{"id":259313,"date":"2025-11-03T18:23:14","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T18:23:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/259313\/"},"modified":"2025-11-03T18:23:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T18:23:14","slug":"yuan-topples-dollar-in-chinas-trade-but-hits-speed-bumps-dw-11-03-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/259313\/","title":{"rendered":"Yuan topples dollar in China’s trade, but hits speed bumps \u2013 DW \u2013 11\/03\/2025"},"content":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s<\/a> drive to reduce reliance on the US\u00a0dollar crystallized during the 2008\u20132009 global financial crisis.<\/p>\n

Alarmed by the US Federal Reserve\u2019s<\/a> aggressive money printing, which threatened the value of Beijing\u2019s $1.9 trillion (\u20ac1.65 trillion) in foreign\u00a0assets, the People\u2019s Bank of China (PBOC)\u00a0launched a pilot scheme in July 2009 to settle cross-border trade in the yuan<\/a> or renminbi for the first time.<\/p>\n

The pilot kickstarted\u00a0a 16-year campaign that now sees the yuan used to settle\u00a030% of China\u2019s $6.2 trillion global trade in goods, the Chinese central bank’s deputy governor,\u00a0Zhu Hexin, told an economic summit in June.<\/p>\n

If you count all cross-border payments \u2014 including bond purchases and foreign investment \u2014 the yuan\u2019s share leaps to 53%, overtaking China’s dollar trade\u00a0for the first time in 2023.<\/p>\n

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In a further milestone, the yuan briefly overtook\u00a0the euro<\/a> last year as the second-most used currency in global trade finance, albeit with 5.8% of the market versus the dollar’s 82%, according to SWIFT, the global messaging network banks\u00a0use to settle international payments.<\/p>\n

The yuan’s share of global currency reserves also reached its highest-ever level in the second quarter of the year\u00a0at 2.4%, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/a> said in October.<\/p>\n

Yuan’s global role grows, with limits<\/p>\n

While BRICS nations of the Global South<\/a>\u00a0recently explored alternatives to the dollar, including proposals for a shared currency, China has taken a more pragmatic approach, steadily building the yuan\u2019s role in global trade\u00a0while deliberately maintaining controls on currency exchange.<\/p>\n

“China wants the yuan\u00a0to become internationalized for trade \u2014\u00a0for the real economy,” Miguel Otero-Iglesias, senior fellow at the Elcano\u00a0Royal Institute in Madrid, Spain, told DW. “It is less interested in the yuan becoming a financial currency.\u201d<\/p>\n

If Beijing allowed the yuan to be\u00a0used in global financial markets for capital flows, investments\u00a0and financial instruments, as well as for trade, Otero-Iglesias\u00a0said it would reduce\u00a0the Chinese\u00a0Communist Party\u2019s control over its domestic credit system.<\/p>\n

“Beijing believes finance needs to be the slave and not\u00a0master of the real economy,” he added.<\/p>\n

\"AThe People\u2019s Bank of China has built payment systems like CIPS to reduce reliance on the dollarImage: Liu Chang\/dpa\/picture alliance<\/p>\n

Headlines often frame the yuan\u2019s recent rise as a direct challenge to the dominance of the dollar,\u00a0for nearly 80 years the global reserve currency and still used in over 58% of international transactions and foreign exchange reserves.<\/p>\n

But Dan Wang, China director at the political risk consultancy Eurasia Group, sees a more restrained reality.<\/p>\n

\u201cBeijing has\u00a0never called it dedollarization<\/a>,” Wang told DW. “A more accurate description of China’s intention is the regionalization of the yuan [toward the Global South].”<\/p>\n

Over the past three years, China has leveraged\u00a0its vast economic clout and the geopolitical fallout from the Ukraine war<\/a> to\u00a0secure\u00a0favorable energy and commodity deals \u2014 including steep discounts from Russia<\/a> \u2014 with an increasing share settled in yuan.<\/p>\n

“Over time, especially when China has the negotiating power, it could ask for a higher ratio [of trade in yuan].\u00a0That’s what Chinese state-owned enterprises are already doing with foreign commodity suppliers,” Wang said.<\/p>\n

