Tsai H-M. Untying the knot of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Am J Med. 2013, Mar;126(3):200–09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.09.006.
Arnold DM, Patriquin CJ, Nazy I. Thrombotic microangiopathies: a general approach to diagnosis and management. C Can Med Assoc J = J l’Assoc Medicale Can. 2017, Jan;189(4):E153–59. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160142.
Thomas MR, Scully M. How I treat microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in patients with cancer. Blood. 2021, Mar;137(10):1310–17. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003810.
Scully M, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other thrombotic microangiopathies. Br J Haematol. 2012, Aug;158(3):323–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09167.x.
Legendre CM, et al.. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013, Jun;368(23):2169–81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208981.
Adil SN, Karim F. Thrombotic microangiopathies: role of ADAMTS-13. JPMA The J Pak Med Assoc. 2012, Feb;62(2. Pakistan, pp. 91–92.
Tsai H-M. Autoimmune thrombotic microangiopathy: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2012, Jul;38(5):469–82. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306431.
Lämmle B, Kremer Hovinga JA, Alberio L. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost. 2005, Aug;3(8):1663–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01425.x.
Bhandari S, Kumar R. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. N Engl J Med. 2019, Apr;380(16):e23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm1813768.
Zheng XL, et al. Isth guidelines for treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost. 2020, Oct;18(10):2496–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15010.
Coppo P, et al. A regimen with caplacizumab, immunosuppression, and plasma exchange prevents unfavorable outcomes in immune-mediated TTP. Blood. 2021, Feb;137(6):733–42. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020008021.
Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet (lond, Engl). 2005, Mar;365(9464):1073–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71144-2.
Noris M, et al. Relative role of genetic complement abnormalities in sporadic and familial aHUS and their impact on clinical phenotype. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, Oct;5(10):1844–59. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02210310.
Pande A, Kumar A, Krishnani H, Acharya S, Shukla S. Recent advances in the management of microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHA): a narrative review. Cureus. 2023, Oct;15(10):e47196. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47196.
Iqbal S, Zaidi SZA, Motabi IH, Alshehry NF, AlGhamdi MS, Tailor IK. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura – analysis of clinical features, laboratory characteristics and therapeutic outcome of 24 patients treated at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(6):1494–99. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.326.11274.
Nguyen T, Radhakrishnan SM, Radhakrishnan SJ, Johnson DH. Near-complete vision recovery from bilateral serous retinal detachment associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. BMJ Case Rep. 2022, Feb;15(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-244030.
Sheth KJ, Swick HM, Haworth N. Neurological involvement in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1986, Jan;19(1):90–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410190120.
Ruggenenti P, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Kidney Int. 2001, Sep;60(3):831–46. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060003831.x.
Sturm V, Menke MN, Landau K, Laube GF, Neuhaus TJ. Ocular involvement in paediatric haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010, Nov;88(7):804–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01552.x.
Loudon SE, Dorresteijn EM, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Verdijk RM, Simonsz HJ, Jansen AJG. Blinded by shiga toxin-producing O104 escherichia coli and hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Pediatr. 2014, Aug;165(2):410–410.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.04.008.
Смирнова ТВ, Козловская НЛ, Шелудченко ВМ. Глазные проявления первичной тромботической микроангиопатии. 2021.
Page MJ, et al. The prisma 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4.
Ma LL, Wang YY, Yang ZH, Huang D, Weng H, Zeng XT. Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better? Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8.
Lo CK-L, Mertz D, Loeb M. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014, Apr;14:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-45.
Stefani FH, Brandt F, Pielsticker K. Periarteritis nodosa and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with serous retinal detachment in siblings. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978, Jun;62(6):402–07. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.62.6.402.
Wyszynski RE, Frank KE, Grossniklaus HE. Bilateral retinal detachments in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol = Albr von Graefes Arch fur Klin und Exp Ophthalmol. 1988;226(6):501–04. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02169195.
Tajunisah I, Patel DK, Subrayan V. Purtscher retinopathy as an initial presentation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2010, Jul;30(1):112–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-009-0399-y.
Williams PJ, Pearce WA, Smith JM, Robinson J. Profound visual recovery at 16 months after resolution of serous retinal detachments secondary to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: case report and literature review. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2021, Jan;15(1):18–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000727.
Ustaoğlu M, Önder F, Solmaz N, Öztürk S, Ayer M. Purtscher-like retinopathy associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017, Dec;47(6):348–50. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.66502.
Siegler RL, Brewer ED, Swartz M. Ocular involvement in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr. 1988, Apr;112(4):594–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80178-1.
Slusher MM, Pugh HP, Hackel RP. Bilateral serous retinal detachment in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Ophthalmol (Chic, Ill. 1960), 1990 May;108(5):744–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1990.01070070130050.
Sandhu H, Vavvas D. Bilateral tractional retinal detachment in a patient with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J AAPOS Off Publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2015, Oct;19(5):484–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.05.017.
Sampo M, Yin GHW, Hoffart L, Denis D, Soler V, Matonti F. Exudative retinal detachment treatment in a patient with thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2016;7(1):90–95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444291.
Santamaría Álvarez JF, Serret Camps A, Aguayo Alvarez J, García García O. Optic coherence tomography angiography follow-up in a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy due to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020, May;30(3):NP14–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672119833277.
Ramos de Carvalho JE, Schlingemann RO, Oranje M, Bemelman FJ, van Schooneveld MJ. Reversal of threatening blindness after initiation of eculizumab in Purtscher-like retinopathy secondary to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 2018, Feb;38(1):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-017-0470-1.
Nagai T, Hasegawa O, Tuji A, Kamiyama Y, Honda M, Ito H. Pituitary hemorrhage in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1992;8(1):75–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-8994(92)90059-8.
Nanayakkara P, Gans RO, Reichert-Thoen J, Ter W. Pm. Serous retinal detachment as an early presentation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Intern Med. 2000, Oct;11(5):286–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(00)00109-6.
Mishra AV, Cadieux DC, Gjerde H, Lewis DR. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis secondary to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cornea. 2020, Nov;39(11):1431–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002317.
Lin I-H, Chen Y-J, Chang P-Y, Hsiao P-W, Weng T-H, Chang Y-H. Bilateral proliferative retinopathy and ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a case report. Med (baltim), vol. 2019, Sep;98(39):e17232. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017232.
Ong T, Nolan W, Jagger J. Purtscher-like retinopathy as an initial presentation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report. Eye (lond, Engl). 2005, Mar;19(3. England, pp. 359–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701491.
Larakeb A, et al. Ocular involvement in hemolytic uremic syndrome due to factor H deficiency–are there therapeutic consequences? Pediatr Nephrol. 2007, Nov;22(11):1967–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0540-0.
Lambert SR, High KA, Cotlier E, Benz EJJ. Serous retinal detachments in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Ophthalmol (Chic, Ill. 1960 1985, Aug;103(8):1172–74. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1985.01050080084026.
Harris JA, Friedman MT, Varma M. Unilateral serous retinal detachment in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Clin Apher. 2008;23(3):116–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jca.20165.
Geraissate JCÁ, Yamamoto RE, Isaac DLC, de Ávila MP. Hemorrhagic retinopathy in an infant with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2014;77(6):397–99. https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20140099.
Chodnicki KD, Brodsky MC, Olsen TW. Pigmented macular lesion in a child. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019, Sep;137(9):1076–77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.1659.
González DP, Iglicki M, Svetitsky S, Bar-On Y, Habot-Wilner Z, Zur D. Occlusive retinal vasculopathy with macular branch retinal artery occlusion as a leading sign of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome – a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021, Jan;21(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-021-01820-x.
Spizzirri AP, et al. Ocular involvement in STEC-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2022, Nov;37(11):2699–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-022-05587-1.
Costa JR, Krause M, Friedman E, D’Amico DJ. Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001, May;131(5):669–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00875-8.
Corgier-Pattberg A, Beylerian M, Clave S, Cailliez M, Testud B, Desnous B. Threatening blindness in a child with typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2021, Sep;122:35–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.06.008.
Catón B, Díaz de Otazu R, Aldamiz-Echebarria M, Viguri A. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome with thrombotic microangiopathy of the retina following cytomegalovirus infection: postmortem findings. Postgrad Med J. 1993, Aug;69(814):653–55. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.69.814.653.
Benvenuto F, Guillen S, Marchiscio L, Falbo J, Fandiño A. Purtscher-like retinopathy in a paediatric patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome: a case report and literature review. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2021, Nov;96(11):607–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftale.2020.10.007.
Power MH, Regillo MC, Custis PH. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with purtscher retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol (Chic, Ill. 1960), 1997 Jan;115(1):128–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150130030.
Patel MR, Bains AK, O’Hara JP, Kallab AM, Marcus DM. Purtscher retinopathy as the initial sign of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol (Chic, Ill. 1960), 2001 Sep;119(9):1388–89. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.9.1388.
Agarwal A, Ram J. Pan-ocular hemorrhage in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol. 2014;99(5):527–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-014-1569-z.
Bandara AGNMK, Matthias AT. Retinal involvement in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020, Nov;20(1):456. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01719-z.
Efthymiou M, et al. Comparison of real world and core laboratory lupus anticoagulant results from the Antiphospholipid syndrome Alliance for clinical trials and international networking (aps action) clinical database and repository. J Thromb Haemost. 2019, Dec;17(12):2069–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14596.
Melton RC, Spaide RF. Visual problems as a presenting sign of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Retina. 1996;16(1):78–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199616010-00016.
Miguel AIM, Henriques F, Azevedo LFR, Loureiro AJR, Maberley DAL. Systematic review of Purtscher’s and Purtscher-like retinopathies. Eye (Lond), vol. 2013 Jan;27(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.222.
Serhan HA, et al. Purtscher’s and Purtscher-like retinopathy etiology, features, management, and outcomes: a summative systematic review of 168 cases. PLoS One. 2024;19(9):e0306473. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306473.
David R, Hochberg-Klein S, Amer R. Resolution of ocular involvement with systemic eculizumab therapy in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Eye (lond, Engl). 2013, Aug;27(8). England, pp. 997–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.111.
Zheng X, Gorovoy IR, Mao J, Jin J, Chen X, Cui QN. Recurrent ocular involvement in pediatric atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014 Oct;51:pp. e 62–5. https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20140923-03.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The prisma 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.