Turken O, NarIn Y, DemIrbas S, Onde ME, Sayan O, KandemIr EG, et al. Breast cancer in association with thyroid disorders. Breast Cancer Res. 2003;5(5):R110–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr609.
Giani C, Fierabracci P, Bonacci R, Gigliotti A, Campani D, De Negri F, et al. Relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disease: relevance of autoimmune thyroid disorders in breast malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):990–4. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772562.
Jiskra J, Limanova Z, Barkmanova J, Smutek D, Friedmannova Z. Autoimmune thyroid diseases in women with breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Physiol Res. 2004;53(6):693–702.
Dobrinja C, Scomersi S, Giudici F, Vallon G, Lanzaro A, Troian M, et al. Association between benign thyroid disease and breast cancer: a single center experience. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0426-8.
Pan XF, Ma YJ, Tang Y, Yu MM, Wang H, Fan YR. Breast cancer populations may have an increased prevalence of thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer. 2020;27(5):828–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-020-01078-z.
Jha CK, Mishra A, Yadav SB, Agarwal G, Singh S, Chand G, et al. Thyroid dysfunctions and autoimmunity in breast cancer patients: a prospective case-control study. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2021;64(6):743–50. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000284.
Prinzi N, Sorrenti S, Baldini E, De Vito C, Tuccilli C, Catania A, et al. Association of thyroid diseases with primary extra-thyroidal malignancies in women: results of a cross-sectional study of 6386 patients. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0122958. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122958.
Prinzi N, Baldini E, Sorrenti S, De Vito C, Tuccilli C, Catania A, et al. Prevalence of breast cancer in thyroid diseases: results of a cross-sectional study of 3921 patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;144(3):683–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-2893-y.
Smyth PP, Shering SG, Kilbane MT, Murray MJ, McDermott EW, Smith DF, et al. Serum thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies, thyroid volume, and outcome in breast carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2711–6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.8.5049.
Baldini E, Lauro A, Tripodi D, Pironi D, Amabile MI, Ferent IC, et al. Thyroid diseases and breast cancer. J Pers Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020156.
Kim SS, Kim IJ, Kim SJ, Lee JY, Bae YT, Jeon YK, et al. Incidental diffuse thyroid 18F-FDG uptake related to autoimmune thyroiditis may be a favorable prognostic factor in advanced breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 2012;53(12):1855–62. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.108811.
Ozmen T, Gulluoglu BM, Yegen CS, Soran A. Autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer prognosis. J Breast Health. 2015;11(2):67–71. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjbh.2015.2462.
Spitzweg C, Joba W, Eisenmenger W, Heufelder AE. Analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids from salivary gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(5):1746–51. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.5.4839.
Smyth PP. Autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer: a chance association? J Endocrinol Invest. 2000;23(1):42–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343675.
Sogaard M, Farkas DK, Ehrenstein V, Jorgensen JO, Dekkers OM, Sorensen HT. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and breast cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(4):409–14. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0989.
Tran TV, Maringe C, Benitez Majano S, Rachet B, Boutron-Ruault MC, Journy N. Thyroid dysfunction and breast cancer risk among women in the UK Biobank cohort. Cancer Med. 2021;10(13):4604–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3978.
Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Davidson CD, Cozzens LM, Kogut S, Tomczak JA, et al. Common tumor-suppressive signaling of thyroid hormone receptor beta in breast and thyroid cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2021;60(12):874–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.23352.
Park JW, Zhao L, Cheng SY. Inhibition of estrogen-dependent tumorigenesis by the thyroid hormone receptor beta in xenograft models. Am J Cancer Res. 2013;3(3):302–11.
Ling Y, Ling X, Fan L, Wang Y, Li Q. Mutation analysis underlying the downregulation of the thyroid hormone receptor beta1 gene in the Chinese breast cancer population. Onco Targets Ther. 2015;8:2967–72. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S93418.
Li Z, Meng ZH, Chandrasekaran R, Kuo WL, Collins CC, Gray JW, et al. Biallelic inactivation of the thyroid hormone receptor beta1 gene in early stage breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(7):1939–43.
Tran TV, Rubino C, Allodji R, Andruccioli M, Bardet S, Diallo I, et al. Breast cancer risk among thyroid cancer survivors and the role of I-131 treatment. Br J Cancer. 2022;127(12):2118–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-01982-5.
