Udem, T., Holzwarth, R. & Hänsch, T. W. Optical frequency metrology. Nature 416, 233–237 (2002).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Diddams, S. A. The evolving optical frequency comb [invited]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, B51–B62 (2010).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Presutti, F. et al. Highly multimode visible squeezed light with programmable spectral correlations through broadband up-conversion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.06119 (2024).

Guidry, M. A., Lukin, D. M., Yang, K. Y., Trivedi, R. & Vučković, J. Quantum optics of soliton microcombs. Nat. Photonics 16, 52–58 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Guidry, M. A., Lukin, D. M., Yang, K. Y. & Vučković, J. Multimode squeezing in soliton crystal microcombs. Optica 10, 694–701 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Roslund, J., De Araujo, R. M., Jiang, S., Fabre, C. & Treps, N. Wavelength-multiplexed quantum networks with ultrafast frequency combs. Nat. Photonics 8, 109–112 (2014).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Herman, D. I. et al. Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy. Science 387, 653–658 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, H. et al. Entanglement-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy. npj Quantum Inf. 9, 91 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hariri, A. et al. Entangled dual-comb spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. X 15, 041009 (2025).


Google Scholar
 

Pinel, O. et al. Generation and characterization of multimode quantum frequency combs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 083601 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Medeiros de Araújo, R. et al. Full characterization of a highly multimode entangled state embedded in an optical frequency comb using pulse shaping. Phys. Rev. A 89, 053828 (2014).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, M., Menicucci, N. C. & Pfister, O. Experimental realization of multipartite entanglement of 60 modes of a quantum optical frequency comb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 120505 (2014).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, Z. et al. Large-scale cluster quantum microcombs. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 164 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, Z. et al. A squeezed quantum microcomb on a chip. Nat. Commun. 12, 4781 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jia, X. et al. Continuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb. Nature 639, 329–336 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Shen, Y. et al. Highly squeezed nanophotonic quantum microcombs with broadband frequency tunability. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.03734 (2025).

Jahanbozorgi, M. et al. Generation of squeezed quantum microcombs with silicon nitride integrated photonic circuits. Optica 10, 1100–1101 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Li, M. et al. Multicolor continuous-variable quantum entanglement in the Kerr frequency comb. Adv. Quantum Technol. 6, 2300158 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chembo, Y. K. Quantum dynamics of Kerr optical frequency combs below and above threshold: Spontaneous four-wave mixing, entanglement, and squeezed states of light. Phys. Rev. A 93, 033820 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bensemhoun, A. et al. Multipartite entanglement in bright frequency combs out of microresonators. Phys. Lett. A 493, 129272 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Reimer, C. et al. Generation of multiphoton entangled quantum states by means of integrated frequency combs. Science 351, 1176–1180 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Barbosa, F. A. S. et al. Hexapartite entanglement in an above-threshold optical parametric oscillator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 073601 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pysher, M., Miwa, Y., Shahrokhshahi, R., Bloomer, R. & Pfister, O. Parallel generation of quadripartite cluster entanglement in the optical frequency comb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 030505 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gerke, S. et al. Full multipartite entanglement of frequency-comb Gaussian states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 050501 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Villar, A. S., Martinelli, M., Fabre, C. & Nussenzveig, P. Direct production of tripartite pump-signal-idler entanglement in the above-threshold optical parametric oscillator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 140504 (2006).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cai, Y. et al. Multimode entanglement in reconfigurable graph states using optical frequency combs. Nat. Commun. 8, 15645 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Coddington, I., Newbury, N. & Swann, W. Dual-comb spectroscopy. Optica 3, 414–426 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wan, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Yan, M. & Zeng, H. Quantum correlation-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 257 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Picqué, N. & Hänsch, T. W. Frequency comb spectroscopy. Nat. Photonics 13, 146–157 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Timmers, H. et al. Molecular fingerprinting with bright, broadband infrared frequency combs. Optica 5, 727–732 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, M. et al. Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator. Nature 568, 373–377 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Luke, K., Okawachi, Y., Lamont, M. R., Gaeta, A. L. & Lipson, M. Broadband mid-infrared frequency comb generation in a Si3N4 microresonator. Opt. Lett. 40, 4823–4826 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, Y. et al. High-efficiency and broadband on-chip electro-optic frequency comb generators. Nat. Photonics 16, 679–685 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Adler, F. et al. Mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with a broadband frequency comb. Opt. Expr. 18, 21861–21872 (2010).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hoghooghi, N. et al. Broadband 1-GHz mid-infrared frequency comb. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 264 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pontula, S., Salamin, Y., Roques-Carmes, C. & Soljačić, M. Shaping quantum noise through cascaded nonlinear processes in a dissipation-engineered multimode cavity. PRX Quantum 5, 040345 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pontula, S. et al. Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system. Nat. Commun. 16, 7544 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Joannopoulos, J. D., Johnson, S. G., Winn, J. N. & Meade, R. D. Molding the flow of light. Princet. Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ [ua]12, (2008).

