.v112.i01\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 85\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Parsimoniously%20Fitting%20Large%20Multivariate%20Random%20Effects%20in%20glmmTMB&amp;journal=J.%20Stat.%20Softw.&amp;doi=10.18637%2Fjss.v112.i01&amp;volume=112&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=McGillycuddy%2CM&amp;author=Warton%2CDI&amp;author=Popovic%2CG&amp;author=Bolker%2CBM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Hartig, F. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostic for Hierarchical (Multi-Level\/Mixed) Regression Models. R package. 53 Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/florianhartig.github.io\/DHARMa\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/florianhartig.github.io\/DHARMa\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/florianhartig.github.io\/DHARMa\/<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T. &amp; Tibshirani, R. An Introduction to Statistical Learning. Robust SRAM Designs and Analysis Vol. 103 (Springer, 2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 87\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20Introduction%20to%20Statistical%20Learning.%20Robust%20SRAM%20Designs%20and%20Analysis&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=James%2CG&amp;author=Witten%2CD&amp;author=Hastie%2CT&amp;author=Tibshirani%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">Menard, S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis (SAGE Publications, 2002). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412983433\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.4135\/9781412983433\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412983433<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.4135\/9781412983433\" data-track-item_id=\"10.4135\/9781412983433\" data-track-value=\"book reference\" data-track-action=\"book reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135%2F9781412983433\" aria-label=\"Book reference 88\" data-doi=\"10.4135\/9781412983433\" target=\"_blank\">Book<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 88\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Applied%20Logistic%20Regression%20Analysis&amp;doi=10.4135%2F9781412983433&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Menard%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR89\">Fox, J. et al. The car Package. Companion to Applied Regression. 104 Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.uni-bayreuth.de\/math\/statlib\/R\/CRAN\/doc\/packages\/car.pdf\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/ftp.uni-bayreuth.de\/math\/statlib\/R\/CRAN\/doc\/packages\/car.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ftp.uni-bayreuth.de\/math\/statlib\/R\/CRAN\/doc\/packages\/car.pdf<\/a> (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR90\">L\u00fcdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P. &amp; Makowski, D. Performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3139 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.21105\/joss.03139\" data-track-item_id=\"10.21105\/joss.03139\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105%2Fjoss.03139\" aria-label=\"Article reference 90\" data-doi=\"10.21105\/joss.03139\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021JOSS....6.3139L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 90\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Performance%3A%20An%20R%20package%20for%20assessment%2C%20comparison%20and%20testing%20of%20statistical%20models&amp;journal=J.%20Open%20Source%20Softw.&amp;doi=10.21105%2Fjoss.03139&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=L%C3%BCdecke%2CD&amp;author=Ben-Shachar%2CM&amp;author=Patil%2CI&amp;author=Waggoner%2CP&amp;author=Makowski%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR91\">Majolo, B., Ventura, R. &amp; Koyama, N. F. Sex, rank and age differences in the Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) participation in inter-group encounters. Ethology 111, 455\u2013468 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01087.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01087.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2005.01087.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 91\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01087.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 91\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%2C%20rank%20and%20age%20differences%20in%20the%20Japanese%20Macaque%20%28Macaca%20fuscata%20yakui%29%20participation%20in%20inter-group%20encounters&amp;journal=Ethology&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2005.01087.x&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=455-468&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Majolo%2CB&amp;author=Ventura%2CR&amp;author=Koyama%2CNF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR92\">Sprague, D. S. Age, dominance rank, natal status, and tenure among male macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 105, 511\u2013521 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4&lt;511::AID-AJPA8&gt;3.0.CO;2-Q\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4&lt;511::AID-AJPA8&gt;3.0.CO;2-Q\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28199804%29105%3A4%3C511%3A%3AAID-AJPA8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q\" aria-label=\"Article reference 92\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4&lt;511::AID-AJPA8&gt;3.0.CO;2-Q\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ksVarsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9584892\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 92\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Age%2C%20dominance%20rank%2C%20natal%20status%2C%20and%20tenure%20among%20male%20macaques&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Phys.%20Anthropol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28199804%29105%3A4%3C511%3A%3AAID-AJPA8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q&amp;volume=105&amp;pages=511-521&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Sprague%2CDS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR93\">Zhou, H., Yang, Y. &amp; Qian, W. Tweedie gradient boosting for extremely unbalanced zero-inflated data. <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.10192\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.10192\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.10192<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR94\">Kulik, L., Amici, F., Langos, D. &amp; Widdig, A. Sex differences in the development of social relationships in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Int. J. Primatol. 