Irion, U. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. Developmental genetics with model organisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2122148119 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Liberali, P. & Schier, A. F. The evolution of developmental biology through conceptual and technological revolutions. Cell 187, 3461–3495 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hilgers, L. & Schwarzer, J. The untapped potential of medaka and its wild relatives. eLife 8, e46994 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Boos, F., Chen, J. & Brunet, A. The African turquoise killifish: a scalable vertebrate model for aging and other complex phenotypes. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2024, 107737 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Nagy, B. & Watters, B. R. A review of the conservation status of seasonal Nothobranchius fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), a genus with a high level of threat, inhabiting ephemeral wetland habitats in Africa. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 32, 199–216 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Salzburger, W. Understanding explosive diversification through cichlid fish genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 19, 705–717 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Quah, F. X. et al. Lake Malawi cichlid pangenome graph reveals extensive structural variation driven by transposable elements. Genome Res. 35, 1094–1107 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Du, K. et al. Phylogenomic analyses of all species of swordtail fishes (genus Xiphophorus) show that hybridization preceded speciation. Nat. Commun. 15, 6609 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M. & Johnson, S. L. Zebrafish hybrids suggest genetic mechanisms for pigment pattern diversification in Danio. Dev. Genes Evol. 211, 319–328 (2001).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M. Advancing biology through a deeper understanding of zebrafish ecology and evolution. eLife 4, e05635 (2015).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Bass, A. H. & Perelmuter, J. T. Danionella fishes. Nat. Methods 21, 1767–1769 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Tang, K. L. et al. Systematics of the subfamily Danioninae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 57, 189–214 (2010).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

McCluskey, B. M. & Postlethwait, J. H. Phylogeny of zebrafish, a “model species,” within Danio, a “model genus”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 635–652 (2015).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

McCluskey, B. M., Batzel, P. & Postlethwait, J. H. The hybrid history of zebrafish. G3 15, jkae299 (2025). Phylogenomic analyses reveal that zebrafish have a hybrid evolutionary origin involving ancient gene flow between distinct Danio lineages.

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, J. et al. Genomic and genetic insights into speciation and pigment pattern diversification in Danio fishes. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682988 (2025).

Sudasinghe, H. et al. Phylogenomics of Cypriniformes, the most diverse order of freshwater fishes: consensus, challenges and limitations. Preprint at bioRxiv 10.64898/2026.01.14.699467 (2026). This preprint provides a phylogenomic framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Cypriniformes.

Sudasinghe, H. et al. Convergent genome streamlining accompanies independent miniaturization in the world’s smallest fishes. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.20.719654 (2026).

Howe, K. et al. The genome sequence of the zebra danio, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (Cypriniformes: Danionidae). Wellcome Open Res. 10, 330 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ruber, L. et al. The genome sequence of the Dracula fish, Danionella dracula (Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2009). Wellcome Open Res. 9, 194 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Howe, K. et al. The chromosome-level genome sequences of Danio rerio strains AB, Nadia and Cooch Behar. Wellcome Open Res. 10, 559 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Howe, K. et al. The genome sequence of the Panther Danio, Danio aesculapii Kullander & Fang, 2009. Wellcome Open Res. 10, 560 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Howe, K. et al. The genome sequence of the orange-finned danio, Danio kyathit Fang, 1998. Wellcome Open Res. 10, 584 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Okendo, J. et al. Complete de novo assembly and re-annotation of the zebrafish genome. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.17.688901 (2025).