Parriaux, A., Hammani, K. & Millot, G. Electro-optic frequency combs. Adv. Opt. Photonics 12, 223–287 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Simon, R. Peres-Horodecki separability criterion for continuous variable systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2726 (2000).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Adesso, G. & Illuminati, F. Entanglement in continuous-variable systems: recent advances and current perspectives. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40, 7821 (2007).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Van Loock, P. & Furusawa, A. Detecting genuine multipartite continuous-variable entanglement. Phys. Rev. A 67, 052315 (2003).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Duan, L.-M., Giedke, G., Cirac, J. I. & Zoller, P. Inseparability criterion for continuous variable systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2722 (2000).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, S. et al. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nat. Commun. 8, 372 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fujii, S. & Tanabe, T. Dispersion engineering and measurement of whispering gallery mode microresonator for Kerr frequency comb generation. Nanophotonics 9, 1087–1104 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hu, Y. et al. Mirror-induced reflection in the frequency domain. Nat. Commun. 13, 6293 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chang, L., Liu, S. & Bowers, J. E. Integrated optical frequency comb technologies. Nat. Photonics 16, 95–108 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Song, Y., Hu, Y., Zhu, X., Yang, K. & Lončar, M. Octave-spanning Kerr soliton frequency combs in dispersion-and dissipation-engineered lithium niobate microresonators. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 225 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Weiner, A. M. Ultrafast optical pulse shaping: A tutorial review. Opt. Commun. 284, 3669–3692 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cundiff, S. T. & Ye, J. Colloquium: Femtosecond optical frequency combs. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 325 (2003).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Diddams, S. A., Hollberg, L. & Mbele, V. Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb. Nature 445, 627–630 (2007).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, J. & Song, Y. Ultralow-noise mode-locked fiber lasers and frequency combs: Principles, status, and applications. Adv. Opt. Photonics 8, 465–540 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zelmon, D. E., Small, D. L. & Jundt, D. Infrared corrected Sellmeier coefficients for congruently grown lithium niobate and 5 mol.% magnesium oxide–doped lithium niobate. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 3319–3322 (1997).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Dudley, J. M., Genty, G. & Coen, S. Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Dudley, J. M. & Taylor, J. R. Supercontinuum generation in optical fibers (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Drummond, P. D. & Corney, J. F. Quantum noise in optical fibers. I. Stochastic equations. JOSA B 18, 139–152 (2001).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cheung, E. C. & Liu, J. M. Theory of a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator in steady-state operation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 1385–1401 (1990).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Reed, M. K., Steiner-Shepard, M. K. & Negus, D. K. Widely tunable femtosecond optical parametric amplifier at 250 kHz with a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. Opt. Lett. 19, 1855–1857 (1994).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zia Uddin, S. et al. Noise-immune quantum correlations of intense light. Nat. Photonics 19, 751–757 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rivera, N., Uddin, S. Z., Sloan, J. & Soljačić, M. Ultra-broadband and passive stabilization of ultrafast light sources by quantum light injection. Nanophotonics 14, 1857–1864 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kippenberg, T. J., Holzwarth, R. & Diddams, S. A. Microresonator-based optical frequency combs. Science 332, 555–559 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pasquazi, A. et al. Micro-combs: A novel generation of optical sources. Phys. Rep. 729, 1–81 (2018).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Gaeta, A. L., Lipson, M. & Kippenberg, T. J. Photonic-chip-based frequency combs. Nat. Photonics 13, 158–169 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Torres-Company, V. et al. Laser frequency combs for coherent optical communications. J. Lightwave Technol. 37, 1663–1670 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, Q.-F., Hu, Y., Torres-Company, V. & Vahala, K. Efficient microresonator frequency combs. eLight 4, 18 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yao, B.-C. et al. Interdisciplinary advances in microcombs: bridging physics and information technology. eLight 4, 19 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Griffith, A. G. et al. Silicon-chip mid-infrared frequency comb generation. Nat. Commun. 6, 6299 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jornod, N. et al. Monolithically integrated femtosecond optical parametric oscillators. Optica 10, 826–831 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Karnieli, A. et al. Variational processing of multimode squeezed light. PRX Quantum 7, 020311 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hashemi, A., Shiri, A., Saleh, B. E., Blanco-Redondo, A. & Abouraddy, A. F. On-chip control of the coherence matrix of four-mode partially coherent light: rank, entropy, and modal Stokes parameters. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.18797 (2026).

Hashemi, A., Shiri, A., Saleh, B. E., Blanco-Redondo, A. & Abouraddy, A. F. Programmable on-chip synthesis and reconstruction of partially coherent two-mode optical fields. APL Photonics 11, 076112 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sloan, J., Vaidya, S., Rivera, N. & Soljačić, M. Noise immunity in quantum optical systems through non-Hermitian topology. arXiv preprint https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.11620 (2025).

Dutt, A. et al. Creating boundaries along a synthetic frequency dimension. Nat. Commun. 13, 3377 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, K. et al. Generating arbitrary topological windings of a non-Hermitian band. Science 371, 1240–1245 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, K., Dutt, A., Wojcik, C. C. & Fan, S. Topological complex-energy braiding of non-Hermitian bands. Nature 598, 59–64 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Song, Y. et al. Two-dimensional non-Hermitian skin effect in a synthetic photonic lattice. Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 064076 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Cheng, D., Lustig, E., Wang, K. & Fan, S. Multi-dimensional band structure spectroscopy in the synthetic frequency dimension. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 158 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pang, Z., Wong, B. T. T., Hu, J. & Yang, Y. Synthetic non-Abelian gauge fields for non-Hermitian systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 043804 (2024).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, Y. et al. Controlling frequency-comb generation via non-Hermitian dynamics in synthetic frequency dimension. Phys. Rev. Appl. 23, 044029 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gardiner, C. W. & Collett, M. J. Input and output in damped quantum systems: Quantum stochastic differential equations and the master equation. Phys. Rev. A 31, 3761 (1985).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Aspelmeyer, M., Kippenberg, T. J. & Marquardt, F. Cavity optomechanics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 1391–1452 (2014).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Peres, A. Separability criterion for density matrices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1413 (1996).

Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar
 

Werner, R. F. & Wolf, M. M. Bound entangled Gaussian states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3658 (2001).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Vidal, G. & Werner, R. F. Computable measure of entanglement. Phys. Rev. A 65, 032314 (2002).

Article 

Google Scholar