36, 353\u2013376 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10764-015-9826-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10764-015-9826-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10764-015-9826-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 94\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10764-015-9826-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25983360\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4430863\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 94\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%20differences%20in%20the%20development%20of%20social%20relationships%20in%20rhesus%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20mulatta%29&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10764-015-9826-4&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=353-376&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Kulik%2CL&amp;author=Amici%2CF&amp;author=Langos%2CD&amp;author=Widdig%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR95\">No\u00eb, R. &amp; Hammerstein, P. Biological markets: Supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35, 1\u201311 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/BF00167053\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/BF00167053\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/BF00167053\" aria-label=\"Article reference 95\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/BF00167053\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 95\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biological%20markets%3A%20Supply%20and%20demand%20determine%20the%20effect%20of%20partner%20choice%20in%20cooperation%2C%20mutualism%20and%20mating&amp;journal=Behav.%20Ecol.%20Sociobiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2FBF00167053&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=1-11&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=No%C3%AB%2CR&amp;author=Hammerstein%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR96\">Schino, G. Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: A meta-analysis. Anim. Behav. 62, 265\u2013271 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1750\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1750\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006%2Fanbe.2001.1750\" aria-label=\"Article reference 96\" data-doi=\"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1750\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 96\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Grooming%2C%20competition%20and%20social%20rank%20among%20female%20primates%3A%20A%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1006%2Fanbe.2001.1750&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=265-271&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Schino%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR97\">Wrangham, R. W. An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75, 262\u2013300 (1980).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/156853980X00447\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/156853980X00447\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F156853980X00447\" aria-label=\"Article reference 97\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/156853980X00447\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 97\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20ecological%20model%20of%20female-bonded%20primate%20groups&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F156853980X00447&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=262-300&amp;publication_year=1980&amp;author=Wrangham%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR98\">de Lima, V. C. C. &amp; Ferreira, R. G. Social network changes during the development of immature capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Primates <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 98\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10329-021-00918-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34273030\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 98\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20network%20changes%20during%20the%20development%20of%20immature%20capuchin%20monkeys%20%28Sapajus%20spp.%29&amp;journal=Primates&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10329-021-00918-6&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Lima%2CVCC&amp;author=Ferreira%2CRG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR99\">Dunayer, E. S. &amp; Berman, C. M. Infant handling among primates. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 31, 1\u201331 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.46867\/ijcp.2018.31.02.06\" data-track-item_id=\"10.46867\/ijcp.2018.31.02.06\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46867%2Fijcp.2018.31.02.06\" aria-label=\"Article reference 99\" data-doi=\"10.46867\/ijcp.2018.31.02.06\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 99\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Infant%20handling%20among%20primates&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Comp.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.46867%2Fijcp.2018.31.02.06&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=1-31&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Dunayer%2CES&amp;author=Berman%2CCM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR100\">Fedurek, P. &amp; Lehmann, J. The effect of excluding juveniles on apparent adult olive baboons (Papio anubis) social networks. PLoS ONE 12, e0173146 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173146\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173146\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0173146\" aria-label=\"Article reference 100\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173146\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28323851\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5360227\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 100\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20effect%20of%20excluding%20juveniles%20on%20apparent%20adult%20olive%20baboons%20%28Papio%20anubis%29%20social%20networks&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0173146&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Fedurek%2CP&amp;author=Lehmann%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR101\">Giraud, G. et al. Effect of infant presence on social networks of sterilized and intact wild female Balinese macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Animals 11, 2538 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/ani11092538\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/ani11092538\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fani11092538\" aria-label=\"Article reference 101\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/ani11092538\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34573504\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8466756\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 101\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effect%20of%20infant%20presence%20on%20social%20networks%20of%20sterilized%20and%20intact%20wild%20female%20Balinese%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Animals&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fani11092538&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Giraud%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR102\">Liao, Z., Sosa, S., Wu, C. &amp; Zhang, P. The influence of age on wild rhesus macaques\u2019 affiliative social interactions. Am. J. Primatol. 