Unlike the private sector, senior public servants are rarely removed for persistent underperformance. And tone from the top, however well calibrated, cannot substitute for rigor on the ground.

Prime Minister Mark Carney’s career has been shaped by disciplined risk management, institutional credibility, and respect for independent challenge. That gives Ottawa a credible path from chronic underperformance to reliable delivery, writes Ram Mathilakath. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade