Karanth S, Nelson P, Katsumata Y, Kryscio R, Schmitt F, Fardo D et al. Prevalence and clinical phenotype of quadruple misfolded proteins in older adults. JAMA neurology. 2020.
Nelson P, Brayne C, Flanagan M, Abner E, Agrawal S, Attems J, et al. Frequency of LATE neuropathologic change across the spectrum of alzheimer’s disease neuropathology: combined data from 13 community-based or population-based autopsy cohorts. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;144:27–44.
Phillips JS, Robinson JL, Cousins KAQ, Wolk DA, Lee EB, McMillan CT, et al. Polypathologic associations with Gray matter atrophy in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurosci. 2024;44(6):e0808232023.
Phongpreecha T, Cholerton B, Bukhari S, Chang AL, De Francesco D, Thuraiappah M, et al. Prediction of neuropathologic lesions from clinical data. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2023;19(7):3005–18.
Robinson JL, Lee EB, Xie SX, Rennert L, Suh E, Bredenberg C, et al. Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated. Brain. 2018;141(7):2181–93.
Jack CR, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2018;14(4):535–62.
Jack CR, Andrews JS, Beach TG, Buracchio T, Dunn B, Graf A, et al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2024;20(8):5143–69.
Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Carrillo MC, et al. National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2012;8(1):1–13.
Crary JF, Trojanowski JQ, Schneider JA, Abisambra JF, Abner EL, Alafuzoff I, et al. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a common pathology associated with human aging. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(6):755–66.
Dani M, Brooks DJ, Edison P. Suspected non-Alzheimer’s pathology – Is it non-Alzheimer’s or non-amyloid? Ageing Res Rev. 2017;36:20–31.
Bir SC, Khan MW, Javalkar V, Toledo EG, Kelley RE. Emerging concepts in vascular dementia: A review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(8):105864.
Hayes CA, Young CB, Abdelnour C, Reeves A, Odden MC, Nirschl J, et al. The impact of arteriolosclerosis on cognitive impairment in decedents without severe dementia from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2025;21(3):e70059.
Grinberg LT, Thal DR. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(3):277–90.
Hayes CA, Thorpe RJ, Odden MC. Age-dependent interactions of APOE isoform 4 and alzheimer’s disease neuropathology: findings from the NACC. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2025;13(1):102.
Iturria-Medina Y, Sotero RC, Toussaint PJ, Mateos-Pérez JM, Evans AC et al. The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,. Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer’s disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):11934.
Rabin JS, Nichols E, La Joie R, Casaletto KB, Palta P, Dams-O’Connor K, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neuritic amyloid plaques to promote Tau and cognitive decline. Brain. 2022;145(8):2823–33.
Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Microinfarct pathology, dementia, and cognitive systems. Stroke. 2011;42(3):722–7.
Hooshmand B, Polvikoski T, Kivipelto M, Tanskanen M, Myllykangas L, Mäkelä M, et al. CAIDE dementia risk score, alzheimer and cerebrovascular pathology: a population-based autopsy study. J Intern Med. 2018;283(6):597–603.
Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology. 2007;69(24):2197–204.
Song R, Pan K, Xu H, Qi X, Buchman AS, Bennett DA, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk burden with risk of dementia and brain pathologies: A population-based cohort study. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2021;17(12):1914–22.
Beekly DL, Ramos EM, Lee WW, Deitrich WD, Jacka ME, Wu J, et al. The National alzheimer’s coordinating center (NACC) database: the uniform data set. Alzheimer Disease Assoc Disorders. 2007;21(3):249–58.
Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, et al. National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(1):1–11.
Lamar M, Leurgans S, Kapasi A, Barnes LL, Boyle PA, Bennett DA, et al. Complex profiles of cerebrovascular disease pathologies in the aging brain and their relationship with cognitive decline. Stroke. 2022;53(1):218–27.
Ryman SG, Yutsis M, Tian L, Henderson VW, Montine TJ, Salmon DP et al. B Dugger editor 2021 Cognition at each stage of lewy body disease with Co-occurring alzheimer’s disease Pathology1. JAD 80 3 1243–56.
