{"id":788239,"date":"2026-07-08T12:53:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T12:53:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/788239\/"},"modified":"2026-07-08T12:53:40","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T12:53:40","slug":"large-language-models-exhibit-stigmatizing-behaviour-in-contextual-judgements-of-health-conditions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/788239\/","title":{"rendered":"Large language models exhibit stigmatizing behaviour in contextual judgements of health conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Bedi, S. et al. Testing and evaluation of health care applications of large language models: a systematic review. JAMA 333, 319\u2013328 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjama.2024.21700\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39405325\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11480901\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Testing%20and%20evaluation%20of%20health%20care%20applications%20of%20large%20language%20models%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=JAMA&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjama.2024.21700&amp;volume=333&amp;pages=319-328&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bedi%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Duan, Z. et al. Multi-center benchmarking of large language models for clinical decision support in lung cancer screening. Cell Rep. Med. 6, 102465 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102465\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102465\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.xcrm.2025.102465\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102465\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjtV2rtb3I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41274285\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12765833\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multi-center%20benchmarking%20of%20large%20language%20models%20for%20clinical%20decision%20support%20in%20lung%20cancer%20screening&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.xcrm.2025.102465&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Duan%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Hao, Y. et al. Large language model integrations in cancer decision-making: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 450 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01824-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01824-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01824-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01824-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40676129\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12271406\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20model%20integrations%20in%20cancer%20decision-making%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01824-7&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Hao%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Ren, Z. et al. Healthcare agent: eliciting the power of large language models for medical consultation. NPJ Artif. Intell. 1, 24 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00021-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00021-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44387-025-00021-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00021-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Healthcare%20agent%3A%20eliciting%20the%20power%20of%20large%20language%20models%20for%20medical%20consultation&amp;journal=NPJ%20Artif.%20Intell.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44387-025-00021-x&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ren%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Pan, A., Musheyev, D., Bockelman, D., Loeb, S. &amp; Kabarriti, A. E. Assessment of artificial intelligence Chatbot responses to top searched queries about cancer. JAMA Oncol. 9, 1437\u20131440 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamaoncol.2023.2947\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37615960\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10450581\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessment%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20Chatbot%20responses%20to%20top%20searched%20queries%20about%20cancer&amp;journal=JAMA%20Oncol.&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjamaoncol.2023.2947&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=1437-1440&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Pan%2CA&amp;author=Musheyev%2CD&amp;author=Bockelman%2CD&amp;author=Loeb%2CS&amp;author=Kabarriti%2CAE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Cornelison, B. R., Erstad, B. L. &amp; Edwards, C. Accuracy of a chatbot in answering questions that patients should ask before taking a new medication. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 64, 102110 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.japh.2024.102110\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.japh.2024.102110\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.japh.2024.102110\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.japh.2024.102110\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Accuracy%20of%20a%20chatbot%20in%20answering%20questions%20that%20patients%20should%20ask%20before%20taking%20a%20new%20medication&amp;journal=J.%20Am.%20Pharm.%20Assoc.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.japh.2024.102110&amp;volume=64&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Cornelison%2CBR&amp;author=Erstad%2CBL&amp;author=Edwards%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Roldan-Vasquez, E. et al. Reliability of artificial intelligence chatbot responses to frequently asked questions in breast surgical oncology. J. Surg. Oncol. 130, 188\u2013203 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/jso.27715\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/jso.27715\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjso.27715\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/jso.27715\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38837375\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reliability%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20chatbot%20responses%20to%20frequently%20asked%20questions%20in%20breast%20surgical%20oncology&amp;journal=J.%20Surg.%20Oncol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fjso.27715&amp;volume=130&amp;pages=188-203&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Roldan-Vasquez%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Wang, X., Zhou, Y. &amp; Zhou, G. The application and ethical implication of generative AI in mental health: systematic review. JMIR Ment. Health 12, e70610 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/70610\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/70610\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F70610\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/70610\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40577783\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12254713\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20application%20and%20ethical%20implication%20of%20generative%20AI%20in%20mental%20health%3A%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=JMIR%20Ment.%20Health&amp;doi=10.2196%2F70610&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wang%2CX&amp;author=Zhou%2CY&amp;author=Zhou%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Wilhelm, T. I., Roos, J. &amp; Kaczmarczyk, R. Large language models for therapy recommendations across 3 clinical specialties: comparative study. J. Med. Internet Res. 25, e49324 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/49324\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/49324\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F49324\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/49324\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37902826\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10644179\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20models%20for%20therapy%20recommendations%20across%203%20clinical%20specialties%3A%20comparative%20study&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Internet%20Res.