Association RAs. 2023 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(4):1598–695.
Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F, et al. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105–25.
Mielke MM, Vemuri P, Rocca WA. Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences. Clinical Epidemiology. 2014;6(null):37–48.
Gong J, Harris K, Lipnicki DM, Castro-Costa E, Lima-Costa MF, Diniz BS, et al. Sex differences in dementia risk and risk factors: Individual-participant data analysis using 21 cohorts across six continents from the COSMIC consortium. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(8):3365–78.
Jorm AF, Jolley D. The incidence of dementia: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1998;51(3):728–33.
Wolters FJ, Chibnik LB, Waziry R, Anderson R, Berr C, Beiser A, et al. Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia incidence in Europe and the United States: the Alzheimer cohorts consortium. Neurology. 2020;95(5):e519-31.
Shang X, Roccati E, Zhu Z, Kiburg K, Wang W, Huang Y, et al. Leading mediators of sex differences in the incidence of dementia in community-dwelling adults in the UK biobank: a retrospective cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15(1): 7.
Gong J, Harris K, Peters SAE, Woodward M. Sex differences in the association between major cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and dementia: a cohort study using data from the UK Biobank. BMC Med. 2021;19(1): 110.
Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, Witteman JC, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, et al. Reproductive period and risk of dementia in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1475–81.
Nebel RA, Aggarwal NT, Barnes LL, Gallagher A, Goldstein JM, Kantarci K, et al. Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer’s disease: a call to action. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(9):1171–83.
Mielke MM. Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Psychiatr Times. 2018;35(11):14–7.
Arnegard ME, Whitten LA, Hunter C, Clayton JA. Sex as a biological variable: a 5-year progress report and call to action. J Womens Health. 2020;29(6):858–64.
Ahmed SB, Dumanski SM. Sex, gender and COVID-19: a call to action. Can J Public Health. 2020;111(6):980–3.
Kodesh A. Prevalence and comorbidities of dementia in Israel: a nationally representative cohort study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019;31(7):1059–63.
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(1):63–75 e2.
Bedard PL, Krzyzanowska MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF. Statistical Power of Negative Randomized Controlled Trials Presented at American Society for Clinical Oncology Annual Meetings. Journal of Clinical Oncology.25(23):3482–7.
Therneau T. Further documentation on code and methods in the survival package. 2024.
Therneau TM, Grambsch PM. The Cox Model. In: Therneau TM, Grambsch PM, editors. Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2000. p. 39–77.
Mielke MM, Vemuri P, Rocca WA. Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:37–48.
Therneau TM, Grambsch PM. Modeling survival data: extending the Cox model. London: Springer; 2000.
Schenker N, Gentleman JF. On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals. Am Stat. 2001;55(3):182–6.
Gong J, Harris K, Peters SAE, Woodward M. Sex differences in the association between major cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and dementia: a cohort study using data from the UK Biobank. BMC Med. 2021;19(1): 110.
Dong C, Zhou C, Fu C, Hao W, Ozaki A, Shrestha N, et al. Sex differences in the association between cardiovascular diseases and dementia subtypes: a prospective analysis of 464,616 UK Biobank participants. Biol Sex Differ. 2022;13(1): 21.
Chen K-T, Chen Y-C, Fan Y-H, Lin W-X, Lin W-C, Wang Y-H, et al. Rheumatic diseases are associated with a higher risk of dementia: a nation-wide, population-based, case-control study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21(2):373–80.
Janbek J, Laursen TM, Frimodt-Møller N, Magyari M, Haas JG, Lathe R, et al. Hospital-diagnosed infections, autoimmune diseases, and subsequent dementia incidence. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2332635-e.
Beason-Held LL, Kerley CI, Chaganti S, Moghekar A, Thambisetty M, Ferrucci L, et al. Health conditions associated with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Ann Neurol. 2023;93(4):805–18.
Sattui SE, Navarro-Millan I, Xie F, Rajan M, Yun H, Curtis JR. Incidence of dementia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and association with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs – analysis of a national claims database. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;57: 152083.
Stafford J, Chung WT, Sommerlad A, Kirkbride JB, Howard R. Psychiatric disorders and risk of subsequent dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5711.
Häfner H. From Onset and Prodromal Stage to a Life-Long Course of Schizophrenia and Its Symptom Dimensions: How Sex, Age, and Other Risk Factors Influence Incidence and Course of Illness. Psychiatry J. 2019;2019(1):9804836.
Schnack HG, van Haren NEM, Nieuwenhuis M, Hulshoff Pol HE, Cahn W, Kahn RS. Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia: a longitudinal pattern recognition study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):607–16.
Ribe AR, Laursen TM, Charles M, Katon W, Fenger-Grøn M, Davydow D, et al. Long-term risk of dementia in persons with schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatr. 2015;72(11):1095–101.
Coleman JS. Equal schools or equal students? Public Interest. 1966;4:70.
Petersen JD, Wehberg S, Packness A, Svensson NH, Hyldig N, Raunsgaard S, et al. Association of socioeconomic status with dementia diagnosis among older adults in Denmark. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5): e2110432-e.
Altmann A, Tian L, Henderson VW, Greicius MD, Investigators AsDNI. Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2014;75(4):563–73.
Andersen K, Launer LJ, Dewey ME, Letenneur L, Ott A, Copeland J, et al. Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: the EURODEM studies. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1992.
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(1):63-75.e2.
Kivimäki M, Luukkonen R, Batty GD, Ferrie JE, Pentti J, Nyberg ST, et al. Body mass index and risk of dementia: analysis of individual-level data from 1.3 million individuals. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(5):601–9.
Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Weiner MW, Aisen PS, et al. Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):207–16.
Lai H, Kolanko M, Li LM, Parkinson ME, Bourke NJ, Graham NSN, et al. Population incidence and associated mortality of urinary tract infection in people living with dementia. J Infect. 2024;88(6): 106167.