Howe, K. et al. The genome sequences of Danio albolineatus (Blyth, 1860), Danio choprai Hora, 1928, Danio jaintianensis (Sen, 2007) and Danio tinwini [Kullander & Fang], 2009. Wellcome Open Res. 10, 642 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Howe, K. et al. A trio-binned, haplotype-resolved genome sequence of the zebrafish, Danio rerio Hamilton 1822, SAT strain. Wellcome Open Res. 10, 682 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Huang, D. et al. Graded BMP signals modulate yellow and red color in fishes, impacting adult pigment patterns and conspecific shoaling behavior. Curr. Biol. 36, 2127–2136 (2026).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Dewar, A. E., Belcher, L. J. & West, S. A. A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 26, 395–405 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Tatarsky, R. L. et al. Acoustic and postural displays in a miniature and transparent teleost fish, Danionella dracula. J. Exp. Biol. 225, jeb244585 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Cook, V. et al. Ultrafast sound production mechanism in one of the smallest vertebrates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2314017121 (2024). The authors uncover an ultrafast biomechanical mechanism enabling sound production in Danionella cerebrum.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Groneberg, A. H., Dressler, L. E., Kadobianskyi, M., Muller, J. & Judkewitz, B. Development of sound production in Danionella cerebrum. J. Exp. Biol. 227, jeb247782 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Veith, J. et al. The mechanism for directional hearing in fish. Nature 631, 118–124 (2024). This study identifies the mechanistic basis of directional hearing in Danionella cerebrum.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Patterson, L. B. & Parichy, D. M. Zebrafish pigment pattern formation: insights into the development and evolution of adult form. Annu. Rev. Genet. 53, 505–530 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Irion, U. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. The identification of genes involved in the evolution of color patterns in fish. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 57, 31–38 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M. Evolution of pigment cells and patterns: recent insights from teleost fishes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 69, 88–96 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Meyer, A., Biermann, C. H. & Orti, G. The phylogenetic position of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model system in developmental biology: an invitation to the comparative method. Proc. Biol. Sci. 252, 231–236 (1993).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Dehal, P. & Boore, J. L. Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate. PLoS Biol. 3, e314 (2005).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Amores, A. et al. Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution. Science 282, 1711–1714 (1998).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Jaillon, O. et al. Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature 431, 946–957 (2004).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Pasquier, J. et al. Evolution of gene expression after whole-genome duplication: new insights from the spotted gar genome. J. Exp. Zool. B 328, 709–721 (2017).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Braasch, I. et al. The spotted gar genome illuminates vertebrate evolution and facilitates human-teleost comparisons. Nat. Genet. 48, 427–437 (2016).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Thompson, A. W. et al. The bowfin genome illuminates the developmental evolution of ray-finned fishes. Nat. Genet. 53, 1373–1384 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Ravi, V. & Venkatesh, B. The divergent genomes of teleosts. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 6, 47–68 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Nelson, J. S. Fishes of the World 4th edn (Wiley, 2006).

Parey, E. et al. Genome structures resolve the early diversification of teleost fishes. Science 379, 572–575 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ruber, L., Kottelat, M., Tan, H. H., Ng, P. K. & Britz, R. Evolution of miniaturization and the phylogenetic position of Paedocypris, comprising the world’s smallest vertebrate. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 38 (2007).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Schumer, M., Rosenthal, G. G. & Andolfatto, P. How common is homoploid hybrid speciation? Evolution 68, 1553–1560 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bolnick, D. I. et al. Evolutionary Immunology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 56, 27–51 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Boehm, T. Understanding vertebrate immunity through comparative immunology. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 25, 141–152 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Teasdale, L. C. et al. Pangenomic context reveals the extent of intraspecific plant NLR evolution. Cell Host Microbe 33, 1291–1305 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Schafer, Y. et al. Copy number variation and population-specific immune genes in the model vertebrate zebrafish. eLife 13, e98058 (2024). The paper shows that extensive copy number variation contributes to population-specific immune gene diversity in wild and laboratory zebrafish strains.

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Suurvali, J. et al. The laboratory domestication of zebrafish: from diverse populations to inbred substrains. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 1056–1069 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Masternak, K. et al. CIITA is a transcriptional coactivator that is recruited to MHC class II promoters by multiple synergistic interactions with an enhanceosome complex. Genes Dev. 14, 1156–1166 (2000).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Graser, R., O’HUigin, C., Vincek, V., Meyer, A. & Klein, J. Trans-species polymorphism of class II Mhc loci in danio fishes. Immunogenetics 44, 36–48 (1996).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bao, L. S. & Xia, J. L. Global analysis of transcriptome sequences highlights accelerated evolution of immune genes in Danio choprae and Danio albolineatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 66, 390–397 (2017).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Backhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Camp, J. G., Jazwa, A. L., Trent, C. M. & Rawls, J. F. Intronic cis-regulatory modules mediate tissue-specific and microbial control of angptl4/fiaf transcription. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002585 (2012).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hartwig, J. et al. Temporal control over the initiation of cell motility by a regulator of G-protein signaling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 11389–11394 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hansen, C. L. & Pelegri, F. Primordial germ cell specification in vertebrate embryos: phylogenetic distribution and conserved molecular features of preformation and induction. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 730332 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hansen, C. L., Chamberlain, T. J., Trevena, R. L., Kurek, J. E. & Pelegri, F. Conserved germ plasm characteristics across the Danio and Devario lineages. Genesis 59, e23452 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kitano, J., Ansai, S., Takehana, Y. & Yamamoto, Y. Diversity and convergence of sex-determination mechanisms in teleost fish. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 12, 233–259 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wilson, C. A. et al. Wild sex in zebrafish: loss of the natural sex determinant in domesticated strains. Genetics 198, 1291–1308 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Wilson, C. A., Batzel, P. & Postlethwait, J. H. Direct male development in chromosomally ZZ zebrafish. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 1362228 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Wilson, C. A. & Postlethwait, J. H. A maternal-to-zygotic-transition gene block on the zebrafish sex chromosome. G3 14, jkae050 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Liew, W. C. et al. Polygenic sex determination system in zebrafish. PLoS ONE 7, e34397 (2012).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Trevena, R. L., Veire, B. M., Chamberlain, T. J., Moravec, C. E. & Pelegri, F. Embryonic lethality, juvenile growth variation, and adult sterility correlate with phylogenetic distance of danionin hybrids. Evol. Dev. 27, e12495 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Endoh, M. et al. Hybrid between Danio rerio female and Danio nigrofasciatus male produces aneuploid sperm with limited fertilization capacity. PLoS ONE 15, e0233885 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Saito, T., Goto-Kazeto, R., Arai, K. & Yamaha, E. Xenogenesis in teleost fish through generation of germ-line chimeras by single primordial germ cell transplantation. Biol. Reprod. 78, 159–166 (2008).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wong, T. T., Saito, T., Crodian, J. & Collodi, P. Zebrafish germline chimeras produced by transplantation of ovarian germ cells into sterile host larvae. Biol. Reprod. 84, 1190–1197 (2011).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, X. et al. Induced formation of primordial germ cells from zebrafish blastomeres by germplasm factors. Nat. Commun. 14, 7918 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Presgraves, D. C. The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 175–180 (2010).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Frayer, M. E., Robles, N. V., Rodriguez-Barrera, M. J., Coughlan, J. M. & Schumer, M. The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation revisited. Trends Genet. 41, 1068–1095 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kullander, S. O., Rahman, M. M., Noren, M. & Mollah, A. R. Devario in Bangladesh: species diversity, sibling species, and introgression within danionin cyprinids (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae). PLoS ONE 12, e0186895 (2017).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Podobnik, M. et al. kcnj13 regulates pigment cell shapes in zebrafish and has diverged by cis-regulatory evolution between Danio species. Development 150, dev201627 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Delomas, T. A. & Dabrowski, K. Asymmetric viability in reciprocal crosses of zebrafish Danio rerio and pearl danio Danio albolineatus. J. Fish Biol. 100, 10–14 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B. & Schilling, T. F. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 203, 253–310 (1995).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M., Elizondo, M. R., Mills, M. G., Gordon, T. N. & Engeszer, R. E. Normal table of postembryonic zebrafish development: staging by externally visible anatomy of the living fish. Dev. Dyn. 238, 2975–3015 (2009).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Britz, R., Conway, K. W. & Ruber, L. Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp. Proc. Biol. Sci. 276, 2179–2186 (2009).

PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Britz, R., Conway, K. W. & Ruber, L. The emerging vertebrate model species for neurophysiological studies is Danionella cerebrum, new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Sci. Rep. 11, 18942 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Conway, K. W., K, M. K. & Britz, R. Extreme evolutionary shifts in developmental timing establish the miniature Danionella as a novel model in the neurosciences. Dev. Dyn. 250, 601–611 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Meyer, B. M., Froehlich, J. M., Galt, N. J. & Biga, P. R. Inbred strains of zebrafish exhibit variation in growth performance and myostatin expression following fasting. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 164, 1–9 (2013).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Gurevich, D. B. et al. Asymmetric division of clonal muscle stem cells coordinates muscle regeneration in vivo. Science 353, aad9969 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Nguyen, P. D. et al. Muscle stem cells undergo extensive clonal drift during tissue growth via Meox1-mediated induction of G2 cell-cycle arrest. Cell Stem Cell 21, 107–119 (2017).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ratnayake, D. et al. Macrophages provide a transient muscle stem cell niche via NAMPT secretion. Nature 591, 281–287 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, Y., Ruparelia, A. A. & Currie, P. D. Zebrafish: lessons and insights into skeletal muscle research. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 17, a041515 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, Y. et al. Divergence in skeletal muscle growth by differential spatial hyperplastic patterning in teleost fishes. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.23.707519 (2026). This preprint shows that evolutionary divergence in skeletal muscle growth is associated with species-specific spatial patterns of muscle fibre hyperplasia in zebrafish, Devario malabaricus and Danionella cerebrum.