&amp;doi=10.2196%2F49324&amp;volume=25&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Wilhelm%2CTI&amp;author=Roos%2CJ&amp;author=Kaczmarczyk%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Busch, F. et al. Current applications and challenges in large language models for patient care: a systematic review. Commun. Med. 5, 26 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs43856-024-00717-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39838160\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11751060\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Current%20applications%20and%20challenges%20in%20large%20language%20models%20for%20patient%20care%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Commun.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs43856-024-00717-2&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Busch%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Maity, S. &amp; Saikia, M. J. Large language models in healthcare and medical applications: a review. Bioengineering 12, 631 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/bioengineering12060631\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/bioengineering12060631\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fbioengineering12060631\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/bioengineering12060631\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40564447\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12189880\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20models%20in%20healthcare%20and%20medical%20applications%3A%20a%20review&amp;journal=Bioengineering&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fbioengineering12060631&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Maity%2CS&amp;author=Saikia%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Tam, T. Y. C. et al. A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review. NPJ Digit. Med. 7, 258 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01258-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01258-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01258-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01258-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39333376\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11437138\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20framework%20for%20human%20evaluation%20of%20large%20language%20models%20in%20healthcare%20derived%20from%20literature%20review&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01258-7&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Tam%2CTYC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Shiferaw, M. W., Zheng, T., Winter, A., Mike, L. A. &amp; Chan, L.-N. Assessing the accuracy and quality of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot-generated responses in making patient-specific drug-therapy and healthcare-related decisions. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 24, 404 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12911-024-02824-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12911-024-02824-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02824-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12911-024-02824-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39719573\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11668057\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessing%20the%20accuracy%20and%20quality%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29%20chatbot-generated%20responses%20in%20making%20patient-specific%20drug-therapy%20and%20healthcare-related%20decisions&amp;journal=BMC%20Med.%20Inform.%20Decis.%20Mak.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12911-024-02824-5&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Shiferaw%2CMW&amp;author=Zheng%2CT&amp;author=Winter%2CA&amp;author=Mike%2CLA&amp;author=Chan%2CL-N\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Earp, B. D., McLoughlin, K. L., Monrad, J. T., Clark, M. S. &amp; Crockett, M. J. How social relationships shape moral wrongness judgments. Nat. Commun. 12, 5776 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-26067-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-26067-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26067-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-26067-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitFGqtL7O\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34599174\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8486868\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20social%20relationships%20shape%20moral%20wrongness%20judgments&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26067-4&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Earp%2CBD&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CKL&amp;author=Monrad%2CJT&amp;author=Clark%2CMS&amp;author=Crockett%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Jin, W. Y. &amp; Peng, M. The effects of social perception on moral judgment. Front. Psychol. 11, 557216 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.557216\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.557216\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.557216\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.557216\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33833702\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8023274\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20effects%20of%20social%20perception%20on%20moral%20judgment&amp;journal=Front.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.557216&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Jin%2CWY&amp;author=Peng%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">M\u00e5rtensson, E. Construal level theory and moral judgments: how thinking abstractly modifies morality. J. Eur. Psychol. Stud. 8, 30\u201340 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.5334\/jeps.413\" data-track-item_id=\"10.5334\/jeps.413\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334%2Fjeps.413\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.5334\/jeps.413\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Construal%20level%20theory%20and%20moral%20judgments%3A%20how%20thinking%20abstractly%20modifies%20morality&amp;journal=J.%20Eur.%20Psychol.%20Stud.&amp;doi=10.5334%2Fjeps.413&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=30-40&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=M%C3%A5rtensson%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Bartels, D. M., Bauman, C. W., Cushman, F. A., Pizarro, D. A. &amp; McGraw, A. P. in The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (eds Keren, G. &amp; Wu, G.), 478\u2013515 (Wiley, 2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Webster, C. S., Taylor, S., Thomas, C. &amp; Weller, J. M. Social bias, discrimination and inequity in healthcare: mechanisms, implications and recommendations. BJA Educ. 22, 131\u2013137 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.11.011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.11.011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.bjae.2021.11.011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.11.011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35531078\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9073302\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20bias%2C%20discrimination%20and%20inequity%20in%20healthcare%3A%20mechanisms%2C%20implications%20and%20recommendations&amp;journal=BJA%20Educ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.bjae.2021.11.011&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=131-137&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Webster%2CCS&amp;author=Taylor%2CS&amp;author=Thomas%2CC&amp;author=Weller%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Vela, M. B. et