Simmons, N. B. & Cirranello, A. L. Bat Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Database (Version 1.10) (2026).
Altringham, J. D. Bats: From Evolution to Conservation 2nd edn (Oxford Univ. Press, 2011).
Tiago Marques, J., Ramos Pereira, M. J. & Palmeirim, J. M. Patterns in the use of rainforest vertical space by Neotropical aerial insectivorous bats: all the action is up in the canopy. Ecography 39, 476–486 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01453 (2016).
Conenna, I. et al. Global patterns of functional trait variation along aridity gradients in bats. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 30, 1014–1029 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13278 (2021).
Park, K. J. Mitigating the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity: bats and their potential role as bioindicators. Mamm. Biol. 80, 191–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.10.004 (2015).
Russo, D. & Ancillotto, L. Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review. Mamm. Biol. 80, 205–212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.10.003 (2015).
Meyer, C. F. J. et al. Species undersampling in tropical bat surveys: effects on emerging biodiversity patterns. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 113–123 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12261 (2015).
Carvalho, W. D. et al. Taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic bat diversity decrease from more to less complex natural habitats in the Amazon. Oecologia 197, 223–239 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05009-3 (2021).
Conenna, I., Rocha, R., Russo, D. & Cabeza, M. Insular bats and research effort: a review of global patterns and priorities. Mammal Rev. 47, 169–182 https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12090 (2017).
Russo, D., Coleman, J. L., Ancillotto, L. & Korine, C. Ecosystem services by bats in urban areas. In Urban Bats: Biology, Ecology, and Human Dimensions (eds Moretto, L. et al.) 167–180 (Springer, 2023).
Frick, W. F., Kingston, T. & Flanders, J. A review of the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1469, 5–25 https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14045 (2020).
Primack, R. B. & Sher, A. A. An Introduction to Conservation Biology (Sinauer, 2016).
Harvey, E., Gounand, I., Ward, C. L. & Altermatt, F. Bridging ecology and conservation: from ecological networks to ecosystem function. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 371–379 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12769 (2017).
Brodie, J. F., Redford, K. H. & Doak, D. F. Ecological Function Analysis: incorporating species roles into conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 840–850 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.013 (2018).
Tobias, J. A., Bullock, J. M., Dicks, L. V., Forester, B. R. & Razgour, O. Biodiversity conservation requires integration of species-centric and process-based strategies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2410936122 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2410936122 (2025).
Cumming, G. S., Bodin, Ö., Ernstson, H. & Elmqvist, T. Network analysis in conservation biogeography: challenges and opportunities. Divers. Distrib. 16, 414–425 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00651.x (2010).
Tylianakis, J. M., Laliberté, E., Nielsen, A. & Bascompte, J. Conservation of species interaction networks. Biol. Conserv. 143, 2270–2279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.004 (2010).
Doherty, T. S. & Driscoll, D. A. Coupling movement and landscape ecology for animal conservation in production landscapes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20172272 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2272 (2018).
Zamora-Gutierrez, V., Rivera-Villanueva, A. N., Martínez Balvanera, S., Castro-Castro, A. & Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J. Vulnerability of bat–plant pollination interactions due to environmental change. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 3367–3382 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15611 (2021).
Rebelo, H., Tarroso, P. & Jones, G. Predicted impact of climate change on European bats in relation to their biogeographic patterns. Glob. Change Biol. 16, 561–576 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02021.x (2010).
Frick, W. F. et al. Fatalities at wind turbines may threaten population viability of a migratory bat. Biol. Conserv. 209, 172–177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.023 (2017).
Becker, D. J. et al. Mercury bioaccumulation in bats reflects dietary connectivity to aquatic food webs. Environ. Pollut. 233, 1076–1085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.010 (2018).
Kingston, T., Florens, F. B. V. & Vincenot, C. E. Large old world fruit bats on the brink of extinction: causes and consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 54, 237–257 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110321-055122 (2023).
Hunter, S. B., Weeds, J. & Mathews, F. Monitoring the trade in bat taxidermy and specimens on e-commerce platforms. Biol. Conserv. 299, 110827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110827 (2024).
Welch, J. N. & Leppanen, C. The threat of invasive species to bats: a review. Mammal Rev. 47, 277–290 https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12099 (2017).
Frick, W. F. et al. An emerging disease causes regional population collapse of a common North American bat species. Science 329, 679–682 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188594 (2010).