Jagot, S. et al. Distinct muscle stem cell fates correlated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy during skeletal muscle growth in rainbow trout. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.28.702282 (2026).

Cuthill, I. C. et al. The biology of color. Science 357, aan0221 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Braasch, I., Brunet, F., Volff, J. N. & Schartl, M. Pigmentation pathway evolution after whole-genome duplication in fish. Genome Biol. Evol. 1, 479–493 (2009).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lorin, T., Brunet, F. G., Laudet, V. & Volff, J. N. Teleost fish-specific preferential retention of pigmentation gene-containing families after whole genome duplications in vertebrates. G3 8, 1795–1806 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Force, A., Lynch, M., Pickett F. B., Amores, A., Yan, Y. L. & Postlethwait, J. Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations. Genetics 4, 1531–1545 (1999).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Mills, M. G., Nuckels, R. J. & Parichy, D. M. Deconstructing evolution of adult phenotypes: genetic analyses of kit reveal homology and evolutionary novelty during adult pigment pattern development of Danio fishes. Development 134, 1081–1090 (2007).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

McCluskey, B. M., Liang, Y., Lewis, V. M., Patterson, L. B. & Parichy, D. M. Pigment pattern morphospace of Danio fishes: evolutionary diversification and mutational effects. Biol. Open 10, bio058814 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Patterson, L. B., Bain, E. J. & Parichy, D. M. Pigment cell interactions and differential xanthophore recruitment underlying zebrafish stripe reiteration and Danio pattern evolution. Nat. Commun. 5, 5299 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Spiewak, J. E. et al. Evolution of Endothelin signaling and diversification of adult pigment pattern in Danio fishes. PLoS Genet. 14, e1007538 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Irion, U., Singh, A. P. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. The developmental genetics of vertebrate color pattern formation: lessons from zebrafish. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 117, 141–169 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Toomey, M. B. et al. A mechanism for red coloration in vertebrates. Curr. Biol. 32, 4201–4214 (2022). This paper identifies a biochemical mechanism underlying red coloration that is conserved between Danio albolineatus and several bird species.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Huang, D. et al. Development and genetics of red coloration in the zebrafish relative Danio albolineatus. eLife 10, e70253 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Podobnik, M. et al. Evolution of the potassium channel gene kcnj13 underlies colour pattern diversification in Danio fish. Nat. Commun. 11, 6230 (2020). This study provides evidence for repeated and independent divergence of potassium channel gene functions during pigment pattern diversification.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