al. Eliminating explicit and implicit biases in health care: evidence and research needs. Annu. Rev. Public Health 43, 477\u2013501 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-052620-103528\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35020445\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9172268\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Eliminating%20explicit%20and%20implicit%20biases%20in%20health%20care%3A%20evidence%20and%20research%20needs&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-052620-103528&amp;volume=43&amp;pages=477-501&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Vela%2CMB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Gopal, D. P., Chetty, U., O\u2019Donnell, P., Gajria, C. &amp; Blackadder-Weinstein, J. Implicit bias in healthcare: clinical practice, research and decision making. Future Healthc. J. 8, 40\u201348 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7861\/fhj.2020-0233\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7861\/fhj.2020-0233\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861%2Ffhj.2020-0233\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.7861\/fhj.2020-0233\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33791459\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8004354\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Implicit%20bias%20in%20healthcare%3A%20clinical%20practice%2C%20research%20and%20decision%20making&amp;journal=Future%20Healthc.%20J.&amp;doi=10.7861%2Ffhj.2020-0233&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=40-48&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Gopal%2CDP&amp;author=Chetty%2CU&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Donnell%2CP&amp;author=Gajria%2CC&amp;author=Blackadder-Weinstein%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Thirsk, L. M., Panchuk, J. T., Stahlke, S. &amp; Hagtvedt, R. Cognitive and implicit biases in nurses\u2019 judgment and decision-making: a scoping review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 133, 104284 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104284\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104284\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2022.104284\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104284\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35696809\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cognitive%20and%20implicit%20biases%20in%20nurses%E2%80%99%20judgment%20and%20decision-making%3A%20a%20scoping%20review&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Nurs.%20Stud.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2022.104284&amp;volume=133&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Thirsk%2CLM&amp;author=Panchuk%2CJT&amp;author=Stahlke%2CS&amp;author=Hagtvedt%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Akbari, H., Mohammadi, M. &amp; Hosseini, A. Disease-related stigma, stigmatizers, causes, and consequences: a systematic review. Iran. J. Public Health 52, 2042\u20132054 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37899929\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10612557\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Disease-related%20stigma%2C%20stigmatizers%2C%20causes%2C%20and%20consequences%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Iran.%20J.%20Public%20Health&amp;volume=52&amp;pages=2042-2054&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Akbari%2CH&amp;author=Mohammadi%2CM&amp;author=Hosseini%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Stangl, A. L. et al. The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Med. 17, 31 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30764826\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6376797\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Health%20Stigma%20and%20Discrimination%20Framework%3A%20a%20global%2C%20crosscutting%20framework%20to%20inform%20research%2C%20intervention%20development%2C%20and%20policy%20on%20health-related%20stigmas&amp;journal=BMC%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12916-019-1271-3&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Stangl%2CAL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Goldberg, D. S. On stigma &amp; health. J. Law Med. Ethics 45, 475\u2013483 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/1073110517750581\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/1073110517750581\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1073110517750581\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/1073110517750581\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20stigma%20%26%20health&amp;journal=J.%20Law%20Med.%20Ethics&amp;doi=10.1177%2F1073110517750581&amp;volume=45&amp;pages=475-483&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Goldberg%2CDS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Zell, C. S., Thorp, S. R. &amp; Thompson, K. J. The Relative Understanding of Stigma about Health (RUSH) study: the role of controllability and knowledge in explaining condition-specific variability. Community Ment. Health J. 62, 513\u2013526 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10597-025-01544-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10597-025-01544-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01544-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10597-025-01544-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41148538\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Relative%20Understanding%20of%20Stigma%20about%20Health%20%28RUSH%29%20study%3A%20the%20role%20of%20controllability%20and%20knowledge%20in%20explaining%20condition-specific%20variability&amp;journal=Community%20Ment.%20Health%20J.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10597-025-01544-y&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=513-526&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Zell%2CCS&amp;author=Thorp%2CSR&amp;author=Thompson%2CKJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Bharadwaj, P., Pai, M. M. &amp; Suziedelyte, A. Mental health stigma. Econ. Lett. 159, 57\u201360 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.06.028\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.06.028\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2017.06.028\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.06.028\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mental%20health%20stigma&amp;journal=Econ.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2017.06.028&amp;volume=159&amp;pages=57-60&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Bharadwaj%2CP&amp;author=Pai%2CMM&amp;author=Suziedelyte%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Scambler, G. Health-related stigma. Sociol. Health Illn. 31, 441\u2013455 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01161.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01161.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9566.2009.01161.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01161.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19366430\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Health-related%20stigma&amp;journal=Sociol.%20Health%20Illn.