O’Shea, T. J., Cryan, P. M., Hayman, D. T. S., Plowright, R. K. & Streicker, D. G. Multiple mortality events in bats: a global review. Mammal Rev. 46, 175–190 https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12064 (2016).
McConkey, K. R. & O’Farrill, G. Cryptic function loss in animal populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 182–189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.006 (2015).
Valiente-Banuet, A. et al. Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Funct. Ecol. 29, 299–307 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12356 (2015).
Kunz, T. H. & Fenton, M. B. (eds) Bat Ecology (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005).
Russo, D., Bosso, L. & Ancillotto, L. Novel perspectives on bat insectivory highlight the value of this ecosystem service in farmland: research frontiers and management implications. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 266, 31–38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.024 (2018).
Tuneu-Corral, C. et al. Pest suppression by bats and management strategies to favour it: a global review. Biol. Rev. 98, 1564–1582 https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12967 (2023).
Frank, E. G. The economic impacts of ecosystem disruptions: costs from substituting biological pest control. Science 385, eadg0344 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0344 (2024).
Alberdi, A. et al. DNA metabarcoding and spatial modelling link diet diversification with distribution homogeneity in European bats. Nat. Commun. 11, 1154 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14961-2 (2020).
McCracken, G. F., Lee, Y.-F., Gillam, E. H., Frick, W. F. & Krauel, J. Bats flying at high altitudes. In 50 Years of Bat Research: Foundations and New Frontiers (eds Lim, B. K. et al.) 189–205 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54727-1_12 (Springer, 2021).
Kunz, T. H., Braun de Torrez, E., Bauer, D., Lobova, T. & Fleming, T. H. Ecosystem services provided by bats. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1223, 1–38 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06004.x (2011).
Ramírez-Fráncel, L. A. et al. Bats and their vital ecosystem services: a global review. Integr. Zool. 17, 2–23 https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12552 (2022).
Aizpurua, O. et al. Agriculture shapes the trophic niche of a bat preying on multiple pest arthropods across Europe: evidence from DNA metabarcoding. Mol. Ecol. 27, 815–825 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14474 (2018).
Maas, B., Clough, Y. & Tscharntke, T. Bats and birds increase crop yield in tropical agroforestry landscapes. Ecol. Lett. 16, 1480–1487 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12194 (2013).
Maine, J. J. & Boyles, J. G. Bats initiate vital agroecological interactions in corn. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 12438–12443 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505413112 (2015).
Beilke, E. A. & O’Keefe, J. M. Bats reduce insect density and defoliation in temperate forests: an exclusion experiment. Ecology 104, e3903 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3903 (2023).
Kalka, M. B., Smith, A. R. & Kalko, E. K. V. Bats limit arthropods and herbivory in a tropical forest. Science 320, 71 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153352 (2008).
Morrison, E. B. & Lindell, C. A. Birds and bats reduce insect biomass and leaf damage in tropical forest restoration sites. Ecol. Appl. 22, 1526–1534 https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1118.1 (2012).
Williams-Guillén, K., Perfecto, I. & Vandermeer, J. Bats limit insects in a neotropical agroforestry system. Science 320, 70 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152944 (2008).
Cassano, C. R., Silva, R. M., Mariano-Neto, E., Schroth, G. & Faria, D. Bat and bird exclusion but not shade cover influence arthropod abundance and cocoa leaf consumption in agroforestry landscape in northeast Brazil. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 232, 247–253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.013 (2016).
Ocampo-Ariza, C. et al. Birds and bats enhance cacao yield despite suppressing arthropod mesopredation. Ecol. Appl. 33, e2886 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2886 (2023).
Maas, B. et al. Experimental field exclosure of birds and bats in agricultural systems — methodological insights, potential improvements, and cost-benefit trade-offs. Basic Appl. Ecol. 35, 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.12.002 (2019).
Egert-Berg, K. et al. Resource ephemerality drives social foraging in bats. Curr. Biol. 28, 3667–3673 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.064 (2018).
Augusto, A. M. et al. Landscape influences bat suppression of pine processionary moth: implications for pest management. J. Environ. Manag. 373, 123803 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123803 (2025).
Kelling, M. et al. Pest suppression services of insectivorous bats in intensively managed arable land benefit from adjacent near-natural areas. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 397, 110101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110101 (2026).