McCluskey, B. M., Uji, S., Mancusi, J. L., Postlethwait, J. H. & Parichy, D. M. A complex genetic architecture in zebrafish relatives Danio quagga and D. kyathit underlies development of stripes and spots. PLoS Genet. 17, e1009364 (2021). The paper reveals that complex genetic architectures underlie stripe and spot pattern differences in closely related Danio species.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Quigley, I. K. et al. Pigment pattern evolution by differential deployment of neural crest and post-embryonic melanophore lineages in Danio fishes. Development 131, 6053–6069 (2004).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Quigley, I. K. et al. Evolutionary diversification of pigment pattern in Danio fishes: differential fms dependence and stripe loss in D. albolineatus. Development 132, 89–104 (2005).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Stern, D. L. Identification of loci that cause phenotypic variation in diverse species with the reciprocal hemizygosity test. Trends Genet. 30, 547–554 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Dorner, L., Stratmann, B., Bader, L., Podobnik, M. & Irion, U. Efficient genome editing using modified Cas9 proteins in zebrafish. Biol. Open 13, bio060401 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Klann, M. et al. Cell-cell communication as underlying principle governing color pattern formation in teleost fishes. Nat. Commun. 17, 2899 (2026). This study corroborates the existence of hotspot genes for pigment pattern diversification in teleost fishes.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Elkin, J., Martin, A., Courtier-Orgogozo, V. & Santos, M. E. Analysis of the genetic loci of pigment pattern evolution in vertebrates. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 98, 1250–1277 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Stern, D. L. & Orgogozo, V. Is genetic evolution predictable? Science 323, 746–751 (2009).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Courtier-Orgogozo, V. & Martin, A. The coding loci of evolution and domestication: current knowledge and implications for bio-inspired genome editing. J. Exp. Biol. 223, jeb208934 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Orteu, A. & Jiggins, C. D. The genomics of coloration provides insights into adaptive evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 21, 461–475 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Poss, K. D. & Tanaka, E. M. Hallmarks of regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 31, 1244–1261 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Bangru, S., Diegmiller, R., Di Talia, S. & Poss, K. D. Signal control during tissue regeneration in adult animals. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 27, 316–335 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lekkos, K. et al. Oxidative phosphorylation is required for cardiomyocyte re-differentiation and long-term fish heart regeneration. Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 4, 1363–1380 (2025). This study uses intra-species and inter-species data to reveal oxidative phosphorylation as essential for cardiomyocyte re-differentiation and sustained heart regeneration in zebrafish.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Begeman, I. J. et al. Decoding an organ regeneration switch by dissecting cardiac regeneration enhancers. Development 147, dev194019 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lafontant, P. J. et al. The giant danio (D. aequipinnatus) as a model of cardiac remodeling and regeneration. Anat. Rec. 295, 234–248 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Schulze, L. et al. Transparent Danionella translucida as a genetically tractable vertebrate brain model. Nat. Methods 15, 977–983 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ruetten, V. M. S. et al. Imaging cellular activity across all organs reveals body-wide circuits. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10979-6 (2026). This preprint demonstrates the feasibility of live imaging of calcium flux at the whole-body scale in the adult Danionella cerebrum.

Misyuk, M. et al. In vivo imaging of central nervous system regeneration using Danionella cerebrum. Neural Regen. Res. https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00948 (2026).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Atabay, K. D. et al. Whole-body single-cell atlas of an adult vertebrate in homeostasis and regeneration. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.03.703562 (2026). This preprint presents a spatially resolved whole-body single-cell atlas of adult Danionella cerebrum.

Lam, P. Y. Longitudinal in vivo imaging of adult Danionella cerebrum using standard confocal microscopy. Dis. Models Mech. 15, dmm049753 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Munos, J. A. & Lam, P. Y. Calcium signaling in macrophages during a wound response in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 27, ijms27104463 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Engert, F. Social behavior: a tiny fish with prodigious skills. Curr. Biol. 35, R62–R64 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Perelmuter, J. T. & Bass, A. H. Comparative neuroscience: a tale of two fishes. Curr. Biol. 35, R667–R669 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Rajan, G. et al. Evolutionary divergence of locomotion in two related vertebrate species. Cell Rep. 38, 110585 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Fouke, K. E., He, Z., Loring, M. D. & Naumann, E. A. Neural circuits underlying divergent visuomotor strategies of zebrafish and Danionella cerebrum. Curr. Biol. 35, 2457–2466 (2025). This study shows that distinct neural circuit architectures underlie different visuomotor strategies between two danionin species.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Demarchi, L. et al. Logarithmic coding leads to adaptive stabilization in the presence of sensorimotor delays. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2510385122 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zada, D. et al. Development of neural circuits for social motion perception in schooling fish. Curr. Biol. 34, 3380–3391 (2024). The study maps how neural circuits develop to support social motion perception in schooling Danionella cerebrum.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Penalva-Tena, A. et al. Oxytocin-mediated social preference and socially reinforced reward learning in the miniature fish Danionella cerebrum. Curr. Biol. 35, 363–372 (2025). This study demonstrates that oxytocin signalling mediates social behaviour in Danionella cerebrum.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zada, D., Kadobianskyi, M., Judkewitz, B. & Lovett-Barron, M. Convergent thyroid-ATPase interactions regulate collective behavior in Danionella. Cell Rep. 45, 116730 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Yu, J. H., Milan, J., Meyerhof, G. T., Napoli, J. L. & Lovett-Barron, M. Neuronal detection of social actions directs collective escape behavior. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.24.678087 (2025).

Kadobianskyi, M. et al. Multimodal reference brain atlas of adult Danionella cerebrum. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.09.710483 (2026).

Henninger, J. et al. Brain-wide hierarchical and sexually dimorphic tuning for social vocalizations. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.04.709502 (2026).

