{"id":160496,"date":"2025-11-26T10:52:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T10:52:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/160496\/"},"modified":"2025-11-26T10:52:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T10:52:13","slug":"artificial-intelligence-intellectual-property-and-human-rights-mapping-the-legal-landscape-in-european-health-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/160496\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial intelligence, intellectual property, and human rights: mapping the legal landscape in European health systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">World Health Organization. Regulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence. <a href=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373421\/9789240078871-eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373421\/9789240078871-eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373421\/9789240078871-eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Widder, D. G., Whittaker, M. &amp; West, S. M. Why \u2018open\u2019 AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters. Nature 635, 827\u2013833 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08141-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39604616\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Why%20%E2%80%98open%E2%80%99%20AI%20systems%20are%20actually%20closed%2C%20and%20why%20this%20matters&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08141-1&amp;volume=635&amp;pages=827-833&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Widder%2CDG&amp;author=Whittaker%2CM&amp;author=West%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Lavigne, M., Mussa, F., Creatore, M. I., Hoffman, S. J. &amp; Buckeridge, D. L. A population health perspective on artificial intelligence. Health. Manag. Forum 32, 173\u2013177 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/0840470419848428\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/0840470419848428\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0840470419848428\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/0840470419848428\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20population%20health%20perspective%20on%20artificial%20intelligence&amp;journal=Health.%20Manag.%20Forum&amp;doi=10.1177%2F0840470419848428&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=173-177&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Lavigne%2CM&amp;author=Mussa%2CF&amp;author=Creatore%2CMI&amp;author=Hoffman%2CSJ&amp;author=Buckeridge%2CDL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">World Health Organization. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: Guidance on Large Multi-Modal Models. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240084759\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240084759\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240084759<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Sampson, C. et al. Digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and primary care costs in England: an interrupted time series analysis. BJGP Open 6, BJGPO.2021.0146 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0146\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0146\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399%2FBJGPO.2021.0146\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0146\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34862166\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9447315\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Digital%20cognitive%20behavioural%20therapy%20for%20insomnia%20and%20primary%20care%20costs%20in%20England%3A%20an%20interrupted%20time%20series%20analysis&amp;journal=BJGP%20Open&amp;doi=10.3399%2FBJGPO.2021.0146&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Sampson%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Areia, M. et al. Cost-effectiveness of artificial intelligence for screening colonoscopy: a modelling study. Lancet Digital Health 4, e436\u2013e444 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00042-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00042-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2822%2900042-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00042-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35430151\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1Snu7c%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cost-effectiveness%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20for%20screening%20colonoscopy%3A%20a%20modelling%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digital%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2822%2900042-5&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=e436-e444&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Areia%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Kumar, S., Jones Bell, M. &amp; Juusola, J. L. Mobile and traditional cognitive behavioral therapy programs for generalized anxiety disorder: A cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS ONE 13, e0190554 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190554\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190554\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190554\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190554\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29300754\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5754075\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mobile%20and%20traditional%20cognitive%20behavioral%20therapy%20programs%20for%20generalized%20anxiety%20disorder%3A%20A%20cost-effectiveness%20analysis&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190554&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kumar%2CS&amp;author=Jones%20Bell%2CM&amp;author=Juusola%2CJL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">van Kessel, R. et al. Mapping Factors That Affect the Uptake of Digital Therapeutics Within Health Systems: Scoping Review. J. Med. Internet Res. 25, e48000 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/48000\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/48000\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F48000\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/48000\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37490322\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10410406\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mapping%20Factors%20That%20Affect%20the%20Uptake%20of%20Digital%20Therapeutics%20Within%20Health%20Systems%3A%20Scoping%20Review&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Internet%20Res.&amp;doi=10.2196%2F48000&amp;volume=25&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Reddy, S. et al. Evaluation framework to guide implementation of AI systems into healthcare settings. BMJ Health Care Inf. 28, e100444 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjhci-2021-100444\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjhci-2021-100444\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjhci-2021-100444\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjhci-2021-100444\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluation%20framework%20to%20guide%20implementation%20of%20AI%20systems%20into%20healthcare%20settings&amp;journal=BMJ%20Health%20Care%20Inf.