On a recent evening, residents in a corner of rural Ontario reported a series of strange encounters.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe birds stopped, the wind seemed to die down, and it got oddly quiet. That\u2019s when I noticed movement ahead of me,\u201d one witness wrote. A \u201cstrong, earthy smell\u201d hung in the air. Then, \u201ca massive figure slowly stepped out from behind the trees, and my heart instantly started racing\u201d. Moments later, it vanished back into the forest and \u201ceverything slowly went back to normal\u201d.<\/p>\n
The following morning, another witness reported seeing two creatures around sunrise. \u201cOne big, one not so big. The cinnamon was prominent on the smaller one,\u201d they wrote. \u201cThere was an earthy stench.\u201d The pair appeared to be scavenging through garbage. When the witness knocked on wood to scare them off, \u201cthey knocked back. That scared me off.\u201d<\/p>\n
The creatures\u2019 size, smell and movement matched closely with descriptions of the Sasquatch, or Bigfoot, a bipedal ape that believers say exists at the periphery of human understanding.<\/p>\n
A sign for Sasquatch Provincial Park. Photograph: John Zada\/Alamy<\/p>\n
Within days, the reports were circulating online and added to the Bigfoot Mapping Project, a database<\/a> containing thousands of sightings from across the decades. In turn, the sightings were picked up by local news, prompting just the latest episode of fervour and scepticism over claims there are large, undiscovered species in the forests and woodlands of North America.<\/p>\n What made the reports especially striking was their location. Chatham-Kent is one of Ontario\u2019s least forested, most intensely farmed regions. It is a vast landscape of cropland punctuated by small woodlots and forested river valleys, far removed from the primal wilderness associated with Sasquatch lore.<\/p>\n Canada, like the United States, has a long history of cryptid sightings. Some, like the 1620s account of a mermaid that swam up to a boat, only to be struck on the head with an oar by a panicked sailor, stretch the imagination. Others, such as serpents in the Pacific, could be linked to cases of mistaken identity.<\/a><\/p>\n Yet no cryptid has loomed larger than the Sasquatch.<\/p>\n Sasquatch Provincial Park in British Columbia. Photograph: Ferenc Cegledi\/Alamy<\/p>\n \u201cHumans are naturally curious, and while there can be something frightening about the unknown, there can also be something exciting about it,\u201d said Josh Redstone, a professor of philosophy at Carleton University. \u201cAnd for people who believe in Sasquatch, there\u2019s an excitement around the possibility of discovering something new.\u201d<\/p>\n Centuries before European settlers arrived, Indigenous nations told stories about large human-like creatures living in forests that transitioned between physical and spiritual worlds. Others believed it was a malevolent force that served as cautionary tale for children.<\/p>\n But it was not until 1929 that a magazine article first thrust the idea of a primeval survivor in the woods into the broader public consciousness. The piece, written by an Indian agent,<\/a> recounted stories from the Chehalis First Nation, which told of the \u201cSasquatch\u201d \u2013 taking the name \u201cSasq\u2019ets\u201d from the Halq\u2019em\u00e9ylem language.<\/p>\n In the following years<\/a>, thousands of reports flooded in, the majority of which described a large, dark-haired bipedal ape that was skittish around humans. Even the renowned primatologist Jane Goodall conceded<\/a> she was a \u201cromantic\u201d when it came to the prospect of something yet undiscovered. \u201cI don\u2019t want to disbelieve,\u201d she said. The naturalist David Attenborough takes a more measured approach, suggesting Sasquatch \u2013 and its Himalayan counterpart the Yeti \u2013 reflect a long-held cultural memory of a long-extinct primate.<\/p>\n Sceptics argue that Sasquatch believers underestimate just how many of these mammals would have to exist in order to maintain a breeding population that could persist for generations. For a giant primate to survive, there would need to be a population of several hundred individuals, across a large and wild environment. So far, no bones, body or DNA samples have ever been recovered. Footprints have proven frustratingly divisive.<\/p>\n Still, this has done little to dim the hopes of groups such as the Bigfoot Mapping Project, which has catalogued more than 16,600 sightings across North America. The reports are concentrated around some of the continent\u2019s wildest landscapes, but they also include golf courses, suburban ravines and prairie treelines.<\/p>\n Visitors from Denver visit the Bigfoot family at Sasquatch Encounter Discovery Museum in Bailey, Colorado. Photograph: Hyoung Chang\/Denver Post\/Getty Images<\/p>\n For Redstone, one of the most overlooked aspects of the Sasquatch phenomenon is how dramatically conceptions of the creature have changed over time. The idea of the giant ape hiding in the wilderness is now so culturally pervasive that many people assume the stories have always existed. But many Indigenous traditions understood it differently.