Drew, R. E. et al. Brain transcriptome variation among behaviorally distinct strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genom. 13, 323 (2012).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Chow, D. M. et al. Deep three-photon imaging of the brain in intact adult zebrafish. Nat. Methods 17, 605–608 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Akbari, N. et al. Whole-brain optical access in a small adult vertebrate with two- and three-photon microscopy. iScience 25, 105191 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hoffmann, M., Henninger, J., Veith, J., Richter, L. & Judkewitz, B. Blazed oblique plane microscopy reveals scale-invariant inference of brain-wide population activity. Nat. Commun. 14, 8019 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Akbari, N. et al. Label-free, whole-brain in vivo mapping in an adult vertebrate with third harmonic generation microscopy. J. Comp. Neurol. 532, e25614 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Beketova, Z. Transparent fish takes center stage in $1 billion neuroscience initiative. Science 393, 18–19 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kullander, S. O. & Fang, F. Danio aesculapii, a new species of danio from south-western Myanmar (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 2164, 41–48 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fang, F. Danio kyathit, a new species of cyprinid fish from Myitkyina, northern Myanmar. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 8, 273–280 (1998).


Google Scholar
 

Kullander, S. O. & Fang, F. Danio tinwini, a new species of spotted danio from northern Myanmar (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 20, 223 (2009).


Google Scholar
 

Kullander, S. O. Description of Danio flagrans, and redescription of D. choprae, two closely related species from the Ayeyarwaddy River drainage in northern Myanmar (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 23, 245 (2012).


Google Scholar
 

Kadobianskyi, M., Schulze, L., Schuelke, M. & Judkewitz, B. Hybrid genome assembly and annotation of Danionella translucida. Sci. Data 6, 156 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Biga, P. R. & Goetz, F. W. Zebrafish and giant danio as models for muscle growth: determinate vs. indeterminate growth as determined by morphometric analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291, R1327–R1337 (2006).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Froehlich, J. M., Fowler, Z. G., Galt, N. J., Smith, D. L. Jr. & Biga, P. R. Sarcopenia and piscines: the case for indeterminate-growing fish as unique genetic model organisms in aging and longevity research. Front. Genet. 4, 159 (2013).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Poling, K. R. & Brunjes, P. C. Sensory deafferentation and olfactory bulb morphology in the zebrafish and related species. Brain Res. 856, 135–141 (2000).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Folgueira, M. & Clarke, J. D. W. Telencephalic eversion in embryos and early larvae of four teleost species. Evol. Dev. 26, e12474 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Nelson, H. M. et al. Structure, development, and functional morphology of the cement gland of the giant danio, Devario malabaricus. Dev. Dyn. 248, 1155–1174 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kaneko, G. et al. Diversity of lipid distribution in fish skeletal muscle. Zool. Sci. 33, 170–178 (2016).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Shifatu, O. et al. Heart development, coronary vascularization and ventricular maturation in a giant danio (Devario malabaricus). J. Dev. Biol. 6, jdb6030019 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, Y. et al. Thyroid hormone coordinates developmental trajectories but does not underlie developmental truncation in danionins. Dev. Dyn. 248, 1144–1154 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Wong, K. Y., Adolph, A. R. & Dowling, J. E. Retinal bipolar cell input mechanisms in giant danio. I. Electroretinographic analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 84–93 (2005).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Biga, P. R. & Meyer, J. Growth hormone differentially regulates growth and growth-related gene expression in closely related fish species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 154, 465–473 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Froehlich, J. M., Galt, N. J., Charging, M. J., Meyer, B. M. & Biga, P. R. In vitro indeterminate teleost myogenesis appears to be dependent on Pax3. Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 49, 371–385 (2013).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Lewis, V. M. et al. Fate plasticity and reprogramming in genetically distinct populations of Danio leucophores. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 11806–11811 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Huang, D. et al. Agouti and BMP signaling drive a naturally occurring fate conversion of melanophores to leucophores in zebrafish. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2424180122 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Huang, D. et al. Cell type diversification and phenotype convergence underlying white fin-ornamentation of cyprinid fishes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 123, e2537571123 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Tatarsky, R. L., Akbari, N., Wang, K., Xu, C. & Bass, A. H. Label-free multiphoton imaging reveals volumetric shifts across development in sensory-related brain regions of a miniature transparent vertebrate. J. Comp. Neurol. 533, e70048 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Veith, J., Svanidze, A. & Judkewitz, B. An algorithm underlying directional hearing in fish. Curr. Biol. 36, 1435–1443 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zanon, M., Fraser, S. E. & Vallortigara, G. Numerical discrimination in Danionella. iScience 28, 113667 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