Kuo JH, Chabot JA, Lee JA. Breast cancer in thyroid cancer survivors: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-9 database. Surgery. 2016;159(1):23–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.10.009.
Chen S, Wu F, Hai R, You Q, Xie L, Shu L, et al. Thyroid disease is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gland Surg. 2021;10(1):336–46. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs-20-878.
Hardefeldt PJ, Eslick GD, Edirimanne S. Benign thyroid disease is associated with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(3):1169–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2019-3.
Hu X, Wang X, Liang Y, Chen X, Zhou S, Fei W, et al. Cancer risk in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:937871. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.937871.
Graceffa G, Scerrino G, Militello G, Laise I, Randisi B, Melfa G, et al. Breast cancer in previously thyroidectomized patients: which thyroid disorders are a risk factor? Future Sci OA. 2021;7(5):FSO699. https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2021-0029.
Ito K, Maruchi N. Breast cancer in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Lancet. 1975;2(7945):1119–21.
Wang W, Jiang QL, Xu Q, Zeng Y, Jiang R, Jiang J. Selenium regulates T cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;124(Pt B):110993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110993.
Muller I, Giani C, Zhang L, Grennan-Jones FA, Fiore E, Belardi V, et al. Does thyroid peroxidase provide an antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer? Int J Cancer. 2014;134(7):1706–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28493.
Sheikh IA, Jiffri EH, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM, Beg MA. Lactoperoxidase, an antimicrobial milk protein, as a potential activator of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2017;37(11):6415–20.
Jerzak KJ, Cockburn JG, Dhesy-Thind SK, Pond GR, Pritchard KI, Nofech-Mozes S, et al. Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1 expression in early breast cancer: a validation study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;171(3):709–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4844-5.
Upadhyay G, Singh R, Agarwal G, Mishra SK, Pal L, Pradhan PK, et al. Functional expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in human breast cancer tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;77(2):157–65. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021321409159.
Keam SJ. Resmetirom: first approval. Drugs. 2024;84(6):729–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-024-02045-0.
Tran TV, Kitahara CM, de Vathaire F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Journy N. Thyroid dysfunction and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020;27(4):245–59. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0417.
Yang H, Holowko N, Grassmann F, Eriksson M, Hall P, Czene K. Hyperthyroidism is associated with breast cancer risk and mammographic and genetic risk predictors. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01690-y.
Hall LC, Salazar EP, Kane SR, Liu N. Effects of thyroid hormones on human breast cancer cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008;109(1–2):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.12.008.
Tang HY, Lin HY, Zhang S, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone causes mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the nuclear estrogen receptor. Endocrinology. 2004;145(7):3265–72. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0308.
Sar P, Peter R, Rath B, Das Mohapatra A, Mishra SK. 3, 3’5 triiodo L thyronine induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, repressing SMP30 expression through negative thyroid response elements. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e20861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020861.
Davidson CD, Gillis NE, Carr FE. Thyroid hormone receptor beta as tumor suppressor: untapped potential in treatment and diagnostics in solid tumors. Cancers. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174254.
Quan T, Cockburn J, Dhesy-Thind S, Bane A, Leong H, Geleff C, et al. The significance of thyroid hormone receptors in breast cancer: a hypothesis-generating narrative review. Curr Oncol. 2024;31(5):2364–75. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31050176.
Dhingra M, Mahalanobis S, Das A. Thyroid receptor β might be responsible for breast cancer associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a new insight into pathogenesis. Immunol Res. 2022;70(4):441–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-022-09288-7.
Harrison DA. The jak/stat pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012;4(3):a011205.
Wojcicka A, Piekielko-Witkowska A, Kedzierska H, Rybicka B, Poplawski P, Boguslawska J, et al. Epigenetic regulation of thyroid hormone receptor beta in renal cancer. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e97624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097624.
Saponaro F, Sestito S, Runfola M, Rapposelli S, Chiellini G. Selective thyroid hormone receptor-beta (TRbeta) agonists: new perspectives for the treatment of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Med. 2020;7:331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00331.
Cui B, Xiao X, Wang J, Wang H, Wu C, Yan Y, et al. Low THRB (thyroid hormone receptor beta) promoter methylation levels in peripheral blood leukocytes induced by systematic inflammation are involved in low thyroid hormone function in metabolic syndrome. Hypertension. 2021;78(4):1005–15. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17847.