&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjhci-2021-100444&amp;volume=28&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Reddy%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Han, R. et al. Randomised controlled trials evaluating artificial intelligence in clinical practice: a scoping review. Lancet Digital Health 6, e367\u2013e373 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00047-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00047-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900047-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00047-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38670745\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXptVWqtL8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Randomised%20controlled%20trials%20evaluating%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20clinical%20practice%3A%20a%20scoping%20review&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digital%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900047-5&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=e367-e373&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Han%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Schmit, C. D., Doerr, M. J. &amp; Wagner, J. K. Leveraging IP for AI governance. Science 379, 646\u2013648 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.add2202\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.add2202\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.add2202\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.add2202\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36795826\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXjsVanurw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Leveraging%20IP%20for%20AI%20governance&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.add2202&amp;volume=379&amp;pages=646-648&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Schmit%2CCD&amp;author=Doerr%2CMJ&amp;author=Wagner%2CJK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Picht, P. G. &amp; Thouvenin, F. AI and IP: Theory to Policy and Back Again \u2013 Policy and Research Recommendations at the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property. IIC 54, 916\u2013940 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s40319-023-01344-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s40319-023-01344-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s40319-023-01344-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s40319-023-01344-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AI%20and%20IP%3A%20Theory%20to%20Policy%20and%20Back%20Again%20%E2%80%93%20Policy%20and%20Research%20Recommendations%20at%20the%20Intersection%20of%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20and%20Intellectual%20Property&amp;journal=IIC&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs40319-023-01344-5&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=916-940&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Picht%2CPG&amp;author=Thouvenin%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Schmidt, J. et al. Mapping the regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence in health within the European Union. npj Digital Med. 7, 229 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01221-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01221-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01221-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01221-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mapping%20the%20regulatory%20landscape%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20health%20within%20the%20European%20Union&amp;journal=npj%20Digital%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01221-6&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Schmidt%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Gilmore, A. B. et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet 401, 1194\u20131213 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00013-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00013-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2823%2900013-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00013-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36966782\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Defining%20and%20conceptualising%20the%20commercial%20determinants%20of%20health&amp;journal=Lancet&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2823%2900013-2&amp;volume=401&amp;pages=1194-1213&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Gilmore%2CAB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Duffourc, M. &amp; Gerke, S. Generative AI in Health Care and Liability Risks for Physicians and Safety Concerns for Patients. JAMA 330, 313\u2013314 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jama.2023.9630\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jama.2023.9630\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjama.2023.9630\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jama.2023.9630\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37410497\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Generative%20AI%20in%20Health%20Care%20and%20Liability%20Risks%20for%20Physicians%20and%20Safety%20Concerns%20for%20Patients&amp;journal=JAMA&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjama.2023.9630&amp;volume=330&amp;pages=313-314&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Duffourc%2CM&amp;author=Gerke%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Navigli, R., Conia, S. &amp; Ross, B. Biases in Large Language Models: Origins, Inventory, and Discussion. J. Data Info. Qual. 15, 10:1\u201310:21 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">van Kessel, R. et al. A scoping review and expert consensus on digital determinants of health. Bull. World Health Organ 103, 110\u2013125H (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2471\/BLT.24.292057\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2471\/BLT.24.292057\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471%2FBLT.24.292057\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.2471\/BLT.24.292057\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39882497\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20scoping%20review%20and%20expert%20consensus%20on%20digital%20determinants%20of%20health&amp;journal=Bull.%20World%20Health%20Organ&amp;doi=10.2471%2FBLT.24.292057&amp;volume=103&amp;pages=110-125H&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">The Lancet Global Health. Advancing equity in medical device performance. Lancet Glob. Health 12, e712 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00141-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00141-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2214-109X%2824%2900141-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00141-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Lancet%20Global%20Health.%20Advancing%20equity%20in%20medical%20device%20performance&amp;journal=Lancet%20Glob.%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2214-109X%2824%2900141-4&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=The%2C\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Ibrahim, H., Liu, X., Zariffa, N., Morris, A. D. &amp; Denniston, A. K. Health data poverty: an assailable barrier to equitable digital health care. Lancet Digital Health 3, e260\u2013e265 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30317-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30317-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2820%2930317-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30317-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33678589\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1SnurY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Health%20data%20poverty%3A%20an%20assailable%20barrier%20to%20equitable%20digital%20health%20care&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digital%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2820%2930317-4&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=e260-e265&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Ibrahim%2CH&amp;author=Liu%2CX&amp;author=Zariffa%2CN&amp;author=Morris%2CAD&amp;author=Denniston%2CAK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Floridi, L. &amp; Cowls, J. A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society. Harvard Data Sci. Rev. 1, 1\u201315 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20Unified%20Framework%20of%20Five%20Principles%20for%20AI%20in%20Society&amp;journal=Harvard%20Data%20Sci.%20Rev.&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=1-15&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Floridi%2CL&amp;author=Cowls%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Shin, D. &amp; Park, Y. J. Role of fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic affordance. Computers Hum. Behav. 98, 277\u2013284 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2019.04.019\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Role%20of%20fairness%2C%20accountability%2C%20and%20transparency%20in%20algorithmic%20affordance&amp;journal=Computers%20Hum.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chb.2019.04.019&amp;volume=98&amp;pages=277-284&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Shin%2CD&amp;author=Park%2CYJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Solaiman, B. &amp; Malik, A. Regulating algorithmic care in the European Union: evolving doctor\u2013patient models through the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI-Act) and the liability directives. Medical Law Review fwae033 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae033\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae033\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae033<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Serra-Burriel, M., Locher, L. &amp; Vokinger, K. N. Development Pipeline and Geographic Representation of Trials for Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning\u2013Enabled Medical Devices (2010 to 2023). NEJM AI 1, AIp2300038 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Development%20Pipeline%20and%20Geographic%20Representation%20of%20Trials%20for%20Artificial%20Intelligence%2FMachine%20Learning%E2%80%93Enabled%20Medical%20Devices%20%282010%20to%202023%29&amp;journal=NEJM%20AI&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Serra-Burriel%2CM&amp;author=Locher%2CL&amp;author=Vokinger%2CKN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Muehlematter, U. J., Daniore, P. &amp; Vokinger, K. N. Approval of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based medical devices in the USA and Europe (2015\u201320): a comparative analysis. Lancet Digital Health 3, e195\u2013e203 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30292-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30292-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2820%2930292-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30292-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33478929\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1SksL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Approval%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20and%20machine%20learning-based%20medical%20devices%20in%20the%20USA%20and%20Europe%20%282015%E2%80%9320%29%3A%20a%20comparative%20analysis&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digital%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2820%2930292-2&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=e195-e203&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Muehlematter%2CUJ&amp;author=Daniore%2CP&amp;author=Vokinger%2CKN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">World Health Organization. Leading the Realization of Human Rights to Health and through Health: Report of the High-Level Working Group on the Health and Human Rights of Women, Children and Adolescents. <a href=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/255540\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/255540\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/255540<\/a> (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">van Kessel, R. et al. Autism and education\u2014international policy in small EU states: policy mapping in Malta, Cyprus, Luxembourg and Slovenia. Eur. J. Public Health 30, 1078\u20131083 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa146\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa146\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckaa146\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa146\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32879964\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7733051\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Autism%20and%20education%E2%80%94international%20policy%20in%20small%20EU%20states%3A%20policy%20mapping%20in%20Malta%2C%20Cyprus%2C%20Luxembourg%20and%20Slovenia&amp;journal=Eur.%20J.%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckaa146&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=1078-1083&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">van Kessel, R. et al. Autism, Austerity, and the Right to Education in the EU: Policy Mapping and Scoping Review of Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Greece. Eur. Policy Anal. 00, 1\u201313 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Autism%2C%20Austerity%2C%20and%20the%20Right%20to%20Education%20in%20the%20EU%3A%20Policy%20Mapping%20and%20Scoping%20Review%20of%20Ireland%2C%20Portugal%2C%20Italy%2C%20and%20Greece&amp;journal=Eur.%20Policy%20Anal.&amp;volume=00&amp;pages=1-13&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (1966).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">World Intellectual Property Organization. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as Amended on September 28, 1979). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/283698\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/283698\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/283698<\/a> (1979).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">World Intellectual Property Organization. WIPO Copyright Treaty. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/295166\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/295166\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/295166<\/a> (1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">World Trade Organization. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (as Amended on 23 January 2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e\/downloads_e\/TRIPS05_en.pdf\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e\/downloads_e\/TRIPS05_en.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e\/downloads_e\/TRIPS05_en.pdf<\/a> (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">European Commission. Directive 96\/9\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the Legal Protection of Databases. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A01996L0009-20190606\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A01996L0009-20190606\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A01996L0009-20190606<\/a> (1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on Harmonised Rules on Fair Access to and Use of Data and Amending Regulation (EU) 2017\/2394 and Directive (EU) 2020\/1828 (Data Act). (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2022\/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on Contestable and Fair Markets in the Digital Sector and Amending Directives (EU) 2019\/1937 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Digital Markets Act) (Text with EEA Relevance). <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex:32022R1925\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex:32022R1925\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex:32022R1925<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">European Commission. General Data Protection Regulation. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj<\/a> (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2025\/327 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2025 on the European Health Data Space and Amending Directive 2011\/24\/EU and Regulation (EU) 2024\/2847 (Text with EEA Relevance). <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2025\/327\/oj\/eng\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2025\/327\/oj\/eng\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2025\/327\/oj\/eng<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) No 536\/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on Clinical Trials on Medicinal Products for Human Use, and Repealing Directive 2001\/20\/EC (Text with EEA Relevance)Text with EEA Relevance. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2014\/536\/2022-12-05\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2014\/536\/2022-12-05\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2014\/536\/2022-12-05<\/a> (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2017\/746 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on in Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices and Repealing Directive 98\/79\/EC and Commission Decision 2010\/227\/EU. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2017\/746\/oj\/eng\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2017\/746\/oj\/eng\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2017\/746\/oj\/eng<\/a> (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2017\/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on Medical Devices, Amending Directive 2001\/83\/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178\/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223\/2009 and Repealing Council Directives 90\/385\/EEC and 93\/42\/EEC (Text with EEA Relevance). OJ L vol. 117 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act). <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">European Commission. Directive (EU) 2016\/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the Protection of Undisclosed Know-How and Business Information (Trade Secrets) against Their Unlawful Acquisition, Use and Disclosure. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2016\/943\/oj\/eng\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2016\/943\/oj\/eng\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2016\/943\/oj\/eng<\/a> (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Porxas, N. &amp; Sanz, C. AI Health Applications and Related Intellectual Property Challenges. EPLR 3, 184\u2013191 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.21552\/eplr\/2019\/4\/9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.21552\/eplr\/2019\/4\/9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21552%2Feplr%2F2019%2F4%2F9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.21552\/eplr\/2019\/4\/9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AI%20Health%20Applications%20and%20Related%20Intellectual%20Property%20Challenges&amp;journal=EPLR&amp;doi=10.21552%2Feplr%2F2019%2F4%2F9&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=184-191&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Porxas%2CN&amp;author=Sanz%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">European Patent Office. European Patent Convention. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/legal\/epc\/2020\/index.html\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/legal\/epc\/2020\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/legal\/epc\/2020\/index.html<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">World Trade Organization. Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/English\/thewto_e\/minist_e\/min01_e\/mindecl_trips_e.htm\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/English\/thewto_e\/minist_e\/min01_e\/mindecl_trips_e.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wto.org\/English\/thewto_e\/minist_e\/min01_e\/mindecl_trips_e.htm<\/a> (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">European Commission. Directive 2001\/29\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2001\/29\/oj\/eng\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2001\/29\/oj\/eng\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2001\/29\/oj\/eng<\/a> (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Hohfeld, W. N. Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning. Yale Law J. 26, 710\u2013770 (1917).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2307\/786270\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2307\/786270\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F786270\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.2307\/786270\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fundamental%20Legal%20Conceptions%20as%20Applied%20in%20Judicial%20Reasoning&amp;journal=Yale%20Law%20J.&amp;doi=10.2307%2F786270&amp;volume=26&amp;pages=710-770&amp;publication_year=1917&amp;author=Hohfeld%2CWN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Council of Europe. European Convention on Human Rights. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/Convention_ENG\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/Convention_ENG\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/Convention_ENG<\/a> (1950).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Council of Europe. Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. <a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680afae3c\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680afae3c\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680afae3c<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Aboy, M., Lath, A., Minssen, T. &amp; Liddell, K. The sufficiency of disclosure of AI inventions. J. Intellect. Prop. Law Pract. 19, 834\u2013840 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20sufficiency%20of%20disclosure%20of%20AI%20inventions&amp;journal=J.%20Intellect.%20Prop.%20Law%20Pract.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=834-840&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Aboy%2CM&amp;author=Lath%2CA&amp;author=Minssen%2CT&amp;author=Liddell%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Aplin, T. The limits of trade secret protection in the EU. in Research Handbook on Information Law and Governance 174\u2013194 (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Ungureanu, C. T. &amp; Tataru, \u00c7R. The legality of reverse engineering or how to legally decipher trade secrets. SHS Web Conf. 177, 02001 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/shsconf\/202317702001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/shsconf\/202317702001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F202317702001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/shsconf\/202317702001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20legality%20of%20reverse%20engineering%20or%20how%20to%20legally%20decipher%20trade%20secrets&amp;journal=SHS%20Web%20Conf.&amp;doi=10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F202317702001&amp;volume=177&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ungureanu%2CCT&amp;author=Tataru%2C%C3%87R\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Pasquale, F. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England, 2016.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Black%20Box%20Society%3A%20The%20Secret%20Algorithms%20That%20Control%20Money%20and%20Information&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Pasquale%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Dur\u00e1n, J. M. &amp; Jongsma, K. R. Who is afraid of black box algorithms? On the epistemological and ethical basis of trust in medical AI. J. Med Ethics 47, 329\u2013335 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Who%20is%20afraid%20of%20black%20box%20algorithms%3F%20On%20the%20epistemological%20and%20ethical%20basis%20of%20trust%20in%20medical%20AI&amp;journal=J.%20Med%20Ethics&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=329-335&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Dur%C3%A1n%2CJM&amp;author=Jongsma%2CKR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">van Kolfschooten, H. B. A health-conformant reading of the GDPR\u2019s right not to be subject to automated decision-making. Med. Law Rev. 32, 373\u2013391 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae029\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae029\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmedlaw%2Ffwae029\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwae029\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39135367\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11347939\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20health-conformant%20reading%20of%20the%20GDPR%E2%80%99s%20right%20not%20to%20be%20subject%20to%20automated%20decision-making&amp;journal=Med.%20Law%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmedlaw%2Ffwae029&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=373-391&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Kolfschooten%2CHB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Minssen, T., Mimler, M. &amp; Mak, V. When Does Stand-Alone Software Qualify as a Medical Device in the European Union?\u2014The Cjeu\u2019s Decision in Snitem and What it Implies for the Next Generation of Medical Devices. Med. Law Rev. 28, 615\u2013624 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwaa012\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwaa012\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmedlaw%2Ffwaa012\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwaa012\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32607541\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=When%20Does%20Stand-Alone%20Software%20Qualify%20as%20a%20Medical%20Device%20in%20the%20European%20Union%3F%E2%80%94The%20Cjeu%E2%80%99s%20Decision%20in%20Snitem%20and%20What%20it%20Implies%20for%20the%20Next%20Generation%20of%20Medical%20Devices&amp;journal=Med.%20Law%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmedlaw%2Ffwaa012&amp;volume=28&amp;pages=615-624&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Minssen%2CT&amp;author=Mimler%2CM&amp;author=Mak%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">van Kolfschooten, H. The AI cycle of health inequity and digital ageism: mitigating biases through the EU regulatory framework on medical devices. J. Law Biosci. 10, lsad031 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jlb\/lsad031\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jlb\/lsad031\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjlb%2Flsad031\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jlb\/lsad031\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38075950\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10709664\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20AI%20cycle%20of%20health%20inequity%20and%20digital%20ageism%3A%20mitigating%20biases%20through%20the%20EU%20regulatory%20framework%20on%20medical%20devices&amp;journal=J.%20Law%20Biosci.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjlb%2Flsad031&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kolfschooten%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Kulkov, I. Next-generation business models for artificial intelligence start-ups in the healthcare industry. Int. J. Entrepreneurial Behav. Res. 29, 860\u2013885 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1108\/IJEBR-04-2021-0304\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1108\/IJEBR-04-2021-0304\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2FIJEBR-04-2021-0304\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1108\/IJEBR-04-2021-0304\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Next-generation%20business%20models%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20start-ups%20in%20the%20healthcare%20industry&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Entrepreneurial%20Behav.%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1108%2FIJEBR-04-2021-0304&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=860-885&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kulkov%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Sekalala, S. et al. Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Glob. Health 6, e006169 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006169\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006169\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2021-006169\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006169\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34253631\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Decolonising%20human%20rights%3A%20how%20intellectual%20property%20laws%20result%20in%20unequal%20access%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20vaccine&amp;journal=BMJ%20Glob.%20Health&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2021-006169&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Sekalala%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Burk, D. L. Patents as Data Aggregators in Personalized Medicine. SSRN Scholarly Paper at <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=2597525\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=2597525\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=2597525<\/a> (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Khan, S. &amp; Mian, A. Racism and medical education. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 1009 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30639-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30639-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2820%2930639-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30639-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32860760\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Racism%20and%20medical%20education&amp;journal=Lancet%20Infect.%20Dis.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2820%2930639-3&amp;volume=20&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Khan%2CS&amp;author=Mian%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Amutah, C. et al. Misrepresenting Race \u2014 The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 872\u2013878 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1056\/NEJMms2025768\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1056\/NEJMms2025768\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056%2FNEJMms2025768\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1056\/NEJMms2025768\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33406326\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Misrepresenting%20Race%20%E2%80%94%20The%20Role%20of%20Medical%20Schools%20in%20Propagating%20Physician%20Bias&amp;journal=N.%20Engl.%20J.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1056%2FNEJMms2025768&amp;volume=384&amp;pages=872-878&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Amutah%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Norori, N., Hu, Q., Aellen, F. M., Faraci, F. D. &amp; Tzovara, A. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns (N. Y) 2, 100347 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.patter.2021.100347\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34693373\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Addressing%20bias%20in%20big%20data%20and%20AI%20for%20health%20care%3A%20A%20call%20for%20open%20science&amp;journal=Patterns%20%28N.%20Y%29&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.patter.2021.100347&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Norori%2CN&amp;author=Hu%2CQ&amp;author=Aellen%2CFM&amp;author=Faraci%2CFD&amp;author=Tzovara%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">European Patent Office. J 0008\/20 (Designation of Inventor\/DABUS) 21-12-2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/boards-of-appeal\/decisions\/j200008eu1\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/boards-of-appeal\/decisions\/j200008eu1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/boards-of-appeal\/decisions\/j200008eu1<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">United Kingdom Supreme Court. Thaler (Appellant) v Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks (Respondent). <a href=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.uk\/uploads\/uksc_2021_0201_judgment_3f445a5dc7.pdf\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.uk\/uploads\/uksc_2021_0201_judgment_3f445a5dc7.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/supremecourt.uk\/uploads\/uksc_2021_0201_judgment_3f445a5dc7.pdf<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Saravanan, A. &amp; Deva Prasad, M. AI as an Inventor Debate under the Patent Law: A Post-DABUS Comparative Analysis. SSRN Scholarly Paper at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5053108\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.2139\/ssrn.5053108\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5053108<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Arora, A., Wagner, S. K., Carpenter, R., Jena, R. &amp; Keane, P. A. The urgent need to accelerate synthetic data privacy frameworks for medical research. Lancet Digit. Health <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00196-1\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00196-1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00196-1<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Longpre, S. et al. A large-scale audit of dataset licensing and attribution in AI. Nat. Mach. Intell. 6, 975\u2013987 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42256-024-00878-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42256-024-00878-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42256-024-00878-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42256-024-00878-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20large-scale%20audit%20of%20dataset%20licensing%20and%20attribution%20in%20AI&amp;journal=Nat.%20Mach.%20Intell.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42256-024-00878-8&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=975-987&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Longpre%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Amann, J. et al. Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective. BMC Med Inf. Decis. Mak. 20, 310 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Explainability%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20healthcare%3A%20a%20multidisciplinary%20perspective&amp;journal=BMC%20Med%20Inf.%20Decis.%20Mak.