McMahon, D. G. & Mattson, M. P. Horizontal cell electrical coupling in the giant danio: synaptic modulation by dopamine and synaptic maintenance by calcium. Brain Res. 718, 89–96 (1996).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Palacios, A. G., Goldsmith, T. H. & Bernard, G. D. Sensitivity of cones from a cyprinid fish (Danio aequipinnatus) to ultraviolet and visible light. Vis. Neurosci. 13, 411–421 (1996).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Chicoli, A. et al. The effects of flow on schooling Devario aequipinnatus: school structure, startle response and information transmission. J. Fish Biol. 84, 1401–1421 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Mekdara, P. J., Schwalbe, M. A. B., Coughlin, L. L. & Tytell, E. D. The effects of lateral line ablation and regeneration in schooling giant danios. J. Exp. Biol. 221, jeb175166 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, Y., Ko, H., Calicchia, M. A., Ni, R. & Lauder, G. V. Collective movement of schooling fish reduces the costs of locomotion in turbulent conditions. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002501 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, Y. & Lauder, G. V. Energy conservation by collective movement in schooling fish. eLife 12, e90352 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tidswell, B. K., Veliko-Shapko, A. & Tytell, E. D. The role of vision and lateral line sensing for schooling in giant danios (Devario aequipinnatus). J. Exp. Biol. 227, jeb246887 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Engeszer, R. E., Wang, G., Ryan, M. J. & Parichy, D. M. Sex-specific perceptual spaces for a vertebrate basal social aggregative behavior. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 929–933 (2008).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Ko, H. et al. Beyond planar: fish schools adopt ladder formations in 3D. Sci. Rep. 15, 20249 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Coraggioso, M. et al. A sensorimotor instability drives a locomotor transition during fish development. Sci. Adv. 12, eaec6922 (2026).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rajan, G., Debregeas, G., Orger, M. B. & Del Bene, F. An analysis pipeline to compare explorative locomotion across fish species. STAR Protoc. 3, 101850 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Spence, R. & Smith, C. The role of early learning in determining shoaling preferences based on visual cues in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Ethology 113, 62–67 (2007).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rosenthal, G. G., Ryan & Michael, J. Assortative preferences for stripes in danios. Anim. Behav. 70, 1063–1066 (2005).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Choudhary, V. et al. Eye movement kinematics reveal novel circadian organization of sleep substates. Nat. Commun. 17, 4068 (2026). This study identifies sleep states that are conserved across zebrafish, Danio aesculapii and Danio nigrofasciatus.

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lindemann, N. et al. A comparative analysis of Danionella cerebrum and zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval locomotor activity in a light-dark test. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 16, 885775 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lee, T. J. & Briggman, K. L. Visually guided and context-dependent spatial navigation in the translucent fish Danionella cerebrum. Curr. Biol. 33, 5467–5477 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kumar, S. et al. TimeTree 5: an expanded resource for species divergence times. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39, msac174 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Braasch, I. et al. A new model army: emerging fish models to study the genomics of vertebrate Evo-Devo. J. Exp. Zool. B 324, 316–341 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M. Evolution of danio pigment pattern development. Heredity 97, 200–210 (2006).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Parichy, D. M. Homology and the evolution of novelty during Danio adult pigment pattern development. J. Exp. Zool. B 308, 578–590 (2007).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Nayak, R., Franek, R., Sindelka, R. & Psenicka, M. Enhancement of zebrafish sperm production via a large body-sized surrogate with germ cell transplantation. Commun. Biol. 6, 412 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Chernyavskaya, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J. & Blackburn, J. Long-read sequencing of the zebrafish genome reorganizes genomic architecture. BMC Genom. 23, 116 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Howe, K. et al. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. Nature 496, 498–503 (2013).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Mullins, M. C., Hammerschmidt, M., Haffter, P. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. Large-scale mutagenesis in the zebrafish: in search of genes controlling development in a vertebrate. Curr. Biol. 4, 189–202 (1994).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Irion, U., Krauss, J. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. Precise and efficient genome editing in zebrafish using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Development 141, 4827–4830 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kawakami, K. & Shima, A. Identification of the Tol2 transposase of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes that catalyzes excision of a nonautonomous Tol2 element in zebrafish Danio rerio. Gene 240, 239–244 (1999).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hwang, W. Y. et al. Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 227–229 (2013).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Meng, F. W. et al. TransTag enables simple and efficient transgene mapping in zebrafish via tagmentation. Cell Rep. Methods 5, 101090 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lalonde, R. L. et al. pIGLET: safe harbor landing sites for reproducible and efficient transgenesis in zebrafish. Sci. Adv. 10, eadn6603 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Moyer, A. J. et al. Genetic context of transgene insertion can influence neurodevelopment in zebrafish. Genetics 231, iyaf195 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rosello, M., Serafini, M., Concordet, J. P. & Del Bene, F. Precise mutagenesis in zebrafish using cytosine base editors. Nat. Protoc. 18, 2794–2813 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ono, Y. et al. Optimised genome editing for precise DNA insertion and substitution using prime editors in zebrafish. eLife 14, RP107475 (2026).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rajan, G., Duroure, K. & Del Bene, F. Danionella translucida, a tankful of new opportunities. In Laboratory Fish in Biomedical Research (eds D’angelo, L. & de Girolamo, P.) 409–418 (Elsevier, 2022).