Yuan’s key role in debt financing<\/p>\n

A second\u00a0pillar of Beijing’s efforts to boost the use of the yuan is overseas lending, which embeds the Chinese currency in the debt structures of developing countries.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Chinese banks’ external yuan holdings \u2014 loans, deposits\u00a0and bonds \u2014 have quadrupled to $480 billion in five years, according to the Financial Times, representing a growing slice of China’s roughly $1\u00a0trillion in outward lending through the country’s Belt and Road Initiative<\/a> (BRI).<\/p>\n

With yuan interest rates 200\u2013300 basis points below dollar levels, the business daily noted that\u00a0Kenya<\/a>, Angola and Ethiopia have converted old dollar debts into yuan this year, while Indonesia<\/a>, Slovenia and Kazakhstan are now issuing bonds in the Chinese currency.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Beyond trade and lending, Beijing has built a third\u00a0line of defense: a separate\u00a0financial architecture that can operate independently of dollar-dominated systems.\u00a0At the heart is CIPS, China\u2019s Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which offers an alternative to SWIFT for international transactions.\u00a0<\/p>\n

In major financial hubs like Singapore, London, and Frankfurt, yuan clearing hubs have been opened. The PBOC is also piloting the digital yuan, a central bank digital currency (CBDC). With access expanded to more than 20 countries, the digital yuan is set to further streamline cross-border payments and reduce reliance on Western banks.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis could be another channel whereby China internationalizes its currency by being a pioneer at the avant-garde of digital sovereign money,” Otero-Iglesias told DW.<\/p>\n

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China has also signed currency swap deals\u00a0with more than 50 countries. These agreements\u00a0enable\u00a0central banks to exchange their local currencies for yuan on demand, giving the likes of Russia and Iran a\u00a0critical hedge against US sanctions that have blocked access to the dollar.<\/p>\n

They’re also a boon for countries that depend on Chinese trade and investment, like Argentina<\/a>, Pakistan and Turkey.<\/p>\n

Beijing to maintain iron grip on yuan<\/p>\n

Unlike Western currencies, the yuan remains tightly managed by Beijing and can’t\u00a0be freely exchanged for other currencies without government oversight.\u00a0<\/p>\n

China’s domestic credit system is still largely directed by state-owned banks under political supervision. Beijing is wary that allowing unrestricted flows of money in and out of the country\u00a0could expose the Chinese currency to speculative attacks and other foreign influence. So full convertibility remains off the table.<\/p>\n

\u201cBeijing is not going to take a liberal approach,” Otero-Iglesias told DW. “The internationalization of the yuan will follow the Chinese Communist Party logic of command and control.”<\/p>\n

But without full convertibility, the yuan is unlikely to become a dominant financial currency used for global investment and reserves. Indeed, Beijing\u2019s cautious strategy may limit how far the yuan can go.<\/p>\n

The push to expand yuan-based trade also faces headwinds from China’s\u00a0own economic imbalances<\/a>. Domestic demand is weakening, with consumers and businesses spending less, partly due to a worsening real-estate crash.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Chinese factories are producing more than the country needs, so Beijing must rely more heavily on exports to drive its economy.\u00a0Without consistent foreign demand, as a result of US President Donald Trump’s<\/a> tariff war, the growth of yuan-denominated trade could stall.<\/p>\n

“The growth has to come from overseas,” Eurasia Group’s Wang said. “That means global trade now becomes even more important\u00a0to China.”<\/p>\n

If\u00a0China demands\u00a0that more deals are settled in its own currency, trading partners must be willing to accept it, which analysts say will require more trust, transparent institutions and a stronger\u00a0economy.<\/p>\n

Edited by: Uwe Hessler<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"China\u2019s drive to reduce reliance on the US\u00a0dollar crystallized during the 2008\u20132009 global financial crisis. Alarmed by the…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":259314,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[45,49,48,46],"class_list":["post-259313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-economy","tag-business","tag-ca","tag-canada","tag-economy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259313","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=259313"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259313\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/259314"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=259313"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=259313"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=259313"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}