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen people cite Indigenous stories of Sasquatch, they often ignore that for many communities, these creatures were actually a society of giant people who had clothing and tools but they just lived far away in the wilderness,\u201d he said. \u201cThe idea of an ape \u2013 a lost primate \u2013 is relatively new.\u201d<\/p>\n It wasn\u2019t until one British Columbia town, in an attempt to put itself on the map, hosted a Sasquatch hunt in the 1950s that people collectively began solidifying their view of what the monster lurking in the woods might look like.<\/p>\n \u201cAnd now,\u201d he said, \u201cit\u2019s all people see.\u201d<\/p>\n A Sasquatch hunter with still images from the famous 1967 Patterson-Gimlin Bigfoot film, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph: John Zada\/Alamy<\/p>\n The popular conception of Sasquatch was finally sealed in shaky 16mm footage that emerged from Bluff Creek, California in 1967. The one minute clip<\/a>, showing what appeared to be a large ape, walking on two legs and staring back at the cameraman, cemented its place in popular culture.<\/p>\n Redstone isn\u2019t entirely dismissive of reported encounters, and says there is a middle ground that helps explain them.<\/p>\n \u201cOver millions of years, our brains have become very, very good at identifying what\u2019s alive in our environment. But they also have the tendency to see life where there is none. Because from a survival perspective, it\u2019s better to assume something is alive than the opposite,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Many sightings are at night or in settings that jar the senses: dense forests, tangled river valleys, foggy roadsides.<\/p>\n \u201cEven familiar environments can seem kind of eerie, especially if you feel like something\u2019s out there. It can be fascinating and unsettling \u2013 and an explanation for why a lot of people have these experiences,\u201d he said. \u201cI\u2019m of the belief that we probably won\u2019t ever find Sasquatch, but we should all go outside and encounter nature a little bit more.\u201d<\/p>\n A recent study<\/a> suggested that purported Sasquatch sightings are actually black bears, a predator with shaggy fur, which stands on two legs at times and can move swiftly and effortlessly through the forest landscape. The study mapped reported Sasquatch sightings alongside known black bear populations and found a strong correlation.<\/p>\n But Sasquatch researchers \u2013 including amateurs and tenured university professors<\/a> \u2013 argue that, even if virtually all of the sightings are dismissed as hoaxes or misidentifications, the remaining sliver of unexplained experiences require further study.<\/p>\n Sasquatch Provinical Park near Harrison hot springs, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph: Bill Gozansky\/Alamy<\/p>\n \u201cI\u2019ve long wanted to find out, once and for all, what\u2019s happening\u201d said John Zada, whose book, In the Valleys of the Noble Beyond examines the history of sightings in one of the most remote and disorientatingly wild parts of Canada<\/a>.<\/p>\n He found countless cases of misidentifications. But he also found that for many people the creature reflected something deeper.<\/p>\n \u201cFor some people, it reflects an aspect of the wilderness that has been unconquered: the Sasquatch is a human personification of the most elusive heart of nature. For the First Nations people, it holds a place in a broader spectrum of environmental stewardship. There are symbolic aspects to this creature which transcend the question of \u2018Does it or does it not exist.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n A section of forest near to where Elroy White had his mysterious encounter in 1994. Photograph: Leyland Cecco\/The Guardian<\/p>\n Sasquatch has endured for centuries, he says, precisely because it resists any single interpretation.<\/p>\n That ambiguity persists in places such as Bella Bella, a community tucked in the folds of British Columbia\u2019s central coast, where stories of Sasquatch are woven into the landscape itself. Inside the community\u2019s Big House<\/a> a Sasquatch-like figure is carved into one of the ceremonial cedar house posts.<\/p>\n Most of the region is thick, unforgiving old growth rainforest. In the distance are mountains leaping vertically from the landscape and the punishing swells of the Pacific. Fog can quickly envelop the lands and waters. There is no road connection to the provincial highway network.<\/p>\n For both believers and sceptics, it is the kind of location that makes an undiscovered species seem possible.<\/p>\n It was near Bella Bella, in the summer of 1994, where Elroy White had an experience that has stumped him for decades. White, a trained archaeologist, Heiltsuk elder and elected councillor, has spent much of his life exploring the remote archipelago for hints of his ancestors\u2019 presence.<\/a><\/p>\n That year, he was working in a small camp, about 6 miles to the east of Bella Bella. One day, he went to check on a couple who lived nearby and the only people in the area. When he arrived, he found them picking berries near a river.<\/p>\n \u201cWe heard this really loud clap \u2013 like hitting a tree with a plank of wood. And we knew no one was staying up the river.\u201d<\/p>\n