80, e22733 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ajp.22733\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ajp.22733\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fajp.22733\" aria-label=\"Article reference 102\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ajp.22733\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 102\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20influence%20of%20age%20on%20wild%20rhesus%20macaques%E2%80%99%20affiliative%20social%20interactions&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fajp.22733&amp;volume=80&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Liao%2CZ&amp;author=Sosa%2CS&amp;author=Wu%2CC&amp;author=Zhang%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR103\">Krause, J., Lusseau, D. &amp; James, R. Animal social networks: An introduction. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 967\u2013973 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0747-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0747-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00265-009-0747-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 103\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00265-009-0747-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 103\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Animal%20social%20networks%3A%20An%20introduction&amp;journal=Behav.%20Ecol.%20Sociobiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00265-009-0747-0&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=967-973&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Krause%2CJ&amp;author=Lusseau%2CD&amp;author=James%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR104\">Wasserman, S. &amp; Faust, K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478\" data-track-value=\"book reference\" data-track-action=\"book reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FCBO9780511815478\" aria-label=\"Book reference 104\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478\" target=\"_blank\">Book<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 104\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20Network%20Analysis%3A%20Methods%20and%20Applications&amp;doi=10.1017%2FCBO9780511815478&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Wasserman%2CS&amp;author=Faust%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR105\">Sosa, S. et al. A multilevel statistical toolkit to study animal social networks: the Animal Network Toolkit Software (ANTs) R package. Sci. Rep. 10, 12507 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-69265-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-69265-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-69265-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 105\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-69265-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020NatSR..1012507S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVOqtb%2FP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32719477\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7385643\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 105\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20multilevel%20statistical%20toolkit%20to%20study%20animal%20social%20networks%3A%20the%20Animal%20Network%20Toolkit%20Software%20%28ANTs%29%20R%20package&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-69265-8&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Sosa%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR106\">Solymos, P., Zawadzki, Z., Bengtsson, H. &amp; R Core Team. pbapply: Adding Progress Bar to \u2018*apply\u2019 Functions. R package. Preprint at (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR107\">Peel, L., Delvenne, J.-C. &amp; Lambiotte, R. Multiscale mixing patterns in networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 4057\u20134062 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1713019115\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1713019115\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1713019115\" aria-label=\"Article reference 107\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1713019115\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018PNAS..115.4057P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3796427\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXht1GgsLnP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29610344\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5910813\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 107\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multiscale%20mixing%20patterns%20in%20networks&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1713019115&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=4057-4062&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Peel%2CL&amp;author=Delvenne%2CJ-C&amp;author=Lambiotte%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR108\">Karimi, F. &amp; Oliveira, M. On the inadequacy of nominal assortativity for assessing homophily in networks. Sci. Rep. 13, 21053 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-48113-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-48113-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-48113-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 108\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-48113-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023NatSR..1321053K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXisFSmtbvJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38030623\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10686992\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 108\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20inadequacy%20of%20nominal%20assortativity%20for%20assessing%20homophily%20in%20networks&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-023-48113-5&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Karimi%2CF&amp;author=Oliveira%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR109\">Boesch, C. &amp; Boesch, H. Sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees: A preliminary report. J. Hum. Evol. 10, 585\u2013593 (1981).