Torrent, L., López-Baucells, A., Rocha, R., Bobrowiec, P. E. D. & Meyer, C. F. J. The importance of lakes for bat conservation in Amazonian rainforests: an assessment using autonomous recorders. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv. 4, 339–351 https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.83 (2018).
Augusto, A. M. et al. Bat diversity boosts ecosystem services: evidence from pine processionary moth predation. Sci. Total Environ. 912, 169387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169387 (2024).
Zhou, R. et al. Behavioral response of Spodoptera exigua under bat echolocation call stress. Biol. Control 182, 105236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105236 (2023).
Zhang, W. et al. Effects of predation risks of bats on the growth, development, reproduction, and hormone levels of Spodoptera litura. Front. Ecol. Evol. 11, 1126253 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1126253 (2023).
González-Gutiérrez, K., Castaño, J. H., Pérez-Torres, J. & Mosquera-Mosquera, H. R. Structure and roles in pollination networks between phyllostomid bats and flowers: a systematic review for the Americas. Mamm. Biol. 102, 21–49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-021-00202-6 (2022).
Tremlett, C. J. et al. High resource overlap and a consistently generalised pattern of interactions in a bat–flower network in a seasonally dry landscape. Ecol. Evol. 14, e70367 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70367 (2024).
Gonçalves, F., Araujo, A. C., Emer, C., Macedo, M. L. R. & Fischer, E. Pollen essential amino acids shape bat–flower interaction networks. Funct. Ecol. 39, 3311–3324 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.70161 (2025).
Medellin, R. A. et al. Follow me: foraging distances of Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Sonora determined by fluorescent powder. J. Mammal. 99, 306–311 https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy016 (2018).
Law, B. S. & Lean, M. Common blossom bats (Syconycteris australis) as pollinators in fragmented Australian tropical rainforest. Biol. Conserv. 91, 201–212 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00078-6 (1999).
Bustamante, E., Búrquez, A., Scheinvar, E. & Eguiarte, L. E. Population genetic structure of a widespread bat-pollinated columnar cactus. PLoS ONE 11, e0152329 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152329 (2016).
Soriano-Varela, P., Ibarra-Macías, A., Rojas-Martínez, A. E., Moreno, C. E. & Zuria, I. Foraging movement patterns of lactating Mexican long-nosed bats in central Mexico. Ecol. Evol. 15, e72055 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72055 (2025).
Gottstein, M. et al. Gene flow and vertical stratification of pollination in the bat-pollinated liana Marcgravia longifolia. Ecol. Evol. 15, e72050 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72050 (2025).
Stewart, A. B. et al. Bat pollinators: a decade of monitoring reveals declining visitation rates for some species in Thailand. Zool. Lett. 10, 5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-024-00228-x (2024).
Abedi-Lartey, M., Dechmann, D. K. N., Wikelski, M., Scharf, A. K. & Fahr, J. Long-distance seed dispersal by straw-coloured fruit bats varies by season and landscape. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 7, 12–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.03.005 (2016).
Ripperger, S. P., Kalko, E. K. V., Rodríguez-Herrera, B., Mayer, F. & Tschapka, M. Frugivorous bats maintain functional habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes but rely strongly on natural forest fragments. PLoS ONE 10, e0120535 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120535 (2015).
da Silva, Z. D., Gurgel, E. S. C., Correia, L. L. & Vieira, T. B. Seed dispersal by bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) and mutualistic networks in a landscape dominated by cocoa in the Brazilian amazon. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 55, e03252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03252 (2024).
Bernard, E. & Fenton, M. B. Bat mobility and roosts in a fragmented landscape in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Biotropica 35, 262–277 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00285.x (2003).
Rocha, R., López-Baucells, A., Farneda, F. Z. & Meyer, C. F. J. Bat responses to anthropogenic forest fragmentation: insights from an Amazonian fragmentation experiment in Brazil. In Amazonian Mammals: Current Knowledge and Conservation Priorities (eds Spironello, W. R. et al.) 365–387 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43071-8_14 (Springer, 2024).
Carlos, P. P. et al. Forest loss and isolation effects on mutualistic plant-bat interactions in a Neotropical savanna. For. Ecol. Manag. 586, 122710 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122710 (2025).
Landim, A. R. et al. Delayed recovery of seed-dispersal interactions after deforestation. Curr. Biol. 35, 4794–4802 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.070 (2025).
Henriques, V. R. N. et al. Seed dispersal by bats in naturally restored mining areas of the Eastern Amazon. Food Webs 46, e00440 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2026.e00440 (2026).