Bradford, Y. M. et al. ZFIN updates to support zebrafish environmental exposure data. Genetics 229, iyaf021 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Cavalcante, L. D. S., Toner, M., Uygun, K. & Tessier, S. N. Leveraging the zebrafish to model organ transplantation. Curr. Opin. Organ Transpl. 24, 613–619 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Carmany-Rampey, A. & Moens, C. B. Modern mosaic analysis in the zebrafish. Methods 39, 228–238 (2006).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Demy, D. L. et al. Generating parabiotic zebrafish embryos for cell migration and homing studies. Nat. Methods 10, 256–258 (2013).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Page, D. M. et al. An evolutionarily conserved program of B-cell development and activation in zebrafish. Blood 122, e1–e11 (2013).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Costa, B. et al. Zebrafish Avatar-test forecasts clinical response to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Nat. Commun. 15, 4771 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Groenewoud, A. et al. Patient-derived zebrafish xenografts of uveal melanoma reveal ferroptosis as a drug target. Cell Death Discov. 9, 183 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Ricemeyer, E. S. et al. Gene conversion empowers natural selection in a clonal fish species. Nature 652, 398–404 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Reid, K, Bell, M. A. & Veeramah, K. R. Threespine stickleback: a model system for evolutionary genomics. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 22, 357–383 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Swaminathan, A., Xia, F. & Rohner, N. From darkness to discovery: evolutionary, adaptive, and translational genetic insights from cavefish. Trends Genet. 40, 24–38 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Naruse, K., Loosli, F., Ansai, S., Birney, E. & Wittbrodt, J. Medaka: a novel model for analyzing genome-environment interactions. Trends Genet. 42, 350–361 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Donertas, H. M. & Partridge, L. Evolutionary genetics of ageing. Nat. Rev. Genet. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-026-00959-x (2026).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Bedbrook, C. N. et al. Lifelong behavioral screen reveals an architecture of vertebrate aging. Science 391, eaea9795 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Morabito, G. et al. Spontaneous aging-associated inflammation and genome instability in the immune system of turquoise killifish. Nat. Aging 6, 665–681 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Schartl, M. & Lu, Y. Validity of Xiphophorus fish as models for human disease. Dis. Models Mech. 17, dmm050382 (2024).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Patton, E. E., Zon, L. I. & Langenau, D. M. Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: from preclinical modelling to clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 611–628 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Yamamoto, S., Kanca, O., Wangler, M. F. & Bellen, H. J. Integrating non-mammalian model organisms in the diagnosis of rare genetic diseases in humans. Nat. Rev. Genet. 25, 46–60 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Weiss, J. M. et al. Anatomic position determines oncogenic specificity in melanoma. Nature 604, 354–361 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hunter, M. V. et al. Mechanical confinement governs phenotypic plasticity in melanoma. Nature 647, 517–527 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

El-Brolosy, M. A. et al. Genetic compensation triggered by mutant mRNA degradation. Nature 568, 193–197 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Falcucci, L. et al. Transcriptional adaptation upregulates utrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature 639, 493–502 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Juvik, B., Falcucci, L., Lundegaard, P. R. & Stainier, D. Y. R. A new hypothesis to explain disease dominance. Trends Genet. 41, 187–193 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar