{"id":450737,"date":"2026-02-03T07:52:11","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T07:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/450737\/"},"modified":"2026-02-03T07:52:11","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T07:52:11","slug":"climate-change-is-not-making-extreme-cold-more-common","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/450737\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change is not making extreme cold more common"},"content":{"rendered":"

As memories of the recent winter storm begin to fade and new systems line up on the horizon, there\u2019s a familiar refrain on social media: claims that climate change is somehow to blame for every burst of extreme cold. When this happened last year I wrote a piece for CarbonBrief<\/a> digging into the science and the data, and I\u2019m reposting the article here.<\/p>\n

The term \u201cglobal warming\u201d is typically used to describe increasing global temperatures as a result of human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases.<\/p>\n

However, unusually cold events are often portrayed<\/a> as being made worse by human activity, as a result of increased variability or a disruption of the \u201cpolar vortex<\/a>\u201d in a fast-warming world.<\/p>\n

There is significant debate<\/a> in the scientific community about whether rapid Arctic warming and sea ice loss could disrupt atmospheric circulation patterns and lead to cold-air outbreaks in the northern hemisphere mid-latitude regions.<\/p>\n

In this analysis, I find that few places in the world have seen an increase in extreme cold days over the past 55 years.<\/p>\n

If climate change is influencing atmospheric circulation, any effects on extreme cold appear to be more than compensated by the rapid winter warming the world has experienced.<\/p>\n

In an episode<\/a> of Marketplace\u2019s How We Survive<\/a> podcast last year, the host \u2013 US radio journalist Kai Ryssdal \u2013 noted that climate change is expected to cause \u201chotter hots [and] colder colds in unexpected parts of the world\u201d.<\/p>\n

This is not an uncommon sentiment, with the media commonly attributing<\/a> extreme cold events to human activity, particularly during episodes<\/a> of bitter cold or polar-vortex events.<\/p>\n

Some researchers have argued<\/a> that these extreme cold snaps might be becoming more frequent due to reduced sea ice<\/a> and Arctic amplification<\/a> \u2013 the phenomenon where the Arctic warms more quickly than the global average.<\/p>\n

At the core of the hypothesis<\/a> that Arctic warming could influence mid-latitude cold extremes is the fact that a rapidly warming Arctic changes the temperature difference between the poles and the equator.<\/p>\n

Normally, the strong contrast in temperature between these regions drives key patterns of atmospheric circulation, including the jet stream<\/a>. According to proponents of this theory, when Arctic temperatures rise faster than those farther south, atmospheric circulation can weaken, meander, or buckle more frequently. As a result, cold polar air can spill down into areas that are usually less frigid.<\/p>\n

A related argument<\/a> focuses on how diminished sea ice \u2013 particularly in the Barents<\/a> and Kara<\/a> seas \u2013 might disrupt the atmosphere. Less sea ice means more heat and moisture escapes from the ocean surface into the air, which can potentially alter weather patterns downstream. This can boost the odds of \u201cblocking high<\/a>\u201d weather systems, or unusual circulation patterns that pull cold air into mid-latitudes.<\/p>\n

However, there are relatively few studies that attribute an increase in cold extremes \u2013 or an individual extreme cold event \u2013 to human activity.<\/p>\n

Carbon Brief\u2019s attribution map<\/a> \u2013 which charts extreme weather events around the world and their links to human-caused warming \u2013 includes 33 studies that examine extreme cold events specifically.<\/p>\n

Of these, 24 studies found that the extreme cold was made less likely due to climate change, six found no discernible human influence and three found insufficient data to conclude either way. Only one extreme event attribution study in the database found that<\/a> a cold extreme \u2013 severe frosts in Western Australia in 2016 \u2013 was made more likely due to climate change. However, even that study noted that \u201cwarmer temperatures may have offset or countered this effect of the circulation driver\u201d.<\/p>\n

Many climate scientists disagree with the hypothesis<\/a> that warming could lead to increased cold outbreaks, arguing that cold extremes are decreasing overall in a warming world.<\/p>\n

Others contend<\/a> that causality cannot yet be proved and that both models and observations provide limited support for a significant role of climate change in mid-latitude cold events.<\/p>\n

In addition, observed data reveals that, although cold spells still occur, they have become less frequent<\/a> and less intense over recent decades. Most modeling studies do not consistently reproduce more frequent or severe cold outbreaks. Instead, they often show that the overall warming trend dominates, making cold extremes rarer over time<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This suggests that, if there were a connection between climate change and extreme cold events, the long-term warming trend will still likely lead to fewer, milder cold outbreaks \u2013 and that any effect from Arctic amplification would be relatively small.<\/p>\n

To help assess the effects of climate change on extreme cold events, I used gridded daily minimum global temperature data from Berkeley Earth<\/a> to calculate how the temperatures of the coldest 5% of the days of the year have changed since the 1970s.<\/p>\n

