Goldblatt M, Yahav R, Ricon T. Overview of intervention programs for parents of young children (0–6). Open J Pediatr. 2014;04(3):185–207. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojped.2014.43026.


Google Scholar 

Al-Hassan SM, Lansford JE. Evaluation of the better parenting programme in Jordan. Early Child Dev Care. 2011;181(5):587–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004431003654925.


Google Scholar 

Caruana T. Theory and research considerations in implementing the circle of security parenting (COS-P) program. Commun Child Fam Aust. 2016;10:45–58.


Google Scholar 

Gerdts-Andresen T. Circle of Security-Parenting: A systematic review of effectiveness when using the parent training program with multiproblem families. Nord J Soc Res. 2021;12(1):1–26. https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.3482.


Google Scholar 

Cassidy J, Brett BE, Gross JT, Stern JA, Martin DR, Mohr JJ, et al. Circle of security parenting: a randomized controlled trial in head start. Dev Psychopathol. 2017;29(2):651–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000244.


Google Scholar 

Kim M, Woodhouse SS, Dai C. Learning to provide children with a secure base and a safe haven: the circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) group intervention. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74(8):1319–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22643.


Google Scholar 

Powell B, Cooper G, Hoffman K, Marvin RS. The circle of security. In: Zeanah CH, editor. Handbook of infants’ mental health. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009. pp. 450–67.


Google Scholar 

Willner CJ, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Bray BC. The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years. Dev Psychopathol. 2016;28(4pt1):1033–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000687.


Google Scholar 

van Ijzendoorn MH. Attachment in social networks: toward an evolutionary social network model. Hum Dev. 2005;48(1–2):85–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000083218.


Google Scholar 

Moss E, Bureau JF, Béliveau M-J, Zdebik M, Lépine S. Links between children’s attachment behavior at early school-age, their attachment-related representations, and behavior problems in middle childhood. Int J Behav Dev. 2009;33(2):155–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408098012.


Google Scholar 

Doha International Family Institute (DIFI). Parenting programs in the Arab region. Doha: Hamad Bbin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press); 2022.


Google Scholar 

Marvin R, Cooper G, Hoffman K, Powell B. The circle of security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver-pre-school child dyads. Attach Hum Dev. 2002;4(1):107–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461673025298249.


Google Scholar 

Pannilage U. Impact of family on children’s well-being. J Soc Sci Work. 2017;5(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.15640/jssw.v5n1a15.


Google Scholar 

Kluczniok D, Boedeker K, Fuchs A, Hindi Attar C, Fydrich T, Fuehrer D, et al. Emotional availability in mother-child interaction: effects of maternal depression in remission and additional history of childhood abuse. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(7):648–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22462.


Google Scholar 

Moore K, Murphy D, Beltz M, Martin M, Bartlett J, Caal S. Child well-being: constructs to measure child well-being and risk and protective factors that affect the development of young children. Child Trends. 2016. https://cms.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016-61ConstructsMeasureChildWellbeing.pdf. Accessed.

Spinelli M, Lionetti F, Setti A, Fasolo M. Parenting stress during the COVID-19 outbreak: socioeconomic and environmental risk factors and implications for children emotion regulation. Fam Process. 2021;60(2):639–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12601.


Google Scholar 

Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;25:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006.


Google Scholar 

Nielsen SKK, Lønfeldt N, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Hageman I, Vangkilde S, Daniel SIF. Adult attachment style and anxiety—mediating role of emotion regulation. J Affect Disord. 2017;218:253–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.047.


Google Scholar 

Huang S. Attachment styles. Simply Psychology. 2020. https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment-styles.html. Accessed.

Jones JD, Brett BE, Ehrlich KB, Lejuez CW, Cassidy J. Maternal attachment style and responses to adolescents’ negative emotions: the mediating role of maternal emotion regulation. Parent Sci Pract. 2014;14(3–4):235–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.972760.


Google Scholar 

Laurenzi CA, Hunt X, Skeen S, Sundin P, Weiss RE, Kosi V, et al. Associations between caregiver mental health and young children’s behaviour in a rural Kenyan sample. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1):1861909. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1861909.


Google Scholar 

Salter Ainsworth MD, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall SN. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. London: Psychology; 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203758045.


Google Scholar 

Bernier A, Beauchamp MH, Carlson SM, Lalonde G. A secure base from which to regulate: attachment security in toddlerhood as a predictor of executive functioning at school entry. Dev Psychol. 2015;51(9):1177–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000032.


Google Scholar 

Hong YR, Park JS. Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development. Korean J Pediatr. 2012;55(12):449–54. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.12.449.


Google Scholar 

Bergin C, Bergin D. Attachment in the classroom. Educ Psychol Rev. 2009;21(2):141–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9104-0.