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80049-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80049-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2881%2980049-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 109\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80049-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 109\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%20differences%20in%20the%20use%20of%20natural%20hammers%20by%20wild%20chimpanzees%3A%20A%20preliminary%20report&amp;journal=J.%20Hum.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2881%2980049-8&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=585-593&amp;publication_year=1981&amp;author=Boesch%2CC&amp;author=Boesch%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR110\">Boesch, C. &amp; Boesch, H. Possible causes of sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees. J. Hum. Evol. 13, 415\u2013440 (1984).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(84)80055-X\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(84)80055-X\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2884%2980055-X\" aria-label=\"Article reference 110\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0047-2484(84)80055-X\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 110\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Possible%20causes%20of%20sex%20differences%20in%20the%20use%20of%20natural%20hammers%20by%20wild%20chimpanzees&amp;journal=J.%20Hum.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2884%2980055-X&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=415-440&amp;publication_year=1984&amp;author=Boesch%2CC&amp;author=Boesch%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR111\">Fal\u00f3tico, T. &amp; Ottoni, E. B. Sexual bias in probe tool manufacture and use by wild bearded capuchin monkeys. Behav. Proc. 108, 117\u2013122 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.09.036\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.09.036\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2014.09.036\" aria-label=\"Article reference 111\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.09.036\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 111\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sexual%20bias%20in%20probe%20tool%20manufacture%20and%20use%20by%20wild%20bearded%20capuchin%20monkeys&amp;journal=Behav.%20Proc.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2014.09.036&amp;volume=108&amp;pages=117-122&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Fal%C3%B3tico%2CT&amp;author=Ottoni%2CEB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR112\">Reader, S. M. &amp; Laland, K. N. Primate innovation: Sex, age and social rank differences. Int. J. Primatol. 22, 787\u2013805 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1023\/A:1012069500899\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1023\/A:1012069500899\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023%2FA%3A1012069500899\" aria-label=\"Article reference 112\" data-doi=\"10.1023\/A:1012069500899\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 112\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Primate%20innovation%3A%20Sex%2C%20age%20and%20social%20rank%20differences&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Primatol.&amp;doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1012069500899&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=787-805&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Reader%2CSM&amp;author=Laland%2CKN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR113\">Van Noordwijk, M. A. &amp; Van Schaik, C. P. Male migration and rank acquisition in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Anim. Behav. 33, 849\u2013861 (1985).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80019-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80019-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2885%2980019-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 113\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80019-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 113\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Male%20migration%20and%20rank%20acquisition%20in%20wild%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20fascicularis%29&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2885%2980019-1&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=849-861&amp;publication_year=1985&amp;author=Noordwijk%2CMA&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR114\">Goodall, J. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 114\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Chimpanzees%20of%20Gombe%3A%20Patterns%20of%20Behavior&amp;publication_year=1986&amp;author=Goodall%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR115\">Jack, K. M. &amp; Fedigan, L. Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Anim. Behav. 67, 761\u2013769 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.04.015\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.04.015\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2003.04.015\" aria-label=\"Article reference 115\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.04.015\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 115\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Male%20dispersal%20patterns%20in%20white-faced%20capuchins%2C%20Cebus%20capucinus&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2003.04.015&amp;volume=67&amp;pages=761-769&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Jack%2CKM&amp;author=Fedigan%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR116\">Harrison, N. D. et al. Behavioural change during dispersal and its relationship to survival and reproduction in a cooperative breeder. J. Anim. Ecol. 90, 2637\u20132650 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13569\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13569\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2656.13569\" aria-label=\"Article reference 116\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2656.13569\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34258771\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8597146\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 116\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Behavioural%20change%20during%20dispersal%20and%20its%20relationship%20to%20survival%20and%20reproduction%20in%20a%20cooperative%20breeder&amp;journal=J.