Mukherjee S, Choi SE, Lee ML, Scollard P, Trittschuh EH, Mez J, et al. Cognitive domain harmonization and cocalibration in studies of older adults. Neuropsychology. 2023;37(4):409–23.
Hohman TJ. ADSP phenotype harmonization consortium. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2023;19(S12):e077713.
Lee AJ, Sanchez D, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Brickman AM, Lantigua RA, Vardarajan BN, et al. Reliability and validity of Self-Reported vascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, in a Multi-Ethnic community based study of aging and dementia. JAD. 2023;95(1):275–85.
Chun MY, Jang H, Kim SJ, Park YH, Yun J, Lockhart SN, et al. Emerging role of vascular burden in AT(N) classification in individuals with alzheimer’s and concomitant cerebrovascular burdens. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024;95(1):44–51.
Besser LM, Crary JF, Mock C, Kukull WA. Comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with primary age-related tauopathy. Neurology. 2017;89(16):1707–15.
Nelson PT, Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Jicha GA, Santacruz K, et al. Brains with medial Temporal lobe neurofibrillary tangles but no neuritic amyloid plaques are a diagnostic dilemma but May have pathogenetic aspects distinct from alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(7):774–84.
Walker JM, Gonzales MM, Goette W, Farrell K, White Iii CL, Crary JF, et al. Cognitive and neuropsychological profiles in alzheimer’s disease and primary Age-Related tauopathy and the influence of comorbid neuropathologies. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2023;92(3):1037–49.
Huang J, Biessels GJ, De Leeuw FE, Ii Y, Skoog I, Mok V, et al. Cerebral microinfarcts revisited: detection, causes, and clinical relevance. Int J Stroke. 2024;19(1):7–15.
Ter Telgte A, Wiegertjes K, Gesierich B, Baskaran BS, Marques JP, Kuijf HJ, et al. Temporal dynamics of cortical microinfarcts in cerebral small vessel disease. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(5):643.
Van Veluw SJ, Shih AY, Smith EE, Chen C, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, et al. Detection, risk factors, and functional consequences of cerebral microinfarcts. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(9):730–40.
Blanc F, Mahmoudi R, Jonveaux T, Galmiche J, Chopard G, Cretin B, et al. Long-term cognitive outcome of alzheimer’s disease and dementia with lewy bodies: dual disease is worse. Alz Res Therapy. 2017;9(1):47.
Brenowitz WD, Hubbard RA, Keene CD, Hawes SE, Longstreth WT, Woltjer RL, et al. Mixed neuropathologies and associations with domain-specific cognitive decline. Neurology. 2017;89(17):1773–81.
Brenowitz WD, Hubbard RA, Keene CD, Hawes SE, Longstreth WT, Woltjer RL, et al. Mixed neuropathologies and estimated rates of clinical progression in a large autopsy sample. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2017;13(6):654–62.
Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM. Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(3):272–82.
Corrada MM, Sonnen JA, Kim RC, Kawas CH. Microinfarcts are common and strongly related to dementia in the oldest-old: the 90 + study. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2016;12(8):900–8.
Agrawal S, Yu L, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Boyle PA, Schneider JA. Cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons with primary age-related tauopathy: role of anatomical location of tangles and other co-existing brain pathologies. Acta Neuropathol. 2025;150(1):8.
Rosenich E, Lim YY, on behalf of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Ante-mortem cognitive trajectories associated with Aβ and Tau biomarker profiles in older adults with cerebrovascular disease: a longitudinal cohort study. Alz Res Therapy. 2025;17(1):165.
Kapasi A, Capuano AW, Mojdeganlou P, Bennett DA, Lamar M, Leurgans SE, et al. Cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive outcomes in older black decedents. Stroke. 2025;56(8):2222–32.
Pichet Binette A, Smith R, SalvadĂł G, Tideman P, Glans I, van Westen D et al. Evaluation of the Revised Criteria for Biological and Clinical Staging of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurology [Internet]. 2025 May 19 [cited 2025 Jun 20]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1100
Wang LY, Larson EB, Sonnen JA, Shofer JB, McCormick W, Bowen JD, et al. Blood pressure and brain injury in older adults: findings from a Community-Based autopsy study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(11):1975–81.
2025 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2025;21(4):e70235.