Google Scholar 

Teicher MH, Samson JA, Tomoda A, Ashy M, Andersen SL. Neurobiological and behavioral consequences of exposure to childhood traumatic stress. In: Arnetz BB, Ekman R, editors. Stress in health and disease. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2006. pp. 180–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527609156.ch9.


Google Scholar 

Leblanc É, Dégeilh F, Daneault V, Beauchamp MH, Bernier A. An attachment security in infancy: a preliminary study of prospective links to brain morphometry in late childhood. Front Psychol. 2017;8:2141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02141.


Google Scholar 

Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(1):11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003.


Google Scholar 

Circle of Security. Research circle of international security. Circle of Security International. 2020. https://www.circleofsecurityinternational.com/circle-of-security-model/research/. Accessed.

Huber A, McMahon C, Sweller N. Improved parental emotional functioning after circle of security 20-week parent–child relationship intervention. J Child Fam Stud. 2016;25(8):2526–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0426-5.


Google Scholar 

Pietromonaco PR, Powers SI. Attachment and health-related physiological stress processes. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015;1:34–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.001.


Google Scholar 

Ghoston MR, Alwahibah SO, Alkusayer AT, Fetyani L, Alnashmi F, Field TA. Attachment and meaning-making of Arabic mothers during the coronavirus pandemic. J Humanistic Couns. 2024;63(2):119–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12231.


Google Scholar 

Koot HM, Verhulst FC. Prediction of children’s referral to mental health and special education services from earlier adjustment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(4):717–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00907.x.


Google Scholar 

Verhulst FC, Koot HM, Van der Ende J. Differential predictive value of parents’ and teachers’ reports of children’s problem behaviors: a longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1994;22(5):531–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02168936.


Google Scholar 

Pietikäinen JT, Kiviruusu O, Kylliäinen A, Pölkki P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Paunio T, et al. Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and children’s emotional problems at the ages of two and five years: a longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(2):195–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13126.


Google Scholar 

Hernández-Vásquez A, Vargas-Fernández R, Chavez-Ecos F, Mendoza-Correa I, Del-Carmen-Sara J. Association between maternal depression and emotion and behavior regulation in Peruvian children: a population-based study. Prev Med Rep. 2022;28(101879):101879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101879.


Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Improving early childhood development: WHO Health Organization guidelines. 2020. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/331306/9789240002098-eng.pdf. Accessed.

Eyberg SM, Nelson MM, Boggs SR. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(1):215–37.


Google Scholar 

Wang M, Yan L. Parental stress and child behavior problems: mediating roles of parenting practices and parental psychological distress. J Child Fam Stud. 2020;29(12):3347–59.


Google Scholar 

Zahn-Waxler C, Shirtcliff EA, Marceau K. Disorders of childhood and adolescence: gender and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:275–303.


Google Scholar 

Charbonnier E, Caparos S, Trémolière B. The role of mothers’ affiliate stigma and child’s symptoms on the distress of mothers with ADHD children. J Ment Health. 2019;28(3):282–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1521944.


Google Scholar 

Castillo I. The missing voices-mothers raising children with ADHD: a qualitative inquiry. Thesis. Toronto: Ryerson University; 2021. https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14654796

Lundahl BW, Tollefson D, Risser H, Lovejoy MC. A meta-analysis of father involvement in parent training. Res Soc Work Pract [Internet]. 2008;18(2):97–106. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507309828

Ştefan CA, Avram J. Attachment and externalizing/internalizing problems in preschoolers: contributions of positive and negative empathic perspective-taking. Merrill Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press). 2021;67(2):123. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.67.2.0123.


Google Scholar 

Mushtaq A, Lochman JE, Tariq PN, Sabih F. Preliminary effectiveness study of coping power program for aggressive children in Pakistan. Prev Sci. 2017;18(7):762–71.


Google Scholar 

Najmussaqib A, Mushtaq A, Duncan R. Effectiveness of fun FRIENDS on social emotional functioning of Pakistani school children. J Appl Devel Psychol. 2024;93:101675–5.


Google Scholar 

Arslan İB, Lucassen N, van Lier PAC, de Haan AD, Prinzie P. Early childhood internalizing problems, externalizing problems and their co-occurrence and (mal)adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood: a 16-year follow-up study. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2021;56(2):193–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01959-w.


Google Scholar 

Connor DF, Edwards G, Fletcher KE, Baird J, Barkley RA, Steingard RJ. Correlates of comorbid psychopathology in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(2):193–200. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200302000-00013.


Google Scholar 

Lau TWI, Lim CG, Acharryya S, Lim-Ashworth N, Tan YR, Fung SSD. Gender differences in externalizing and internalizing problems in Singaporean children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00356-8.


Google Scholar