%20Anim.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2656.13569&amp;volume=90&amp;pages=2637-2650&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Harrison%2CND\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR117\">Md-Zain, B. M. et al. A comprehensive population survey and daily activity budget on long-tailed macaques of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. J. Biol. Sci. 10, 608\u2013615 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3923\/jbs.2010.608.615\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3923\/jbs.2010.608.615\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923%2Fjbs.2010.608.615\" aria-label=\"Article reference 117\" data-doi=\"10.3923\/jbs.2010.608.615\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 117\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20comprehensive%20population%20survey%20and%20daily%20activity%20budget%20on%20long-tailed%20macaques%20of%20Universiti%20Kebangsaan%20Malaysia&amp;journal=J.%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.3923%2Fjbs.2010.608.615&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=608-615&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Md-Zain%2CBM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR118\">Lehmann, J., Korstjens, A. H. &amp; Dunbar, R. I. M. Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Anim. Behav. 74, 1617\u20131629 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.10.025\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.10.025\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2006.10.025\" aria-label=\"Article reference 118\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.10.025\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 118\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Group%20size%2C%20grooming%20and%20social%20cohesion%20in%20primates&amp;journal=Anim.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2006.10.025&amp;volume=74&amp;pages=1617-1629&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Lehmann%2CJ&amp;author=Korstjens%2CAH&amp;author=Dunbar%2CRIM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR119\">Hambali, K., Ismail, A. &amp; Munir Md-Zain, B. Daily activity budget of long-tailed macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) in Kuala Selangor Nature Park. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. IJBAS-IJENS 12, 47 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 119\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Daily%20activity%20budget%20of%20long-tailed%20macaques%20%28Macaca%20Fascicularis%29%20in%20Kuala%20Selangor%20Nature%20Park&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Basic%20Appl.%20Sci.%20IJBAS-IJENS&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Hambali%2CK&amp;author=Ismail%2CA&amp;author=Munir%20Md-Zain%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR120\">van Noordwijk, M. A. &amp; van Schaik, C. P. Career moves: Transfer and rank challenge decisions by male long-tailed macaques. Behaviour 138, 359\u2013395 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1163\/15685390152032505\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1163\/15685390152032505\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163%2F15685390152032505\" aria-label=\"Article reference 120\" data-doi=\"10.1163\/15685390152032505\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 120\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Career%20moves%3A%20Transfer%20and%20rank%20challenge%20decisions%20by%20male%20long-tailed%20macaques&amp;journal=Behaviour&amp;doi=10.1163%2F15685390152032505&amp;volume=138&amp;pages=359-395&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Noordwijk%2CMA&amp;author=Schaik%2CCP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR121\">Luncz, L. V. et al. Diversity of stone tools between long-tailed macaque populations. Folia Primatol. 91, 309 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 121\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diversity%20of%20stone%20tools%20between%20long-tailed%20macaque%20populations&amp;journal=Folia%20Primatol.&amp;volume=91&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Luncz%2CLV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR122\">Luncz, L. V. et al. Group-specific archaeological signatures of stone tool use in wild macaques. Elife 8, 1\u201321 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.46961\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.46961\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.46961\" aria-label=\"Article reference 122\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.46961\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 122\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Group-specific%20archaeological%20signatures%20of%20stone%20tool%20use%20in%20wild%20macaques&amp;journal=Elife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.46961&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=1-21&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Luncz%2CLV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Huber, L. Tool use. In The Rational Animal (ed. Huber, L.) 43\u201389 (Springer, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-60803-2_3. Chapter\u00a0 Google Scholar\u00a0&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":837202,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[64,63,8174,2931,409546,1320,409545,1321,409548,128,409547,132122,9864],"class_list":["post-837201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science","tag-au","tag-australia","tag-ecology","tag-evolution","tag-grooming-network","tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","tag-long-tailed-macaques","tag-multidisciplinary","tag-preferential-associations","tag-science","tag-social-position","tag-tool-user","tag-zoology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/837201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=837201"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/837201\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/837202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=837201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=837201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=837201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}