Kang, K., Byeon, I., Kim, Y. G., Choi, J. R. & Kim, D. Nanostructures in organic light-emitting diodes: principles and recent advances in the light extraction strategy. Laser Photonics Rev. 18, 2400547 (2024).
Hobson, P. A., Wedge, S., Wasey, J. A., Sage, I. & Barnes, W. L. Surface plasmon mediated emission from organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 14, 1393–1396 (2002).
Shi, W. et al. Highly efficient red, green, and blue inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with microstructured TiN substrate. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 18, 2400032 (2024).
Nimbalkar, A., Irfan, A. & Suh, M. C. Creating highly efficient stretchable OLEDs with nanowavy structures for angle-independent narrow band emission. npj Flex. Electron. 8, 57 (2024).
Roh, J., Nimbalkar, A. & Suh, M. C. Improving viewing angle characteristics of top-emission micro-cavity OLEDs with randomly distributed micro lens arrays. ACS Photonics 11, 4606–4615 (2024).
Fusella, M. A. et al. Plasmonic enhancement of stability and brightness in organic light-emitting devices. Nature 585, 379–382 (2020).
Lee, Y. H., Kim, D. H., Yoo, K.-H. & Kim, T. W. Efficiency enhancement of organic light-emitting devices due to the localized surface plasmonic resonant effect of Au nanoparticles embedded in ZnO nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 183303 (2014).
Zhang, D. D., Xu, J. L. & Sun, H. B. Toward high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes: role of nanoparticles. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9, 2001710 (2021).
Masuda, Y., Kiba, T., Kawamura, M. & Abe, Y. Emission wavelength control based on coupling of surface plasmon and microcavity mode in organic light-emitting diodes with metal/dielectric/metal anodes. ACS Photonics 11, 2946–2953 (2024).
Gaponenko, S. V. & Guzatov, D. V. Colloidal plasmonics for active nanophotonics. Proc. IEEE 108, 704–720 (2020).
Cho, C. et al. Improved internal quantum efficiency and light-extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes via synergistic doping with Au and Ag nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 27911–27919 (2016).
Shi, X.-B. et al. Surface plasmon polariton enhancement in blue organic light-emitting diode: role of metallic cathode. Appl. Phys. Express 5, 102102 (2012).
Zhao, H., Arneson, C. E., Fan, D. & Forrest, S. R. Stable blue phosphorescent organic LEDs that use polariton-enhanced Purcell effects. Nature 626, 300–305 (2024).
Zhong, Z. et al. Efficient blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes enabled by Ag-nanoparticles-embedded hole transporting layer. Org. Electron. 56, 31–36 (2018).
Yu, T. et al. Ultrahigh-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes based on SiO2 coated Ag nanocubes and its working mechanism. Org. Electron. 75, 105388 (2019).
Lee, T.-W. et al. Suppressing surface plasmon losses to improve the efficiency of blue organic light-emitting diodes using the plasmonic quasi-bandgap phenomenon. Photon. Res. 9, 1784–1795 (2021).
Evans, R. C., Douglas, P. & Winscom, C. J. Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 250, 2093–2126 (2006).
Litvin, A. P. et al. Colloidal quantum dots for optoelectronics. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 13252–13275 (2017).
Wang, R. et al. Toward ultra-stable barrier-free quantum dots-color conversion film via zinc phenylbutyrate modification. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17, 18790–18799 (2025).
Lee, S. Y., Sakong, C., Ju, B.-K. & Cho, K. H. Enhancing the reliability of InP-based QD color conversion layer through a uniform organic encapsulation layer via inkjet printing. Org. Electron. 135, 107136 (2024).
Li, M. et al. Ultrabright and stable top-emitting quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with negligible angular color shift. Nat. Commun. 15, 5161 (2024).
Truong, T. T. et al. Advanced exciplex sensitized green InP-based quantum dot light emitting diodes for extended lifespan. Adv. Opt. Mater. 13, 2402941 (2025).
Bitton, O., Gupta, S. N. & Haran, G. Quantum dot plasmonics: from weak to strong coupling. Nanophotonics 8, 559–575 (2019).
Reiter, D. E., Kuhn, T. & Axt, V. M. Distinctive characteristics of carrier-phonon interactions in optically driven semiconductor quantum dots. Adv. Phys. X 4, 1655478 (2019).
Jiang, X., Fan, Z., Luo, L. & Wang, L. Advances and challenges in heavy-metal-free InP quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Micromachines 13, 709 (2022).
Mischok, A., Hillebrandt, S., Kwon, S. & Gather, M. C. Highly efficient polaritonic light-emitting diodes with angle-independent narrowband emission. Nat. Photon. 17, 393–400 (2023).
Li, J. et al. Study on scattering and absorption properties of quantum-dot-converted elements for light-emitting diodes using finite-difference time-domain method. Materials 10, 1264 (2017).
Su, X.-R., Zhang, W., Zhou, L., Peng, X.-N. & Wang, Q.-Q. Plasmon-enhanced Förster energy transfer between semiconductor quantum dots: multipole effects. Opt. Express 18, 6516–6521 (2010).
Shih, C.-T., Chao, Y.-C., Shen, J.-L. & Chen, Y.-F. Enhanced Förster resonance energy transfer on layered metal–dielectric hyperbolic metamaterials: an excellent platform for low-threshold laser action. Opt. Express 31, 12669–12679 (2023).
Truong, T. T. Main figures data for ‘Inverted phosphorescent OLEDs with plasmon coupling from quantum dot interlayers for enhanced efficiency’. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33046706 (2026).