Diseases GBD, Injuries C. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10258):1204–22.
Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1):142.
Moro-Garcia MA, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Alonso-Arias R. Influence of inflammation in the process of T lymphocyte differentiation: proliferative, metabolic, and oxidative changes. Front Immunol. 2018;9:339.
Castanheira FVS, Kubes P. Neutrophils and NETs in modulating acute and chronic inflammation. Blood. 2019;133(20):2178–85.
Cao X, Zhu Q, Xia X, Yao B, Liang S, Chen Z, et al. The correlation between novel peripheral blood cell ratios and 90-day mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8): e0238312.
Ma F, Li L, Xu L, Wu J, Zhang A, Liao J, et al. The relationship between systemic inflammation index, systemic immune-inflammatory index, and inflammatory prognostic index and 90-day outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. J Neuroinflamm. 2023;20(1):220.
Zhang A, Zhu Y, Liao J, Wu D, Yan X, Chen J, et al. The association of systemic inflammatory response index and neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio mediated by fasting blood glucose with 90-day prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neuroepidemiology. 2024;15:1–12.
Zhang T, Fu S, Cao X, Xia Y, Hu M, Feng Q, et al. Correlation of peripheral blood inflammatory indicators to prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective study. Int J Gen Med. 2024;17:985–96.
Kelly PJ, Lemmens R, Tsivgoulis G. Inflammation and stroke risk: a new target for prevention. Stroke. 2021;52(8):2697–706.
Deftereos SG, Beerkens FJ, Shah B, Giannopoulos G, Vrachatis DA, Giotaki SG, et al. Colchicine in Cardiovascular Disease: In-Depth Review. Circulation. 2022;145(1):61–78.
Celikbilek A, Ismailogullari S, Zararsiz G. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Clin Lab Anal. 2014;28(1):27–31.
Giede-Jeppe A, Reichl J, Sprugel MI, Lucking H, Hoelter P, Eyupoglu IY, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent predictor for unfavorable functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2019;132(2):400–7.
Quan K, Wang A, Zhang X, Meng X, Chen P, Li H, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(13):1047.
Jiang L, Cai X, Yao D, Jing J, Mei L, Yang Y, et al. Association of inflammatory markers with cerebral small vessel disease in community-based population. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):106.
Kim MS, Heo MY, Joo HJ, Shim GY, Chon J, Chung SJ, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of short-term functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):898.
Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11): e1001547.
Schulz R, Drayer RA, Rollman BL. Depression as a risk factor for non-suicide mortality in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):205–25.
Li H, Zheng D, Li Z, Wu Z, Feng W, Cao X, et al. Association of depressive symptoms with incident cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12): e1916591.
Harshfield EL, Pennells L, Schwartz JE, Willeit P, Kaptoge S, Bell S, et al. Association between depressive symptoms and incident cardiovascular diseases. JAMA. 2020;324(23):2396–405.
Xia W, Jiang H, Di H, Feng J, Meng X, Xu M, et al. Association between self-reported depression and risk of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality. J Affect Disord. 2022;15(299):353–8.
Dong JY, Zhang YH, Tong J, Qin LQ. Depression and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke. 2012;43(1):32–7.
Ashraf F, Mustafa MS, Shafique MA, Haseeb A, Mussarat A, Noorani A, et al. Association between depression and stroke risk in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2024;15: 1331300.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP. Inflammation: depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(11):1075–91.
Beurel E, Toups M, Nemeroff CB. The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble. Neuron. 2020;107(2):234–56.
Lamers F, Jonkers CC, Bosma H, Penninx BW, Knottnerus JA, van Eijk JT. Summed score of the patient health questionnaire-9 was a reliable and valid method for depression screening in chronically ill elderly patients. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(7):679–87.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.
Anrather J, Iadecola C. Inflammation and stroke: an overview. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):661–70.
Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, Eikelboom JW, Schut A, Opstal TSJ, et al. Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1838–47.
Stark K, Massberg S. Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(9):666–82.
Hermann DM, Kleinschnitz C, Gunzer M. Implications of polymorphonuclear neutrophils for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: predictive value, pathophysiological consequences and utility as therapeutic target. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;15(321):138–43.
Mohamud Yusuf A, Hagemann N, Ludewig P, Gunzer M, Hermann DM. Roles of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in ischemic brain injury and post-ischemic brain remodeling. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 825572.
Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Moore JP, Chan CT, Vinh A, et al. Immune cell infiltration in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: comparison with transient cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(3):450–9.
Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, et al. Immune cells in the BBB disruption after acute ischemic stroke: targets for immune therapy? Front Immunol. 2021;12: 678744.
Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Costantini C, Jaillon S. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(8):519–31.
Mayer-Barber KD, Barber DL. Innate and Adaptive Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(12):a018424.
Buonacera A, Stancanelli B, Colaci M, Malatino L. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: an emerging marker of the relationships between the immune system and diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3636.
Giede-Jeppe A, Madzar D, Sembill JA, Sprugel MI, Atay S, Hoelter P, et al. Increased neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio is associated with unfavorable functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Neurocrit Care. 2020;33(1):97–104.
Xue J, Huang W, Chen X, Li Q, Cai Z, Yu T, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a prognostic marker in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(3):650–7.
Bhat T, Teli S, Rijal J, Bhat H, Raza M, Khoueiry G, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;11(1):55–9.
Afari ME, Bhat T. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and cardiovascular diseases: an update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;14(5):573–7.
Adamstein NH, MacFadyen JG, Rose LM, Glynn RJ, Dey AK, Libby P, et al. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and incident atherosclerotic events: analyses from five contemporary randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(9):896–903.
Huguet E, Maccallini G, Pardini P, Hidalgo M, Obregon S, Botto F, et al. Reference values for neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, according to age and sex in a Latin American population. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100422.
Yu Y, Qian L, Cui J. Value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting lung cancer prognosis: a meta-analysis of 7219 patients. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017;7(3):498–506.
Haram A, Boland MR, Kelly ME, Bolger JC, Waldron RM, Kerin MJ. The prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. J Surg Oncol. 2017;115(4):470–9.
Zhu Q, Zhang Q, Chen C, Liu M, He Y, Zhao Y, et al. C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and long-term mortality in Chinese centenarians. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10): e2340307.
Bushnell C. Depression and the risk of stroke in women: an identification and treatment paradox. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2718–9.
Pan A, Okereke OI, Sun Q, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Willett WC, et al. Depression and incident stroke in women. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2770–5.
Murphy RP, Reddin C, Rosengren A, Judge C, Hankey GJ, Ferguson J, et al. Depressive symptoms and risk of acute stroke: INTERSTROKE case-control study. Neurology. 2023;100(17):e1787–98.
Nilsson FM, Kessing LV. Increased risk of developing stroke for patients with major affective disorder–a registry study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254(6):387–91.
Malach M, Imperato PJ. Depression and acute myocardial infarction. Prev Cardiol. 2004;7(2):83–90.
Meng R, Yu C, Liu N, He M, Lv J, Guo Y, et al. Association of depression with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among adults in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2): e1921043.
Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, Rexrode KM, Hu FB. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011;306(11):1241–9.
Lawes S, Demakakos P, Steptoe A, Lewis G, Carvalho LA. Combined influence of depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: evidence for differential effects by gender in the English longitudinal study of ageing. Psychol Med. 2019;49(9):1521–31.
Knezevic E, Nenic K, Milanovic V, Knezevic NN. The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders. Cells. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12232726.
Peverelli E, Catalano R, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Morelli V, Ronchi CL, et al. Cofilin is a cAMP effector in mediating actin cytoskeleton reorganization and steroidogenesis in mouse and human adrenocortical tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 2017;10(406):54–63.
Hassamal S. Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1130989.
Zhong S, Li L, Shen X, Li Q, Xu W, Wang X, et al. An update on lipid oxidation and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;20(144):266–78.
Braidy N, Grant R. Kynurenine pathway metabolism and neuroinflammatory disease. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(1):39–42.
Kondo T, Okada Y, Shizuya S, Yamaguchi N, Hatakeyama S, Maruyama K. Neuroimmune modulation by tryptophan derivatives in neurological and inflammatory disorders. Eur J Cell Biol. 2024;103(2): 151418.
Cheiran Pereira G, Piton E, Moreira Dos Santos B, Ramanzini LG, Muniz Camargo LF, Menezes da Silva R, et al. Microglia and HPA axis in depression: an overview of participation and relationship. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022;23(3):165–82.
Choudhary A, Kumar A, Jindal M, Rhuthuparna M, Munshi A. Microrna signatures in neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation and neurotransmission in association with depression. J Physiol Biochem. 2025;81(1):85–97.
Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):131.
Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Michelongona A, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Vulnerable plaque and inflammation: potential clinical strategies. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(37):4190–209.
Tuttolomondo A, Daidone M, Pinto A. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in ischemic stroke pathogenesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(34):4209–19.
Slavich GM, Irwin MR. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(3):774–815.
Walther A, Mackens-Kiani A, Eder J, Herbig M, Herold C, Kirschbaum C, et al. Depressive disorders are associated with increased peripheral blood cell deformability: a cross-sectional case-control study (Mood-Morph). Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):150.
Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(9):732–41.
Conti P, Lauritano D, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, et al. Microglia and mast cells generate proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and worsen inflammatory state: suppressor effect of IL-37. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;15(875): 173035.
Ting EY, Yang AC, Tsai SJ. Role of interleukin-6 in depressive disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6):2194.