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12911-020-01332-6&amp;volume=20&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Amann%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">LaRosa, E. &amp; Danks, D. Impacts on Trust of Healthcare AI. in Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society 210\u2013215 (ACM, New Orleans LA USA, 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3278721.3278771\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1145\/3278721.3278771\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3278721.3278771<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Murphy, K. et al. Artificial intelligence for good health: a scoping review of the ethics literature. BMC Med Ethics 22, 14 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12910-021-00577-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12910-021-00577-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12910-021-00577-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12910-021-00577-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33588803\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7885243\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Artificial%20intelligence%20for%20good%20health%3A%20a%20scoping%20review%20of%20the%20ethics%20literature&amp;journal=BMC%20Med%20Ethics&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12910-021-00577-8&amp;volume=22&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Murphy%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Kreps, S., George, J., Lushenko, P. &amp; Rao, A. Exploring the artificial intelligence \u201cTrust paradox\u201d: Evidence from a survey experiment in the United States. PLoS One 18, e0288109 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288109\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288109\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0288109\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288109\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37463148\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10353804\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsFKhtrnM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exploring%20the%20artificial%20intelligence%20%E2%80%9CTrust%20paradox%E2%80%9D%3A%20Evidence%20from%20a%20survey%20experiment%20in%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=PLoS%20One&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0288109&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kreps%2CS&amp;author=George%2CJ&amp;author=Lushenko%2CP&amp;author=Rao%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Independent High-level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. <a href=\"https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Kiseleva, A., Kotzinos, D. &amp; De Hert, P. Transparency of AI in Healthcare as a Multilayered System of Accountabilities: Between Legal Requirements and Technical Limitations. Front. Artificial. Intell. 5, 879603 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/frai.2022.879603\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/frai.2022.879603\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffrai.2022.879603\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/frai.2022.879603\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Transparency%20of%20AI%20in%20Healthcare%20as%20a%20Multilayered%20System%20of%20Accountabilities%3A%20Between%20Legal%20Requirements%20and%20Technical%20Limitations&amp;journal=Front.%20Artificial.%20Intell.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffrai.2022.879603&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Kiseleva%2CA&amp;author=Kotzinos%2CD&amp;author=De%20Hert%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Karpathakis, K., Morley, J. &amp; Floridi, L. A Justifiable Investment in AI for Healthcare: Aligning Ambition with Reality. Minds Mach. 34, 38 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s11023-024-09692-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s11023-024-09692-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09692-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s11023-024-09692-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20Justifiable%20Investment%20in%20AI%20for%20Healthcare%3A%20Aligning%20Ambition%20with%20Reality&amp;journal=Minds%20Mach.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs11023-024-09692-y&amp;volume=34&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Karpathakis%2CK&amp;author=Morley%2CJ&amp;author=Floridi%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Kostick-Quenet, K., Lang, B. H., Smith, J., Hurley, M. &amp; Blumenthal-Barby, J. Trust criteria for artificial intelligence in health: normative and epistemic considerations. J. Med. Ethics 50, 544\u2013551 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/jme-2023-109338\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/jme-2023-109338\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fjme-2023-109338\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/jme-2023-109338\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37979976\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Trust%20criteria%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20health%3A%20normative%20and%20epistemic%20considerations&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Ethics&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fjme-2023-109338&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=544-551&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Kostick-Quenet%2CK&amp;author=Lang%2CBH&amp;author=Smith%2CJ&amp;author=Hurley%2CM&amp;author=Blumenthal-Barby%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Hua, D., Petrina, N., Young, N., Cho, J.-G. &amp; Poon, S. K. Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review. Artif. Intell. Med. 147, 102698 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102698\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102698\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.artmed.2023.102698\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102698\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38184343\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Understanding%20the%20factors%20influencing%20acceptability%20of%20AI%20in%20medical%20imaging%20domains%20among%20healthcare%20professionals%3A%20A%20scoping%20review&amp;journal=Artif.%20Intell.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.artmed.2023.102698&amp;volume=147&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hua%2CD&amp;author=Petrina%2CN&amp;author=Young%2CN&amp;author=Cho%2CJ-G&amp;author=Poon%2CSK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Barnett, J. AI Ecosystem Poses IP Risk and Antitrust Considerations. Bloomberg Law (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Rosati, E. Is text and data mining synonymous with AI training?. J. Intellect. Prop. Law Pract. 19, 851\u2013852 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Is%20text%20and%20data%20mining%20synonymous%20with%20AI%20training%3F&amp;journal=J.%20Intellect.%20Prop.%20Law%20Pract.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=851-852&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Rosati%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Dornis, T. W. The Training of Generative AI Is Not Text and Data Mining. SSRN Scholarly Paper at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4993782\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.2139\/ssrn.4993782\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4993782<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Schirru, L., Rocha de Souza, A., Valente, M. G. &amp; de Perdig\u00e3o Lana, A. Text and Data Mining Exceptions in Latin America. IIC 55, 1624\u20131653 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s40319-024-01511-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s40319-024-01511-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s40319-024-01511-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s40319-024-01511-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Text%20and%20Data%20Mining%20Exceptions%20in%20Latin%20America&amp;journal=IIC&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs40319-024-01511-2&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=1624-1653&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Schirru%2CL&amp;author=Rocha%20de%20Souza%2CA&amp;author=Valente%2CMG&amp;author=Perdig%C3%A3o%20Lana%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Tyagi, K. Copyright, text &amp; data mining and the innovation dimension of generative AI. J. Intellect. Prop. Law Pract. 