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1467-9566.2009.01161.x&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=441-455&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Scambler%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Fauk, N. K., Ward, P. R., Hawke, K. &amp; Mwanri, L. HIV stigma and discrimination: perspectives and personal experiences of healthcare providers in Yogyakarta and Belu, Indonesia. Front. Med. 8, 625787 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmed.2021.625787\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmed.2021.625787\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmed.2021.625787\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmed.2021.625787\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=HIV%20stigma%20and%20discrimination%3A%20perspectives%20and%20personal%20experiences%20of%20healthcare%20providers%20in%20Yogyakarta%20and%20Belu%2C%20Indonesia&amp;journal=Front.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmed.2021.625787&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Fauk%2CNK&amp;author=Ward%2CPR&amp;author=Hawke%2CK&amp;author=Mwanri%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">K\u00e5gstr\u00f6m, A. et al. Mental health stigma and its consequences: a systematic scoping review of pathways to discrimination and adverse outcomes. EClinicalMedicine 89, 103588 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103588\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103588\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2025.103588\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103588\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41210382\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12593596\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mental%20health%20stigma%20and%20its%20consequences%3A%20a%20systematic%20scoping%20review%20of%20pathways%20to%20discrimination%20and%20adverse%20outcomes&amp;journal=EClinicalMedicine&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2025.103588&amp;volume=89&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=K%C3%A5gstr%C3%B6m%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Earnshaw, V. A. &amp; Quinn, D. M. The impact of stigma in healthcare on people living with chronic illnesses. J. Health Psychol. 17, 157\u2013168 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/1359105311414952\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/1359105311414952\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1359105311414952\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/1359105311414952\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21799078\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impact%20of%20stigma%20in%20healthcare%20on%20people%20living%20with%20chronic%20illnesses&amp;journal=J.%20Health%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F1359105311414952&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=157-168&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Earnshaw%2CVA&amp;author=Quinn%2CDM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Rai, S. S., Syurina, E. V., Peters, R. M., Putri, A. I. &amp; Zweekhorst, M. B. Non-communicable diseases-related stigma: a mixed-methods systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 6657 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/ijerph17186657\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/ijerph17186657\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijerph17186657\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/ijerph17186657\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32932667\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7559120\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Non-communicable%20diseases-related%20stigma%3A%20a%20mixed-methods%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Environ.%20Res.%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fijerph17186657&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Rai%2CSS&amp;author=Syurina%2CEV&amp;author=Peters%2CRM&amp;author=Putri%2CAI&amp;author=Zweekhorst%2CMB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Lu, Q. et al. The effect of stigma on social participation in community-dwelling Chinese patients with stroke sequelae: a cross-sectional study. Clin. Rehabil. 36, 407\u2013414 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/02692155211050558\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/02692155211050558\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F02692155211050558\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/02692155211050558\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34787017\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20effect%20of%20stigma%20on%20social%20participation%20in%20community-dwelling%20Chinese%20patients%20with%20stroke%20sequelae%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study&amp;journal=Clin.%20Rehabil.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F02692155211050558&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=407-414&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lu%2CQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Maher, V. &amp; Psych, B. The Impact of Stigma and Social Anxiety on Social Participation in People with Severe Mental Illness (Open Research Newcastle, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Liu, Y. &amp; Li, Y. Community participation and subjective perception of recovery and quality of life among people with serious mental illnesses: the mediating role of self-stigma. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 60, 1335\u20131345 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02754-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02754-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02754-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02754-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39249511\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Community%20participation%20and%20subjective%20perception%20of%20recovery%20and%20quality%20of%20life%20among%20people%20with%20serious%20mental%20illnesses%3A%20the%20mediating%20role%20of%20self-stigma&amp;journal=Soc.%20Psychiatry%20Psychiatr.%20Epidemiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02754-7&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=1335-1345&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Liu%2CY&amp;author=Li%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Kaufmann, T., Weng, P., Bengs, V. &amp; H\u00fcllermeier, E. A survey of reinforcement learning from human feedback. Trans. Mach. Learn. Res. <a href=\"https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=f7OkIurx4b\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=f7OkIurx4b\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=f7OkIurx4b<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Wang, K. et al. A comprehensive survey in LLM (-agent) full stack safety: data, training and deployment. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.15585\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.15585\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.15585<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Ji, J. et al. Beavertails: towards improved safety alignment of LLM via a human-preference dataset. Adv. NIPS 36, 24678\u201324704 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beavertails%3A%20towards%20improved%20safety%20alignment%20of%20LLM%20via%20a%20human-preference%20dataset&amp;journal=Adv.%20NIPS&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=24678-24704&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ji%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Tan, B. C. Z. &amp; Lee, R. K.-W. Unmasking implicit bias: evaluating persona-prompted LLM responses in power-disparate social scenarios. In Proc. 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers) (eds Chiruzzo, L. et al.) 1075\u20131108 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Kumar, D., Jain, U., Agarwal, S. &amp; Harshangi, P. Investigating implicit bias in large language models: a large-scale study of over 50 LLMs. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.12864\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.12864\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.12864<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Majumdar, A., Chen, F., Li, J. &amp; Wang, X. Evaluating LLMs for demographic-targeted social bias detection: a comprehensive benchmark study. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2510.04641v1\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2510.04641v1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2510.04641v1<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Bai, X., Wang, A., Sucholutsky, I. &amp; Griffiths, T. L. Explicitly unbiased large language models still form biased associations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2416228122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2416228122\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2416228122\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2416228122\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2416228122\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXpslaltL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39977313\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11874501\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Explicitly%20unbiased%20large%20language%20models%20still%20form%20biased%20associations&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2416228122&amp;volume=122&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bai%2CX&amp;author=Wang%2CA&amp;author=Sucholutsky%2CI&amp;author=Griffiths%2CTL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Zhao, Y. et al. in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025 (eds Che, W. et al.) 1\u201312 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Dong, X., Wang, Y., Yu, P. S. &amp; Caverlee, J. Probing explicit and implicit gender bias through llm conditional text generation. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.00306\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.00306\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.00306<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Omar, M. et al. Evaluating and addressing demographic disparities in medical large language models: a systematic review. Int. J. Equity Health 24, 57 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12939-025-02419-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12939-025-02419-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02419-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12939-025-02419-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40011901\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11866893\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluating%20and%20addressing%20demographic%20disparities%20in%20medical%20large%20language%20models%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Equity%20Health&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12939-025-02419-0&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Omar%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Levartovsky, A., Omar, M., Nadkarni, G. N., Kopylov, U. &amp; Klang, E. Sociodemographic bias in large language model\u2013assisted gastroenterology. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2532692 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.32692\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.32692\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2025.32692\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.32692\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40991290\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12461430\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sociodemographic%20bias%20in%20large%20language%20model%E2%80%93assisted%20gastroenterology&amp;journal=JAMA%20Netw.%20Open&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2025.32692&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Levartovsky%2CA&amp;author=Omar%2CM&amp;author=Nadkarni%2CGN&amp;author=Kopylov%2CU&amp;author=Klang%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Criss, S. et al. HIV stigma exists\u2014exploring ChatGPT\u2019s HIV advice by race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 12, 3622\u20133635 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s40615-024-02162-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s40615-024-02162-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02162-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s40615-024-02162-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39259263\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=HIV%20stigma%20exists%E2%80%94exploring%20ChatGPT%E2%80%99s%20HIV%20advice%20by%20race%20and%20ethnicity%2C%20sexual%20orientation%2C%20and%20gender%20identity&amp;journal=J.%20Racial%20Ethn.%20Health%20Disparities&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs40615-024-02162-2&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=3622-3635&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Criss%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Heller, U. C., Grant, L. H., Yasui, M. &amp; Keysar, B. Culturally anchored mental-health attitudes: the impact of language. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 12, 290\u2013304 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/21677026221148110\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/21677026221148110\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F21677026221148110\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/21677026221148110\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Culturally%20anchored%20mental-health%20attitudes%3A%20the%20impact%20of%20language&amp;journal=Clin.%20Psychol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F21677026221148110&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=290-304&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Heller%2CUC&amp;author=Grant%2CLH&amp;author=Yasui%2CM&amp;author=Keysar%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Gronholm, P. C. et al. Exploring perspectives of stigma and discrimination among people with lived experience of mental health conditions: a co-produced qualitative study. EClinicalMedicine 70, 102509 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102509\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102509\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2024.102509\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102509\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38444431\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10912051\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exploring%20perspectives%20of%20stigma%20and%20discrimination%20among%20people%20with%20lived%20experience%20of%20mental%20health%20conditions%3A%20a%20co-produced%20qualitative%20study&amp;journal=EClinicalMedicine&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2024.102509&amp;volume=70&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Gronholm%2CPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Ong Zhen Mei, E., Jones, L. &amp; Occhipinti, S. Where there\u2019s smoke, there\u2019s stigma? Written expressions about individuals with lung cancer reveal cultural and language differences. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 44, 417\u2013440 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/0261927X251318879\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/0261927X251318879\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0261927X251318879\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/0261927X251318879\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Where%20there%E2%80%99s%20smoke%2C%20there%E2%80%99s%20stigma%3F%20Written%20expressions%20about%20individuals%20with%20lung%20cancer%20reveal%20cultural%20and%20language%20differences&amp;journal=J.%20Lang.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F0261927X251318879&amp;volume=44&amp;pages=417-440&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ong%20Zhen%20Mei%2CE&amp;author=Jones%2CL&amp;author=Occhipinti%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Ren, Y., Wang, S., Fu, X. &amp; Shi, X. A systematic review and meta-analysis of implicit stigma toward people with mental illness among different groups: measurement, extent, and correlates. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 18, 851\u2013875 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2147\/PRBM.S503942\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2147\/PRBM.S503942\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2FPRBM.S503942\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.2147\/PRBM.S503942\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40226437\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11989592\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20implicit%20stigma%20toward%20people%20with%20mental%20illness%20among%20different%20groups%3A%20measurement%2C%20extent%2C%20and%20correlates&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Res.%20Behav.%20Manag.&amp;doi=10.2147%2FPRBM.S503942&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=851-875&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ren%2CY&amp;author=Wang%2CS&amp;author=Fu%2CX&amp;author=Shi%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Greenwald, A. G. et al. Implicit-bias remedies: treating discriminatory bias as a public-health problem. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 23, 7\u201340 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/15291006211070781\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/15291006211070781\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F15291006211070781\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/15291006211070781\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35587951\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9121529\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Implicit-bias%20remedies%3A%20treating%20discriminatory%20bias%20as%20a%20public-health%20problem&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Sci.%20Public%20Interest&amp;doi=10.1177%2F15291006211070781&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=7-40&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Greenwald%2CAG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">van Beukering, I. E. et al. In what ways does health related stigma affect sustainable employment and well-being at work? A systematic review. J. Occup. Rehabil. 32, 365\u2013379 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10926-021-09998-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10926-021-09998-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10926-021-09998-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10926-021-09998-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34487290\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=In%20what%20ways%20does%20health%20related%20stigma%20affect%20sustainable%20employment%20and%20well-being%20at%20work%3F%20A%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=J.%20Occup.%20Rehabil.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10926-021-09998-z&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=365-379&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Beukering%2CIE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">van Bortel, T. et al. Anticipated and experienced stigma and discrimination in the workplace among individuals with major depressive disorder in 35 countries: qualitative framework analysis of a mixed-method cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 14, e077528 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077528\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077528\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2023-077528\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077528\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38904137\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11191817\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Anticipated%20and%20experienced%20stigma%20and%20discrimination%20in%20the%20workplace%20among%20individuals%20with%20major%20depressive%20disorder%20in%2035%20countries%3A%20qualitative%20framework%20analysis%20of%20a%20mixed-method%20cross-sectional%20study&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2023-077528&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Bortel%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Toumi, M. et al. Experience and impact of stigma in people with chronic hepatitis B: a qualitative study in Asia, Europe, and the United States. BMC Public Health 24, 611 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12889-023-17263-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12889-023-17263-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12889-023-17263-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12889-023-17263-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38408941\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10895774\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Experience%20and%20impact%20of%20stigma%20in%20people%20with%20chronic%20hepatitis%20B%3A%20a%20qualitative%20study%20in%20Asia%2C%20Europe%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=BMC%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12889-023-17263-6&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Toumi%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Reeves, S. L., Tse, C., Logel, C. &amp; Spencer, S. J. When seeing stigma creates paternalism: Learning about disadvantage leads to perceptions of incompetence. Group Process. Intergr. Relat. 25, 1202\u20131222 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/13684302211009590\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/13684302211009590\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F13684302211009590\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/13684302211009590\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=When%20seeing%20stigma%20creates%20paternalism%3A%20Learning%20about%20disadvantage%20leads%20to%20perceptions%20of%20incompetence&amp;journal=Group%20Process.%20Intergr.%20Relat.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F13684302211009590&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=1202-1222&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Reeves%2CSL&amp;author=Tse%2CC&amp;author=Logel%2CC&amp;author=Spencer%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Valery, K.-M. et al. How do mental health professionals stigmatize incompetence in schizophrenia? Stig. Health 10, 286\u2013292 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1037\/sah0000476\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1037\/sah0000476\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037%2Fsah0000476\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1037\/sah0000476\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20do%20mental%20health%20professionals%20stigmatize%20incompetence%20in%20schizophrenia%3F&amp;journal=Stig.