Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and italy: what next? Lancet. 2020;395:1225–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9.


Google Scholar 

Indolfi C, Spaccarotella C. The outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. JACC: Case Rep. 2020;2:1414–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.012.


Google Scholar 

Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, Watson S, Comfort H, Zheng P, Aravkin AY, Bisignano C, Barber RM, Alam T, et al. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-Related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022;399:1513–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3.


Google Scholar 

Michelozzi P, de’Donato F, Scortichini M, Pezzotti P, Stafoggia M, De Sario M, Costa G, Noccioli F, Riccardo F, Bella A, et al. Temporal dynamics in total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in Italian cities. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09335-8.


Google Scholar 

Magnani C, Azzolina D, Gallo E, Ferrante D, Gregori D. How large was the mortality increase directly and indirectly caused by the COVID-19 epidemic? An analysis on All-Causes mortality data in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103452.

Kontis V, Bennett JE, Rashid T, Parks RM, Pearson-Stuttard J, Guillot M, Asaria P, Zhou B, Battaglini M, Corsetti G, et al. Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on All-Cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries. Nat Med. 2020;26:1919–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1112-0.


Google Scholar 

Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683.


Google Scholar 

Azzolina D, Magnani C, Gallo E, Ferrante D, Gregori D. Gender and age factors affecting the mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. Epidemiol Prev. 2020;44:252–9. https://doi.org/10.19191/EP20.5-6.S2.125.


Google Scholar 

Dorrucci M, Minelli G, Boros S, Manno V, Prati S, Battaglini M, Corsetti G, Andrianou X, Riccardo F, Fabiani M, et al. Excess mortality in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic: assessing the differences between the first and the second Wave, year 2020. Front Public Health. 2021;9:669209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.669209.


Google Scholar 

Konstantinoudis G, Cameletti M, Gómez-Rubio V, Gómez IL, Pirani M, Baio G, Larrauri A, Riou J, Egger M, Vineis P, et al. Regional excess mortality during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries. Nat Commun. 2022;13:482. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28157-3.


Google Scholar 

ISTAT Mortality Data Tables Https://Www.Istat.It/It/Archivio/240401. Last Accessed on May 4rd 2020.

ISTAT Demography in. Figures Http://Demo.Istat.It/ Last Accessed on June 3rd 2022.

Italian Civil Protection Http://Www.Protezionecivile.It/Web/Guest/homePro. 2020.

Lanera C, Azzolina D, Pirotti F, Prosepe I, Lorenzoni G, Berchialla P, Gregori D. A Web-Based application to monitor and inform about the COVID-19 outbreak in italy: the {COVID-19ita} initiative. Healthcare. 2022;10(473). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030473.

Msemburi W, Karlinsky A, Knutson V, Aleshin-Guendel S, Chatterji S, Wakefield J. The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature. 2023;613:130–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2.


Google Scholar 

Rigby RA, Stasinopoulos DM. Generalized additive models for Location, scale and shape. J Royal Stat Soc Ser C: Appl Stat. 2005;54:507–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00510.x.


Google Scholar 

Cox C, Matheson MA. Comparison of the generalized gamma and exponentiated Weibull distributions. Stat Med. 2014;33:3772–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6159.


Google Scholar 

Core Team R. R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022.


Google Scholar 

Flexible Regression and Smoothing: Using GAMLSS in R; Stasinopoulos, M.D., Ed.; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, 2017; ISBN 978-1-138-19790-9.

Huang G, Guo F, Liu L, Taksa L, Cheng Z, Tani M, Zimmermann KF, Franklin M, Silva SS. M. Changing impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy 2019–2023 and its decomposition: findings from 27 countries. SSM – Popul Health. 2024;25:101568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101568.


Google Scholar 

Haldane V, De Foo C, Abdalla SM, Jung A-S, Tan M, Wu S, Chua A, Verma M, Shrestha P, Singh S, et al. Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from 28 countries. Nat Med. 2021;27:964–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01381-y.


Google Scholar 

Alicandro G, Remuzzi G, Centanni S, Gerli A, La Vecchia C. Excess total mortality during the Covid-19 pandemic in italy: updated estimates indicate persistent excess in recent months. La Med Del Lavoro | Work Environ Health. 2022;113:e2022021. https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v113i2.13108.


Google Scholar 

Leon DA, Shkolnikov VM, Smeeth L, Magnus P, Pechholdová M, Jarvis CI. COVID-19: A need for Real-Time monitoring of weekly excess deaths. Lancet. 2020;395:e81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30933-8.


Google Scholar 

Reno C, Sanmarchi F, Stoto MA, Fantini MP, Lenzi J, Golinelli D. The impact of health policies and vaccine rollout on the COVID-19 pandemic waves in Italy. Health Policy Technol. 2022;11:100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100604.


Google Scholar 

Filip R, Gheorghita Puscaselu R, Anchidin-Norocel L, Dimian M, Savage WK. Global Challenges to Public Health Care Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Pandemic Measures and Problems. JPM. 2022;12:1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081295.

Pirrotta L, Guidotti E, Tramontani C, Bignardelli E, Venturi G, De Rosis S. COVID-19 vaccinations: an overview of the Italian National health system’s online communication from a citizen perspective. Health Policy. 2022;126:970–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.08.001.


Google Scholar 

Lamberti-Castronuovo A, Parotto E, Della Corte F, Hubloue I, Ragazzoni L, Valente M. The COVID-19 pandemic response and its impact on Post-Corona health emergency and disaster risk management in Italy. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1034196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1034196.


Google Scholar 

Zamagni G, Armocida B, Abbafati C, Ronfani L, Monasta L. COVID-19 vaccination coverage in italy: how many hospitalisations and related costs could have been saved if we were all vaccinated? Front Public Health. 2022;10:825416. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.825416.


Google Scholar 

Bezzini D, Schiavetti I, Manacorda T, Franzone G, Battaglia MA. First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Data and Evidence. In Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume II; Asea, A.A.A., Kaur, P., Eds.; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2021;1353:91–113. ISBN 978-3-030-85112-5.

Gallo E, Prosepe I, Lorenzoni G, Acar AŞ, Lanera C, Berchialla P, Azzolina D, Gregori D. Excess of All-Cause mortality is only partially explained by COVID-19 in Veneto (Italy) during spring outbreak. BMC Public Health. 2021;21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10832-7.

Gregori D, Azzolina D, Lanera C, Prosepe I, Destro N, Lorenzoni G, Berchialla PA. First Estimation of the impact of public health actions against COVID-19 in Veneto (Italy). J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2020;74:858–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214209.


Google Scholar 

Azzolina D, Lorenzoni G, Silvestri L, Prosepe I, Berchialla P, Gregori D. Regional differences in mortality rates during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. Disaster Med Pub Health Prep. 2020;1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.486.

Pearson-Stuttard J, Caul S, McDonald S, Whamond E, Newton JN. Excess mortality in England post Covid-19 pandemic: implications for secondary prevention. Lancet Reg Health – Europe. 2024;36:100802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100802.


Google Scholar 

Mueller AL, McNamara MS, Sinclair DA. Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging. 2020;12:9959–81. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103344.


Google Scholar 

Panovska-Griffiths J, Kerr CC, Stuart RM, Mistry D, Klein DJ, Viner RM, Bonell C. Determining the optimal strategy for reopening Schools, the impact of test and trace Interventions, and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK: A modelling study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:817–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9.


Google Scholar 

Azzolina D, Comoretto R, Lanera C, Berchialla P, Baldi I, Gregori D. COVID-19 hospitalizations and patients’ age at admission: the neglected importance of data variability for containment policies. Front Public Health. 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002232.

Barceló MA, Saez M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Spanish provinces. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13:453–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00125-0.


Google Scholar 

Fortunato F, Lillini R, Martinelli D, Iannelli G, Ascatigno L, Casanova G, Lopalco PL, Prato R. Association of Socio-Economic deprivation with COVID-19 incidence and fatality during the first wave of the pandemic in italy: lessons learned from a local Register-Based study. Int J Health Geogr. 2023;22(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-023-00332-9.

Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Licen S, Perrone MG, Piazzalunga A, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, et al. Potential role of particulate matter in the spreading of COVID-19 in Northern italy: first observational study based on initial epidemic diffusion. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e039338. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039338.


Google Scholar