19, 557\u2013570 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 82\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Copyright%2C%20text%20%26%20data%20mining%20and%20the%20innovation%20dimension%20of%20generative%20AI&amp;journal=J.%20Intellect.%20Prop.%20Law%20Pract.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=557-570&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Tyagi%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Wintemute, R. The European Convention on Human Rights: Immutable Status and Sex Discrimination Arguments. in Sexual Orientation and Human Rights (ed. Wintemute, R.) 0 (Oxford University Press, 1993). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198264880.003.0005\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198264880.003.0005\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198264880.003.0005<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Bryant, M. Denmark to tackle deepfakes by giving people copyright to their own features. The Guardian (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">van Kessel, R., Czabanowska, K. &amp; Roman-Urrestarazu, A. Systematically mapping and analysing multi-level policy developments: a methodological toolkit. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3788502\/v1\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3788502\/v1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3788502\/v1<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Arksey, H. &amp; O\u2019Malley, L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 8, 19\u201332 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/1364557032000119616\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/1364557032000119616\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F1364557032000119616\" aria-label=\"Article reference 86\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/1364557032000119616\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 86\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scoping%20studies%3A%20towards%20a%20methodological%20framework&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Soc.%20Res.%20Methodol.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F1364557032000119616&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=19-32&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Arksey%2CH&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Malley%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. &amp; O\u2019Brien, K. K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement. Sci. 5, 69 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69\" aria-label=\"Article reference 87\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20854677\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2954944\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 87\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scoping%20studies%3A%20advancing%20the%20methodology&amp;journal=Implement.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1186%2F1748-5908-5-69&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Levac%2CD&amp;author=Colquhoun%2CH&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Brien%2CKK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">van Kessel, R. et al. Education, Special Needs, and Autism in the Baltic States: Policy Mapping in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Front. Educ. 5, 161 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/feduc.2020.00161\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/feduc.2020.00161\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffeduc.2020.00161\" aria-label=\"Article reference 88\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/feduc.2020.00161\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 88\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Education%2C%20Special%20Needs%2C%20and%20Autism%20in%20the%20Baltic%20States%3A%20Policy%20Mapping%20in%20Estonia%2C%20Latvia%2C%20and%20Lithuania&amp;journal=Front.%20Educ.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffeduc.2020.00161&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR89\">Bunt, D. et al. Quotas, and Anti-discrimination Policies Relating to Autism in the EU: Scoping Review and Policy Mapping in Germany, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania. Autism Res. 13, 1397\u20131417 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/aur.2315\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/aur.2315\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Faur.2315\" aria-label=\"Article reference 89\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/aur.2315\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32441457\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7496597\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 89\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quotas%2C%20and%20Anti-discrimination%20Policies%20Relating%20to%20Autism%20in%20the%20EU%3A%20Scoping%20Review%20and%20Policy%20Mapping%20in%20Germany%2C%20France%2C%20Netherlands%2C%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20Slovakia%2C%20Poland%2C%20and%20Romania&amp;journal=Autism%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Faur.2315&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1397-1417&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Bunt%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR90\">van Kessel, R. et al. Digital Health Reimbursement Strategies of 8 European Countries and Israel: Scoping Review and Policy Mapping. JMIR mHealth uHealth 11, e49003 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/49003\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/49003\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F49003\" aria-label=\"Article reference 90\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/49003\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37773610\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10576236\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 90\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Digital%20Health%20Reimbursement%20Strategies%20of%208%20European%20Countries%20and%20Israel%3A%20Scoping%20Review%20and%20Policy%20Mapping&amp;journal=JMIR%20mHealth%20uHealth&amp;doi=10.2196%2F49003&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kessel%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR91\">Neicun, J. et al. Mapping novel psychoactive substances policy in the EU: The case of Portugal, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Poland, the United Kingdom and Sweden. PLOS ONE 14, e0218011 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0218011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 91\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31242225\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6594604\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhs12ksbbO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 91\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mapping%20novel%20psychoactive%20substances%20policy%20in%20the%20EU%3A%20The%20case%20of%20Portugal%2C%20the%20Netherlands%2C%20Czech%20Republic%2C%20Poland%2C%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20and%20Sweden&amp;journal=PLOS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0218011&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Neicun%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR92\">Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. &amp; Group, T. P. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Med. 6, e1000097 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000097\" aria-label=\"Article reference 92\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19621072\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2707599\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 92\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Preferred%20Reporting%20Items%20for%20Systematic%20Reviews%20and%20Meta-Analyses%3A%20The%20PRISMA%20Statement&amp;journal=PLOS%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000097&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Moher%2CD&amp;author=Liberati%2CA&amp;author=Tetzlaff%2CJ&amp;author=Altman%2CDG&amp;author=Group%2CTP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR93\">Tricco, A. C. et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann. Intern Med 169, 467\u2013473 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7326\/M18-0850\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7326\/M18-0850\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326%2FM18-0850\" aria-label=\"Article reference 93\" data-doi=\"10.7326\/M18-0850\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30178033\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 93\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=PRISMA%20Extension%20for%20Scoping%20Reviews%20%28PRISMA-ScR%29%3A%20Checklist%20and%20Explanation&amp;journal=Ann.