Mayta, C. et al. Bird perches and artificial bat roosts increase seed rain and seedling establishment in tropical bracken-dominated deforested areas. Restor. Ecol. 32, e14197 https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14197 (2024).
Florens, F. B. V. et al. Disproportionately large ecological role of a recently mass-culled flying fox in native forests of an oceanic island. J. Nat. Conserv. 40, 85–93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2017.10.002 (2017).
Ortega González, A., Possingham, H., Biggs, D., Anderson, N. & Braczkowski, A. R. The Bat Ripple case study shows ecological and economic contributions of grey headed flying foxes in Australia. Sci. Rep. 16, 8976 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39042-0 (2026).
Castillo-Figueroa, D. Why bats matters: a critical assessment of bat-mediated ecological processes in the Neotropics. Eur. J. Ecol. 6, 77–101 https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v6i1.13824 (2020).
Gnaspini, P. & Trajano, E. Guano communities in tropical caves. In Ecosystems of the World 30: Subterranean Ecosystems (eds Wilkens, H. et al.) 251–268 (Elsevier, 2000).
Sakoui, S. et al. The life hidden inside caves: ecological and economic importance of bat guano. Int. J. Ecol. 2020, 9872532 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9872532 (2020).
Reis, L. S. et al. Surface geoenvironments shape organic matter inputs in iron-ore caves of Carajás, southeastern Amazonia. PLoS ONE 21, e0344450 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344450 (2026).
Ganem, Z., Aharon, S., Hawlena, D. & Gavish-Regev, E. Bat colony and cave zone shape arthropod assemblages in Levantine caves. Insects 17, 118 https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010118 (2026).
Newman, M. M., Kloepper, L. N., Duncan, M., McInroy, J. A. & Kloepper, J. W. Variation in bat guano bacterial community composition with depth. Front. Microbiol. 9, 914 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00914 (2018).
Hernández-Lozano, J. et al. Isotopic variability of δ13C and δ15N signals in cave systems: insights from the blind tetra Astyanax mexicanus. Subterr. Biol. 51, 31–47 https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.51.140856 (2025).
García-Bodelón, Á et al. Predators in the dark: metabarcoding reveals Arcellinida communities associated with bat guano, endemic to Dinaric karst in Croatia. Microb. Ecol. 87, 166 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-024-02483-z (2024).
Fenolio, D. B., Graening, G. O., Collier, B. A. & Stout, J. F. Coprophagy in a cave-adapted salamander; the importance of bat guano examined through nutritional and stable isotope analyses. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 273, 439–443 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3341 (2005).
Chapin, K. J. Guano deposition predicts top predator (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) abundance in subtropical caves. J. Arachnol. 47, 385–388 https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202-47.3.385 (2019).
Tanalgo, K. C. & Hughes, A. C. Bat Cave Vulnerability Index 3.0 (BCVI-S): an integrative and scalable tool to prioritise bat caves for conservation. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 57, e03396 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03396 (2025).
Bai, X. et al. Bat migration intensifies cave fish richness loss under climate change in China. Divers. Distrib. 32, e70148 https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70148 (2026).
Carrión, J. S., Scott, L. & Marais, E. Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from southeastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 140, 175–186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.03.007 (2006).
Cleary, D. M. et al. Guano stable isotopic evidence of Anthropocene climate change influence on aridity and vegetation dynamics. Ecol. Indic. 145, 109710 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109710 (2022).
Reid, R. E. B., Waples, J. T., Jensen, D. A., Edwards, C. E. & Liu, X. Climate and vegetation and their impact on stable C and N isotope ratios in bat guano. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10, 929220 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.929220 (2022).
Tsalickis, A., Waters, M. N., Campbell, J. W. & Vachula, R. S. Bat guano isotope systems (δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H) integrate environmental, climatic, and ecological signals. Quat. Sci. Rev. 334, 108711 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108711 (2024).
Tsalickis, A., Vachula, R. S., Welch, J. C., Campbell, J. W. & Waters, M. N. Fire in feces: bats reliably record fire history in their guano. Geophys. Res. Lett. 51, e2024GL112045 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112045 (2024).
Gaston, K. J. et al. Population abundance and ecosystem service provision: the case of birds. BioScience 68, 264–272 https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy005 (2018).
Zhou, Y. et al. Long-term insect censuses capture progressive loss of ecosystem functioning in East Asia. Sci. Adv. 9, eade9341 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade9341 (2023).
