{"id":145279,"date":"2025-11-17T22:09:12","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T22:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/145279\/"},"modified":"2025-11-17T22:09:12","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T22:09:12","slug":"all-optical-modulation-with-single-photons-using-an-electron-avalanche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/145279\/","title":{"rendered":"All-optical modulation with single photons using an electron avalanche"},"content":{"rendered":"

Northup, T. E. & Blatt, R. Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon. 8, 356\u2013363 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wehner, S., Elkouss, D. & Hanson, R. Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead. Science 362, eaam9288 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Moreau, P.-A., Toninelli, E., Gregory, T. & Padgett, M. J. Imaging with quantum states of light. Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 367\u2013380 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhong, H.-S. et al. Quantum computational advantage using photons. Science 370, 1460\u20131463 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Madsen, L. S. et al. Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor. Nature 606, 75\u201381 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aslam, N. et al. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. Nat. Rev. Phys. 5, 157\u2013169 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Walmsley, I. A. Quantum optics: science and technology in a new light. Science 348, 525\u2013530 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chang, D. E., Vuleti\u0107, V. & Lukin, M. D. Quantum nonlinear optics\u2014photon by photon. Nat. Photon 8, 685\u2013694 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reshef, O., De Leon, I., Alam, M. Z. & Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear optical effects in epsilon-near-zero media. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 535\u2013551 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kinsey, N., DeVault, C., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Near-zero-index materials for photonics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 742\u2013760 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yoshiki, W. & Tanabe, T. All-optical switching using Kerr effect in a silica toroid microcavity. Opt. Express 22, 24332 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Raja, A. S., et al. Ultrafast optical circuit switching for data centers using integrated soliton microcombs. Nat. Commun. 12, 5867 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Almeida, V. R. et al. All-optical switch on a silicon chip. OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. 96A, 1179\u20131181 (2004).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reiserer, A., Ritter, S. & Rempe, G. Nondestructive detection of an optical photon. Science 342, 1349\u20131351 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dayan, B. et al. Regulated by one atom. Science 319, 22\u201325 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shomroni, I. et al. All-optical routing of single photons by a one-atom switch controlled by a single photon. Science 345, 903\u2013906 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aoki, T. et al. Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator. Nature 443, 671\u2013674 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Volz, T. et al. Ultrafast all-optical switching by single photons. Nat. Photon. 6, 605\u2013609 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reithmaier, J. P. et al. Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197\u2013200 (2004).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Englund, D. et al. Controlling cavity reflectivity with a single quantum dot. Nature 450, 857\u2013861 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sun, S., Kim, H., Luo, Z., Solomon, G. S. & Waks, E. A single-photon switch and transistor enabled by a solid-state quantum memory. Science 361, 57\u201360 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Javadi, A. et al. Single-photon non-linear optics with a quantum dot in a waveguide. Nat. Commun. 6, 8655 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bhaskar, M. K. et al. Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced quantum communication. Nature 580, 60\u201364 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zasedatelev, A. V. et al. Single-photon nonlinearity at room temperature. Nature 597, 493\u2013497 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, C. et al. Giant nonlinear optical responses from photon-avalanching nanoparticles. Nature 589, 230\u2013235 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhang, J., MacDonald, K. F. & Zheludev, N. I. Controlling light-with-light without nonlinearity. Light Sci. Appl. 1, e18 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Roger, T. et al. Coherent perfect absorption in deeply subwavelength films in the single-photon regime. Nat. Commun. 6, 7031 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Furusawa, A. et al. Unconditional quantum teleportation. Science 282, 706\u2013709 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Soref, R. & Bennett, B. Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 123\u2013129 (1987).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. & Thomson, D. Silicon optical modulators. Nat. Photon. 4, 518\u2013526 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jellison, G. E. & Burke, H. H. The temperature dependence of the refractive index of silicon at elevated temperatures at several laser wavelengths. J. Appl. Phys. 60, 841\u2013843 (1986).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, H. H. Refractive index of silicon and germanium and its wavelength and temperature derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 561\u2013658 (1980).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kindereit, U. Fundamentals and future applications of laser voltage probing. In Proc. IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (ed. Kaplar, R.) 3F.1.1\u20133F.1.11 (IEEE, 2014).<\/p>\n

Ganesh, U. Laser voltage probing (LVP) \u2013 Its value and the race against scaling. Microelectron. Reliab. 64, 294\u2013298 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdall, A. & Polyakov, S. V. Invited review article: single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Stringer, L. F. Thyristor DC systems for non-ferrous hot line. IEEE Ind. Static Power Control 6, 10 (1965).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

McKay, K. G. Avalanche breakdown in silicon. Phys. Rev. 94, 877\u2013884 (1954).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haitz, R. H., Goetzberger, A., Scarlett, R. M. & Shockley, W. Avalanche effects in silicon p-n junctions. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 983 (1963).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Capasso, F. Physics of avalanche photodiodes. Semicond. Semimet. 22, 1\u2013172 (1985).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Logan, R. A., Chynoweth, A. G. & Cohen, B. G. Avalanche breakdown in gallium arsenide p-n junctions. Phys. Rev. 128, 2518\u20132523 (1962).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cova, S., Longoni, A. & Andreoni, A. Towards picosecond resolution with single-photon avalanche diodes. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, 408\u2013412 (1981).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, Q. & Lipson, M. Carrier-induced optical bistability in silicon ring resonators. Opt. Lett. 31, 341 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fan, L. et al. An all-silicon passive optical diode. Science 335, 447\u2013450 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lin, Y. et al. Monolithically integrated, broadband, high-efficiency silicon nitride-on-silicon waveguide photodetectors in a visible-light integrated photonics platform. Nat. Commun. 13, 6362 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hu, J. et al. Diffractive optical computing in free space. Nat. Commun. 15, 1525 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhao, Y., Yang, Y. & Sun, H.-B. Nonlinear meta-optics towards applications. PhotoniX 2, 3 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Abdollahramezani, S., Hemmatyar, O. & Adibi, A. Meta-optics for spatial optical analog computing. Nanophotonics 9, 4075\u20134095 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sakaguchi, A. et al. Nonlinear feedforward enabling quantum computation. Nat. Commun. 14, 3817 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tutorial: high speed fiber modulator basics. AeroDiode http:\/\/www.aerodiode.com\/fiber-modulator-basics<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n

Cheng, Z. et al. On-chip silicon electro-optical modulator with ultra-high extinction ratio for fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing. Nat. Commun. 14, 7409 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., Pradhan, S. & Lipson, M. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 325\u2013327 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gardes, F. Y., Reed, G. T., Emerson, N. G. & Png, C. E. A sub-micron depletion-type photonic modulator in silicon on insulator. Opt. Express 13, 8845 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Clerici, M. et al. Controlling hybrid nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides via two-colour excitation. Nat. Commun. 8, 15829 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, S. et al. High gain, low noise 1550\u2009nm GaAsSb\/AlGaAsSb avalanche photodiodes. Optica 10, 147 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vahala, K. J. Optical microcavities. Nature 424, 839\u2013846 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bogdanov, S. I., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Overcoming quantum decoherence with plasmonics. Science 364, 532\u2013533 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dharanipathy, U. P., Minkov, M., Tonin, M., Savona, V. & Houdr\u00e9, R. High-Q silicon photonic crystal cavity for enhanced optical nonlinearities. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 101101 (2014).<\/p>\n

Albrechtsen, M. et al. Nanometer-scale photon confinement in topology-optimized dielectric cavities. Nat. Commun. 13, 6281 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sychev, D. V. Supplementary files to \u2018All-optical modulation with single photons using electron avalanche\u2019. figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.30209770<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Northup, T. E. & Blatt, R. Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon. 8, 356\u2013363 (2014). Article\u00a0 CAS\u00a0…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":145280,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1437,61,60,1436,242,55279,19950,45646,248,24013,82,44803],"class_list":{"0":"post-145279","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-physics","8":"tag-general","9":"tag-ie","10":"tag-ireland","11":"tag-materials-science","12":"tag-nanotechnology","13":"tag-nanotechnology-and-microengineering","14":"tag-nonlinear-optics","15":"tag-photonic-devices","16":"tag-physics","17":"tag-quantum-optics","18":"tag-science","19":"tag-silicon-photonics"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145279"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145279\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/145280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=145279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}