%20Intern%20Med&amp;doi=10.7326%2FM18-0850&amp;volume=169&amp;pages=467-473&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Tricco%2CAC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR94\">Dalglish, S. L., Khalid, H. &amp; McMahon, S. A. Document analysis in health policy research: the READ approach. Health Policy Plan. 35, 1424\u20131431 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa064\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa064\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fheapol%2Fczaa064\" aria-label=\"Article reference 94\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa064\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7886435\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 94\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Document%20analysis%20in%20health%20policy%20research%3A%20the%20READ%20approach&amp;journal=Health%20Policy%20Plan.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fheapol%2Fczaa064&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=1424-1431&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Dalglish%2CSL&amp;author=Khalid%2CH&amp;author=McMahon%2CSA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR95\">Marshall, M. N. Sampling for qualitative research. Fam. Pract. 13, 522\u2013525 (1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/fampra\/13.6.522\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/fampra\/13.6.522\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Ffampra%2F13.6.522\" aria-label=\"Article reference 95\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/fampra\/13.6.522\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9023528\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaK2s7nsF2mtg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 95\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sampling%20for%20qualitative%20research&amp;journal=Fam.%20Pract.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Ffampra%2F13.6.522&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=522-525&amp;publication_year=1996&amp;author=Marshall%2CMN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR96\">Eurostat. Population on 1 January. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/tps00001\/default\/table?lang=en&amp;category=t_demo.t_demo_pop\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/tps00001\/default\/table?lang=en&amp;category=t_demo.t_demo_pop\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/tps00001\/default\/table?lang=en&amp;category=t_demo.t_demo_pop<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR97\">van Kessel, R., Wong, B. L. H., Rubini\u0107, I., O\u2019Nuallain, E. &amp; Czabanowska, K. Is Europe prepared to go digital? making the case for developing digital capacity: An exploratory analysis of Eurostat survey data. PLOS Digital Health 1, e0000013 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000013\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000013\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pdig.0000013\" aria-label=\"Article reference 97\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000013\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36812527\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9931321\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 97\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Is%20Europe%20prepared%20to%20go%20digital%3F%20making%20the%20case%20for%20developing%20digital%20capacity%3A%20An%20exploratory%20analysis%20of%20Eurostat%20survey%20data&amp;journal=PLOS%20Digital%20Health&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pdig.0000013&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Kessel%2CR&amp;author=Wong%2CBLH&amp;author=Rubini%C4%87%2CI&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Nuallain%2CE&amp;author=Czabanowska%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR98\">Eurostat. Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR99\">European Commission. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. OJ C vol. 326 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR100\">Margoni, T. The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard. in Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century: Reflecting Policy Through Change (ed. Perry, M.) 85\u2013105 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-31177-7_6\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-319-31177-7_6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-31177-7_6<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR101\">World Intellectual Property Organization. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/288514\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/288514\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/288514<\/a> (1979).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR102\">Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D. &amp; Kirk, S. The Role of Google Scholar in Evidence Reviews and Its Applicability to Grey Literature Searching. PLOS ONE 10, e0138237 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138237\" aria-label=\"Article reference 102\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26379270\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4574933\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 102\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Role%20of%20Google%20Scholar%20in%20Evidence%20Reviews%20and%20Its%20Applicability%20to%20Grey%20Literature%20Searching&amp;journal=PLOS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138237&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Haddaway%2CNR&amp;author=Collins%2CAM&amp;author=Coughlin%2CD&amp;author=Kirk%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR103\">Braun, V. &amp; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Res. Psychol. 3, 77\u2013101 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191%2F1478088706qp063oa\" aria-label=\"Article reference 103\" data-doi=\"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 103\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Using%20thematic%20analysis%20in%20psychology&amp;journal=Qualitative%20Res.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1191%2F1478088706qp063oa&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=77-101&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Braun%2CV&amp;author=Clarke%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR104\">Kyng\u00e4s, H. Inductive Content Analysis. in The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research (eds Kyng\u00e4s, H., Mikkonen, K. &amp; K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen, M.) 13\u201321 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_2\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_2<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"World Health Organization. Regulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373421\/9789240078871-eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y (2023). Widder, D. G., Whittaker, M. &amp; West, S.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":160497,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[1444,1437,103,397,40246,37034,37033,396,61,44583,60,89904,13134,2361],"class_list":["post-160496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-healthcare","tag-computer-science","tag-general","tag-health","tag-health-care","tag-health-informatics","tag-health-policy","tag-health-services-research","tag-healthcare","tag-ie","tag-intellectual-property-rights","tag-ireland","tag-medical-ethics","tag-medicine-public-health","tag-public-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/160496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=160496"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/160496\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/160497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=160496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=160496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}