Puig-Montserrat, X. et al. Pest control service provided by bats in Mediterranean rice paddies: linking agroecosystems structure to ecological functions. Mamm. Biol. 80, 237–245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.03.008 (2015).
McConkey, K. R. & Drake, D. R. Flying foxes cease to function as seed dispersers long before they become rare. Ecology 87, 271–276 https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0386 (2006).
van Toor, M. L. et al. Linking colony size with quantitative estimates of ecosystem services of African fruit bats. Curr. Biol. 29, R237–R238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.033 (2019).
Russo, D. & Dechmann, D. K. N. A call to protect common species: bats as a case study. Conserv. Lett. 18, e13113 https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13113 (2025).
Fukui, D., Murakami, M., Nakano, S. & Aoi, T. Effect of emergent aquatic insects on bat foraging in a riparian forest. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 1252–1258 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01146.x (2006).
Perkins, R., Whitehead, M., Civil, W. & Goulson, D. Potential role of veterinary flea products in widespread pesticide contamination of English rivers. Sci. Total Environ. 755, 143560 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143560 (2021).
Arrizabalaga-Escudero, A. et al. Trophic requirements beyond foraging habitats: the importance of prey source habitats in bat conservation. Biol. Conserv. 191, 512–519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.043 (2015).
Luck, G. W., Daily, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. Population diversity and ecosystem services. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 331–336 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00100-9 (2003).
Boyer, A. G. & Jetz, W. Extinctions and the loss of ecological function in island bird communities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeography 23, 679–688 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12147 (2014).
Llorente-Culebras, S. et al. Island biodiversity in peril: anticipating a loss of mammals’ functional diversity with future species extinctions. Glob. Change Biol. 30, e17375 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17375 (2024).
Cummings, G., Anderson, S., Dennis, T., Toth, C. & Parsons, S. Competition for pollination by the lesser short-tailed bat and its influence on the flowering phenology of some New Zealand endemics. J. Zool. 293, 281–288 https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12147 (2014).
Hemprich-Bennett, D. R. et al. Altered structure of bat–prey interaction networks in logged tropical forests revealed by metabarcoding. Mol. Ecol. 30, 5844–5857 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16153 (2021).
Ligo, A. B., Laurindo, R. d. S., Faria, L. D. B. & Gregorin, R. Climatic, geographic and anthropogenic factors shape the structure of bat–fruit networks in the Neotropical region. Austral Ecol. 49, e13328 https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13328 (2024).
Mello, M. A. R. et al. Keystone species in seed dispersal networks are mainly determined by dietary specialization. Oikos 124, 1031–1039 https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01613 (2015).
Mello, M. A. R. et al. The missing part of seed dispersal networks: structure and robustness of bat-fruit interactions. PLoS ONE 6, e17395 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017395 (2011).
Laurindo, R. S., Novaes, R. L. M., Vizentin-Bugoni, J. & Gregorin, R. The effects of habitat loss on bat-fruit networks. Biodivers. Conserv. 28, 589–601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1676-x (2019).
Gómez-Ruiz, E. P. & Lacher, T. E. Jr Climate change, range shifts, and the disruption of a pollinator-plant complex. Sci. Rep. 9, 14048 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50059-6 (2019).
Fricke, E. C., Tewksbury, J. J. & Rogers, H. S. Defaunation leads to interaction deficits, not interaction compensation, in an island seed dispersal network. Glob. Change Biol. 24, e190–e200 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13832 (2018).
Henry, M., Pons, J.-M. & Cosson, J.-F. Foraging behaviour of a frugivorous bat helps bridge landscape connectivity and ecological processes in a fragmented rainforest. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 801–813 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01258.x (2007).
Moir, M., Richards, L. R., Rambau, R. V. & Cherry, M. I. Functional diversity and trait filtering of insectivorous bats relate to forest biogeography and fragmentation in South Africa. J. Biogeogr. 48, 1170–1182 https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14069 (2021).
Bernard, E. & Fenton, M. B. Bats in a fragmented landscape: species composition, diversity and habitat interactions in savannas of Santarém, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Biol. Conserv. 134, 332–343 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.021 (2007).
Henry, M., Cosson, J.-F. & Pons, J.-M. Abundance may be a misleading indicator of fragmentation-sensitivity: the case of fig-eating bats. Biol. Conserv. 139, 462–467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.024 (2007).