%20Health&amp;doi=10.1037%2Fsah0000476&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=286-292&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Valery%2CK-M\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Asrina, A., Ikhtiar, M., Idris, F. P., Adam, A. &amp; Alim, A. Community stigma and discrimination against the incidence of HIV and AIDS. J. Med. Life 16, 1327\u20131334 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.25122\/jml-2023-0171\" data-track-item_id=\"10.25122\/jml-2023-0171\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122%2Fjml-2023-0171\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.25122\/jml-2023-0171\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38107709\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10719780\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Community%20stigma%20and%20discrimination%20against%20the%20incidence%20of%20HIV%20and%20AIDS&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Life&amp;doi=10.25122%2Fjml-2023-0171&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=1327-1334&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Asrina%2CA&amp;author=Ikhtiar%2CM&amp;author=Idris%2CFP&amp;author=Adam%2CA&amp;author=Alim%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Ajzen, I. &amp; Dasgupta, N. in The Sense of Agency (eds Haggard, P. &amp; Eitam, B.) 115\u2013144 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Killen, M., McGlothlin, H. &amp; Henning, A. in Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood through Adulthood (eds Levy, S. R. &amp; Killen, M.) 126\u2013145 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Zhao, Y., Zhu, J., Xu, C., Liu, Y. &amp; Li, X. in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025 (eds Che, W. et al.) 24747\u201324760 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Dorn, R., Kezar, L., Morstatter, F. &amp; Lerman, K. Harmful speech detection by language models exhibits gender-queer dialect bias. In Proc. 4th ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (eds Arnosti, N. et al.) 1\u201312 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Dai, S. et al. Bias and unfairness in information retrieval systems: new challenges in the LLM era. In Proc. 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (eds Baeza-Yates, R. &amp; Bonchi, F.) 6437\u20136447 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Schomerus, G., Kummetat, J., Angermeyer, M. &amp; Link, B. G. Putting yourself in the shoes of others\u2019\u2013Relatability as a novel measure to explain the difference in stigma toward depression and schizophrenia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 60, 1883\u20131893 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02807-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02807-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02807-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00127-024-02807-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39714477\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Putting%20yourself%20in%20the%20shoes%20of%20others%E2%80%99%E2%80%93Relatability%20as%20a%20novel%20measure%20to%20explain%20the%20difference%20in%20stigma%20toward%20depression%20and%20schizophrenia&amp;journal=Soc.%20Psychiatry%20Psychiatr.%20Epidemiol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02807-x&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=1883-1893&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Schomerus%2CG&amp;author=Kummetat%2CJ&amp;author=Angermeyer%2CM&amp;author=Link%2CBG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Lin, C.-Y. &amp; Tsang, H. W. Stigma, health and well-being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 7615 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/ijerph17207615\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/ijerph17207615\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijerph17207615\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/ijerph17207615\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33086659\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7589594\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stigma%2C%20health%20and%20well-being&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Environ.%20Res.%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fijerph17207615&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Lin%2CC-Y&amp;author=Tsang%2CHW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Pearl, R. L. et al. Measuring internalized health-related stigma across health conditions: development and validation of the I-HEARTS Scale. BMC Med. 22, 435 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12916-024-03661-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12916-024-03661-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03661-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12916-024-03661-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39379928\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11463042\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Measuring%20internalized%20health-related%20stigma%20across%20health%20conditions%3A%20development%20and%20validation%20of%20the%20I-HEARTS%20Scale&amp;journal=BMC%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12916-024-03661-z&amp;volume=22&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Pearl%2CRL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Vaishnav, M. et al. Stigma towards mental illness in Asian nations and low-and-middle-income countries, and comparison with high-income countries: a literature review and practice implications. Indian J. Psychiatry 65, 995\u20131011 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_667_23\" data-track-item_id=\"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_667_23\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103%2Findianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_667_23\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_667_23\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38108051\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10725213\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stigma%20towards%20mental%20illness%20in%20Asian%20nations%20and%20low-and-middle-income%20countries%2C%20and%20comparison%20with%20high-income%20countries%3A%20a%20literature%20review%20and%20practice%20implications&amp;journal=Indian%20J.%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.4103%2Findianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_667_23&amp;volume=65&amp;pages=995-1011&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Vaishnav%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Ahmad, S. S. &amp; Koncsol, S. W. Cultural factors influencing mental health stigma: perceptions of mental illness (POMI) in Pakistani emerging adults. Religions 13, 401 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/rel13050401\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/rel13050401\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Frel13050401\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/rel13050401\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cultural%20factors%20influencing%20mental%20health%20stigma%3A%20perceptions%20of%20mental%20illness%20%28POMI%29%20in%20Pakistani%20emerging%20adults&amp;journal=Religions&amp;doi=10.3390%2Frel13050401&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Ahmad%2CSS&amp;author=Koncsol%2CSW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Jacobs, S. &amp; Quinn, J. Cultural reproduction of mental illness stigma and stereotypes. Soc. Sci. Med. 292, 114552 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114552\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114552\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2021.114552\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114552\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34802779\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cultural%20reproduction%20of%20mental%20illness%20stigma%20and%20stereotypes&amp;journal=Soc.%20Sci.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2021.114552&amp;volume=292&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Jacobs%2CS&amp;author=Quinn%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Kalichman, S. C. et al. Perceived HIV stigma and HIV testing among men and women in rural Uganda: a population-based study. Lancet HIV 7, e817\u2013e824 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30198-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30198-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2352-3018%2820%2930198-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30198-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32910903\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9706443\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Perceived%20HIV%20stigma%20and%20HIV%20testing%20among%20men%20and%20women%20in%20rural%20Uganda%3A%20a%20population-based%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20HIV&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2352-3018%2820%2930198-3&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=e817-e824&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kalichman%2CSC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Genberg, B. L. et al. A comparison of HIV\/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV\/AIDS. Soc. Sci. Med. 68, 2279\u20132287 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2009.04.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19427086\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4029331\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20comparison%20of%20HIV%2FAIDS-related%20stigma%20in%20four%20countries%3A%20negative%20attitudes%20and%20perceived%20acts%20of%20discrimination%20towards%20people%20living%20with%20HIV%2FAIDS&amp;journal=Soc.%20Sci.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2009.04.005&amp;volume=68&amp;pages=2279-2287&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Genberg%2CBL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Li, D. et al. The impact of hepatitis B knowledge and stigma on screening in Canadian Chinese persons. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26, 597\u2013602 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impact%20of%20hepatitis%20B%20knowledge%20and%20stigma%20on%20screening%20in%20Canadian%20Chinese%20persons&amp;journal=Can.%20J.%20Gastroenterol.%20Hepatol.&amp;volume=26&amp;pages=597-602&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Li%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Leng, A. et al. Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 12, 1164\u20131171 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1131883\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1131883\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F21645515.2015.1131883\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1131883\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27043963\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4963075\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Hepatitis%20B%20discrimination%20in%20everyday%20life%20by%20rural%20migrant%20workers%20in%20Beijing&amp;journal=Hum.%20Vaccin.%20Immunother.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F21645515.2015.1131883&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=1164-1171&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Leng%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Taylor, S. M. &amp; Dear, M. J. Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophr. Bull. 7, 225\u2013240 (1981).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/schbul\/7.2.225\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/schbul\/7.2.225\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fschbul%2F7.2.225\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/schbul\/7.2.225\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fhs12rtQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7280561\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scaling%20community%20attitudes%20toward%20the%20mentally%20ill&amp;journal=Schizophr.%20Bull.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fschbul%2F7.2.225&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=225-240&amp;publication_year=1981&amp;author=Taylor%2CSM&amp;author=Dear%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H. &amp; Jorm, A. F. Predictors of depression stigma. BMC Psychiatry 8, 25 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-25\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-25\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1471-244X-8-25\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-25\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18423003\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2386456\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Predictors%20of%20depression%20stigma&amp;journal=BMC%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.1186%2F1471-244X-8-25&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Griffiths%2CKM&amp;author=Christensen%2CH&amp;author=Jorm%2CAF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Tseriotou, T. et al. Overview of the CLPsych 2025 shared task: capturing mental health dynamics from social media timelines. In Proc. 10th Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych 2025) (eds Zirikly, A. et al.) 193\u2013217 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Wang, X., Zhou, Y. &amp; Zhou, G. Unveiling the cognitive burden: the impact of stigma on distorted thinking among individuals living with hepatitis B. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 25, 100556 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100556\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100556\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijchp.2025.100556\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100556\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40104127\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11919411\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unveiling%20the%20cognitive%20burden%3A%20the%20impact%20of%20stigma%20on%20distorted%20thinking%20among%20individuals%20living%20with%20hepatitis%20B&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Clin.%20Health%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijchp.2025.100556&amp;volume=25&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wang%2CX&amp;author=Zhou%2CY&amp;author=Zhou%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Matza, L. S. et al. Qualitative thematic analysis of social media data to assess perceptions of route of administration for antiretroviral treatment among people living with HIV. Patient 13, 409\u2013422 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s40271-020-00417-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s40271-020-00417-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s40271-020-00417-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s40271-020-00417-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32356146\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7340676\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Qualitative%20thematic%20analysis%20of%20social%20media%20data%20to%20assess%20perceptions%20of%20route%20of%20administration%20for%20antiretroviral%20treatment%20among%20people%20living%20with%20HIV&amp;journal=Patient&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs40271-020-00417-8&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=409-422&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Matza%2CLS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Bedi, S. et al. Testing and evaluation of health care applications of large language models: a systematic review.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":788240,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[49,48,3673,84,68741,10207,82416,194516,392,11731,3672,2727],"class_list":["post-788239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-healthcare","tag-ca","tag-canada","tag-general","tag-health","tag-health-economics","tag-health-humanities","tag-health-promotion-and-disease-prevention","tag-health-psychology","tag-healthcare","tag-maternal-and-child-health","tag-medicine-public-health","tag-public-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/788239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=788239"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/788239\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/788240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=788239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=788239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=788239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}