Minimum daily temperatures reflect the single coldest measurement taken over the course of the day. (While the coldest 5% of days is a somewhat arbitrary number, the results are largely similar for the coldest 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, or the single coldest day of the year.)<\/p>\n

The figure below shows the results for every one-by-one degree latitude-longitude grid cell on the Earth\u2019s land (a size approximately equivalent to 100 km by 100 km). Grid cells coloured red experienced a decrease in extreme cold days, while those coloured blue had more extreme cold days.<\/p>\n

\"Trend<\/a>Trend in the coldest 5% of daily minimum temperature values in each year over 1970-2024. Areas in grey do not have sufficiently complete data (>90% of days available) over the period to calculate trends. Data from Berkeley Earth.<\/p>\n

The vast majority of the planet has seen a strong decrease in extreme cold events<\/a>, with the largest declines seen in high-latitude northern hemisphere regions (which have also experienced the fastest rate of warming overall).<\/p>\n

The few regions that have seen an increase in extreme cold events tend to be those with the slowest average rates of warming<\/a>, including India, South Africa and Antarctica.<\/p>\n

In India, this has likely been influenced by rapid increases in air pollution \u2013 particularly cooling sulfate aerosols \u2013 over this period. Causes of more extreme cold events in Antarctica are less clear, though it is possible that they could be linked<\/a> to the seasonal loss of ozone layer over the past 50 years.<\/p>\n

Another way to assess changes in cold events is to look at the change in the number of days where any hour of the day \u2013 that is, the daily minimum temperature \u2013 is below freezing (0C, 32F). The map below shows the change in average annual freezing days between 1970 and 2024.<\/p>\n

\"Change<\/a>Change in the number of days with minimum daily temperatures below 0C over 1970-2024, based on a linear trend in freezing days in each one-by-one degree latitude-longitude grid cell. Data from Berkeley Earth.<\/p>\n

The map shows dramatic shifts in the number of freezing days in much of the high-latitude northern hemisphere, with nearly a month fewer freezing days over the Himalayas, eastern Europe and parts of Canada and the western US over the past 50 years.<\/p>\n

(White areas on the graph \u2013 such as much of the tropics and subtropics \u2013 represent regions of the world where temperatures below freezing almost never occur and thus changes over time cannot be calculated.)<\/p>\n

A sizable portion of the academic research<\/a> on cold outbreaks has been focused on the contiguous US, as it is a region prone to occasional extreme cold conditions caused by intrusions of Arctic air.<\/p>\n

The map below shows there has been a warming trend in the coldest days of the year across virtually the entire US over the past 50 years.<\/p>\n

This suggests that the effect of Arctic amplification on cold-air patterns is smaller than the strong winter warming trend.<\/p>\n

\"Trend<\/a>Trend in the coldest 5% of daily minimum temperature values of each year between 1970-2024 in the contiguous US. Data from Berkeley Earth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Almost no regions of the US have seen a cooling trend in the 5% coldest days of the year \u2013 and higher latitude regions have tended to experience the fastest winter warming.<\/p>\n

There has been a slight cooling trend in the coldest days of the year in northern Mexico and slower warming in California, Arizona, southern New Mexico and southern Texas.<\/p>\n

Similarly, the figure below examines the change in days where minimum temperatures are below freezing in the US.<\/p>\n

\"Change<\/a>Change in the number of days with minimum daily temperatures below 0C over 1970-2024 in the contiguous US. Data from Berkeley Earth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It shows that there are, on average, 13 fewer days below freezing each year compared to the 1970s. Or, to put it another way, there is half a month where daily minimum temperatures are no longer cold enough for icy and snowy conditions to occur.<\/p>\n

The latest climate models overwhelmingly project<\/a> that cold extremes will continue to diminish as greenhouse gas concentrations rise.<\/p>\n

This means that, even if certain patterns occasionally transport freezing polar air southward, winters on the whole are likely to be milder than in the past.<\/p>\n

However, the scientific understanding of precisely how Arctic warming might \u2013 or might not \u2013 influence mid-latitude weather is still evolving<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Researchers continue to refine models, incorporate better reanalysis data<\/a> and examine how changes in atmospheric circulation dynamics might play out under different scenarios. Additional data \u2013 especially over multiple decades \u2013 will help clarify whether the Arctic\u2019s role in mid-latitude cold extremes is significant or overstated.<\/p>\n

For now, observations over the past 50 years generally show a world with fewer cold extremes \u2013 and projections point toward<\/a> increasingly rare cold spells in the future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"As memories of the recent winter storm begin to fade and new systems line up on the horizon,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":450738,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[49,48,295,66],"class_list":{"0":"post-450737","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-environment","8":"tag-ca","9":"tag-canada","10":"tag-environment","11":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/450737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=450737"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/450737\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/450738"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=450737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=450737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=450737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}