Rocha, R. et al. Does sex matter? Gender-specific responses to forest fragmentation in Neotropical bats. Biotropica 49, 881–890 https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12474 (2017).
Williams-Guillén, K., Olimpi, E., Maas, B., Taylor, P. J. & Arlettaz, R. Bats in the anthropogenic matrix: challenges and opportunities for the conservation of Chiroptera and their ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. In Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World (eds Voigt, C. C. & Kingston, T.) 151–186 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_6 (Springer, 2016).
Carlier, J., Moran, J., Aughney, T. & Roche, N. Effects of greenway development on functional connectivity for bats. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00613 (2019).
Quesada, M., Stoner, K. E., Rosas-Guerrero, V., Palacios-Guevara, C. & Lobo, J. A. Effects of habitat disruption on the activity of nectarivorous bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a dry tropical forest: implications for the reproductive success of the neotropical tree Ceiba grandiflora. Oecologia 135, 400–406 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1234-3 (2003).
García-Morales, R. et al. Deforestation impacts on bat functional diversity in tropical landscapes. PLoS ONE 11, e0166765 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166765 (2016).
López-Baucells, A. et al. Interplay between local and landscape-scale effects on the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of aerial insectivorous neotropical bats. Landsc. Ecol. 37, 2861–2875 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01493-x (2022).
Scholz, C. & Voigt, C. C. Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 4, e12744 https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12744 (2022).
Lewanzik, D. & Voigt, C. C. Artificial light puts ecosystem services of frugivorous bats at risk. J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 388–394 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12206 (2014).
Lewanzik, D. et al. Urban sprawl and light pollution disrupt commuting corridors of urban-roosting bats. Sci. Total Environ. 1008, 181019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181019 (2025).
Amorim, F., Pita, R., Mata, V. A., Beja, P. & Rebelo, H. Crowding after sudden habitat loss affects demography and social structure in a bat population. J. Anim. Ecol. 91, 668–680 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13659 (2022).
Amorim, F., Mata, V. A., Beja, P. & Rebelo, H. Effects of a drought episode on the reproductive success of European free-tailed bats (Tadarida teniotis). Mamm. Biol. 80, 228–236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.01.005 (2015).
Welbergen, J. A., Klose, S. M., Markus, N. & Eby, P. Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275, 419–425 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1385 (2008).
Ratnayake, H. U., Kearney, M. R., Govekar, P., Karoly, D. & Welbergen, J. A. Forecasting wildlife die-offs from extreme heat events. Anim. Conserv. 22, 386–395 https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12476 (2019).
Pruvot, M. et al. Extreme temperature event and mass mortality of insectivorous bats. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 65, 41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1280-8 (2019).
Loeb, S. C. & Blakey, R. V. Bats and fire: a global review. Fire Ecol. 17, 29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-021-00109-0 (2021).
Dalsgaard, B. & Temeles, E. J. Hurricanes threaten species and alter evolutionary trajectories on tropical islands. Curr. Biol. 34, R1115–R1120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.011 (2024).
Adams, R. A. Bat reproduction declines when conditions mimic climate change projections for western North America. Ecology 91, 2437–2445 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0091.1 (2010).
Phelps, K. L. & Kingston, T. Environmental and biological context modulates the physiological stress response of bats to human disturbance. Oecologia 188, 41–52 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4179-2 (2018).
Green, D. M., Gilman, C., Mastromonaco, G., Baerwald, E. F. & Brigham, R. M. Differences in fur cortisol levels of three migratory bats. J. Comp. Physiol. B 195, 393–404 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-025-01609-0 (2025).
Fenton, M. B. Bats and white-nose syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 6794–6795 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204793109 (2012).
Wray, A. K. et al. Heterogenous effects of bat declines from white-nose syndrome on arthropods. Ecol. Lett. 27, e14437 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14437 (2024).
Tanalgo, K. C., Dela Cruz, K. C. & Russo, D. Susceptibility of bats to ecological and evolutionary traps. Biol. Conserv. 305, 111110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111110 (2025).
Crawford, R. D. & O’Keefe, J. M. Avoiding a conservation pitfall: considering the risks of unsuitably hot bat boxes. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 3, e412 https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.412 (2021).
Russo, D., Tanalgo, K., Rebelo, H. & Cistrone, L. To improve or not to improve? The dilemma of “bat-friendly” farmland potentially becoming an ecological trap. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 375, 109215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109215 (2024).
Gaston, K. J. Common ecology. BioScience 61, 354–362 https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.5.4 (2011).
Charbonnier, Y., Barbaro, L., Theillout, A. & Jactel, H. Numerical and functional responses of forest bats to a major insect pest in pine plantations. PLoS ONE 9, e109488 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109488 (2014).
Hurme, E. et al. Fruit bat migration matches green wave in seasonal landscapes. Funct. Ecol. 36, 2043–2055 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14097 (2022).
Razgour, O. et al. Considering adaptive genetic variation in climate change vulnerability assessment reduces species range loss projections. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10418–10423 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820663116 (2019).
Dunbar, M. B. & Brigham, R. M. Thermoregulatory variation among populations of bats along a latitudinal gradient. J. Comp. Physiol. B 180, 885–893 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-010-0457-y (2010).
Buckley, D. J. et al. The spatial ecology of the whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus) at the western extreme of its range provides evidence of regional adaptation. Mamm. Biol. 78, 198–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.06.007 (2013).
Lindenmayer, D. B. et al. How to make a common species rare: a case against conservation complacency. Biol. Conserv. 144, 1663–1672 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.022 (2011).
Martin, T. G. et al. Acting fast helps avoid extinction. Conserv. Lett. 5, 274–280 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00239.x (2012).
Neeson, T. M. et al. Conserving rare species can have high opportunity costs for common species. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 3862–3872 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14162 (2018).
Sgrò, C. M., Lowe, A. J. & Hoffmann, A. A. Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evol. Appl. 4, 326–337 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00157.x (2011).
Urban, M. C., Elphick, C. S. & Bolnick, D. I. Conservation should assume realistic adaptive capacities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 123, e2415291123 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2415291123 (2026).
Razgour, O. et al. The shaping of genetic variation in edge-of-range populations under past and future climate change. Ecol. Lett. 16, 1258–1266 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12158 (2013).
Mualim, K. S. et al. Large future genetic diversity losses are predicted from conservation indicators even with habitat protection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 123, e2514371123 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2514371123 (2026).
Ranius, T. et al. Protected area designation and management in a world of climate change: a review of recommendations. Ambio 52, 68–80 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01779-z (2023).
Pinaud, D., Varoux, M., Leuchtmann, M. & Pontier, D. Modelling connectivity at a regional scale during seasonal movements of the greater horseshoe bat. J. Appl. Ecol. 62, 2163–2176 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70115 (2025).
Lagerveld, S. et al. Migratory movements of bats are shaped by barrier effects, sex-biased timing and the adaptive use of winds. Mov. Ecol. 12, 81 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-024-00520-7 (2024).
Hurme, E., Lenzi, I., Wikelski, M., Wild, T. A. & Dechmann, D. K. N. Bats surf storm fronts during spring migration. Science 387, 97–102 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade7441 (2025).
Seebens-Hoyer, A. et al. Estimating the traffic rates of bats migrating across the North and Baltic Seas to develop efficient mitigation measures at offshore wind energy facilities. Biol. Conserv. 316, 111741 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111741 (2026).
Russo, D., Mäenurm, A., Martinoli, A., Zotti, M. & Cistrone, L. Forest islands in farmland provide vital roost trees year-round for giant and common noctule bats: management implications. For. Ecol. Manag. 540, 121053 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121053 (2023).
Spoelstra, K. et al. Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 20170075 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0075 (2017).
Bennett, V. J. & Zurcher, A. A. When corridors collide: road-related disturbance in commuting bats. J. Wildl. Manag. 77, 93–101 https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.467 (2013).
Fensome, A. G. & Mathews, F. Roads and bats: a meta-analysis and review of the evidence on vehicle collisions and barrier effects. Mammal Rev. 46, 311–323 https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12072 (2016).
Claireau, F. et al. Major roads have important negative effects on insectivorous bat activity. Biol. Conserv. 235, 53–62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.002 (2019).
Laforge, A. et al. Reducing light pollution improves connectivity for bats in urban landscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 34, 793–809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00803-0 (2019).
Grindal, S. D. & Brigham, R. M. Impacts of forest harvesting on habitat use by foraging insectivorous bats at different spatial scales. Écoscience 6, 25–34 https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1999.11952206 (1999).
Lauzon, A. et al. Long-term effects of forest harvesting on habitat use by temperate insectivorous bats. For. Ecol. Manag. 588, 122760 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122760 (2025).
Korányi, D. et al. Forest cover enhances pest control by birds and bats independently of vineyard management intensity. J. Appl. Ecol. 62, 1844–1855 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70094 (2025).
Muscarella, R. & Fleming, T. H. The role of frugivorous bats in tropical forest succession. Biol. Rev. 82, 573–590 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00026.x (2007).
Sritongchuay, T., Hughes, A. C. & Bumrungsri, S. The role of bats in pollination networks is influenced by landscape structure. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 20, e00702 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00702 (2019).
McConkey, K. R. & Drake, D. R. Low redundancy in seed dispersal within an island frugivore community. AoB Plants 7, plv088 https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv088 (2015).
Mata, V. A. et al. Combining DNA metabarcoding and ecological networks to inform conservation biocontrol by small vertebrate predators. Ecol. Appl. 31, e02457 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2457 (2021).
Chaves, P. P. et al. Ecological networks reveal strong pest suppression complementarity between birds and bats within rice-dominated agroecosystems in West Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 396, 110020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110020 (2026).
Sippola, E. A. et al. Impacts of bat use of anthropogenic structures on bats and humans. Conserv. Biol. 40, e70037 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70037 (2026).
Russo, D. et al. Climate change-driven heatwaves pose lethal risks to newborn forest bats. Ecol. Evol. 15, e71350 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71350 (2025).
Cryan, P. M. et al. Behavior of bats at wind turbines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15126–15131 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406672111 (2014).
Nagy, M. et al. Song flight and 3D thermal detection provide evidence for bat attraction to wind turbines in Central Europe. Commun. Biol. 9, 460 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09882-7 (2026).
Richardson, S. M., Lintott, P. R., Hosken, D. J., Economou, T. & Mathews, F. Peaks in bat activity at turbines and the implications for mitigating the impact of wind energy developments on bats. Sci. Rep. 11, 3636 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82014-9 (2021).
Jonasson, K. A., Corcoran, A. J., Dempsey, L., Weller, T. J. & Clerc, J. Bats flying through a Y-maze are visually attracted to wind turbine surfaces. Biol. Lett. 21, 20250242 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0242 (2025).
Voigt, C. C. et al. Toward solving the global green–green dilemma between wind energy production and bat conservation. BioScience 74, 240–252 https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae023 (2024).
Xavier, B. S., Rainho, A., Santos, A. M. C., Vieira, M. V. & Carvalho, W. D. Global systematic map of research on bats in agricultural systems. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1214176 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1214176 (2023).
Martínez-Fonseca, J. G., Westeen, E. P., Wan, H. Y., Cushman, S. A. & Chambers, C. L. A global review of landscape-scale analyses in bats reveals geographic and taxonomic biases and opportunities for novel research. Biol. Conserv. 299, 110829 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110829 (2024).
Amano, T. et al. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001296 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001296 (2021).
Browning, E., Barlow, K. E., Burns, F., Hawkins, C. & Boughey, K. Drivers of European bat population change: a review reveals evidence gaps. Mammal Rev. 51, 353–368 https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12239 (2021).
Festa, F. et al. Bat responses to climate change: a systematic review. Biol. Rev. 98, 19–33 https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12893 (2023).
Asmus, J., Frommolt, K.-H. & Knörnschild, M. Lost in translation—how transparency can improve comparability and reusability in acoustic bat research. Ecol. Evol. 15, e71883 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71883 (2025).
Clare, E. L. et al. Approaches to integrating genetic data into ecological networks. Mol. Ecol. 28, 503–519 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14941 (2019).
Fialas, P. C. et al. Changes in community composition and functional diversity of European bats under climate change. Conserv. Biol. 39, e70025 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70025 (2025).
Razgour, O. et al. Applying genomic approaches to identify historic population declines in European forest bats. J. Appl. Ecol. 61, 160–172 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14540 (2024).
de Mel, R. K. et al. Using physiology to unravel the implications of heatwaves for big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). J. Exp. Biol. 228, jeb251228 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.251228 (2025).
O’Malley, K. D. et al. Increasing canopy cover elevates vehicle collision risk for barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus) at roads. Sci. Rep. 15, 37011 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14315-2 (2025).
Meola, V., Šestović, B. & Russo, D. Context-dependent responses of bats to artificial light at night in urban and natural woodlands. Sci. Total Environ. 1034, 181847 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181847 (2026).