(CNN) \u2014\u00a0Sometimes, what goes up doesn\u2019t come back down \u2014 instead, it becomes a problem.<\/p>\n
Junk is accumulating in space at a fantastic pace, millions of pieces orbit the Earth, from broken satellites to lost screws and tiny hunks of splintered paint. The International Space Station has to dodge it. Sometimes, space junk crashes into other space junk, creating more space junk. And while there have been many proposals for technologies to capture and destroy it, there\u2019s not been a system-level plan for dealing with it in a comprehensive way.<\/p>\n
This week, researchers at England\u2019s University of Surrey\u00a0published a paper<\/a>\u00a0outlining how to better deal with our celestial litter. The basic idea: make space more sustainable by using less material, repairing what\u2019s already up there, and recycling the junk we can\u2019t repair \u2014 and doing it systemically, industry-wide.<\/p>\n While this sounds pretty basic to Earth-dwellers already long-familiar with reduce, re-use, recycle, it really is a \u201cfairly new\u201d concept for the space industry, said Michael Dodge, a professor of space studies at the University of North Dakota, who was not involved in the study. \u201cI\u2019ve never seen it presented this way,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s an area that needs to be discussed further.\u201d<\/p>\n There are currently more than 25,000 pieces of space junk larger than 4 inches in diameter circling the Earth, according to\u00a0documentation from NASA<\/a>. Add in smaller bits and that number soars to more than 100 million. Altogether, our space trash weighs upwards of 10,000 tons, according to a 2022 report by the agency.<\/p>\n And that junk makes an impact. Debris left bullet-like cracks in the windshield of the space shuttle Challenger during Sally Ride\u2019s first flight in 1983. The Hubble Space Telescope was hit by space junk on multiple occasions, including a collision that punctured through its antenna dish. Meanwhile, two large crashes between satellites in 2007 and 2009 created enough new debris to now account for more than one third of all catalogued space junk, NASA reported.<\/p>\n The big fear lurking behind these incidents is\u00a0the Kessler Syndrome<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 the risk that, once enough objects are in low-Earth orbit, one collision could set off a chain reaction of crashes littering that part of space with enough junk that it\u2019s no longer usable. Damage to satellites and global communications systems means space junk could reduce global GDP by 1.95% if no solution is found, according to a\u00a02023 paper in the journal Space Policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n There are efforts to mitigate the problem, experts told CNN. SpaceX has created re-usable rockets. A company called Astroscale is developing a robotic arm capable of catching dead satellites. But individual technology solutions aren\u2019t enough on their own, said Jin Xuan, associate dean of research and innovation at the University of Surrey and one of the paper\u2019s authors.<\/p>\n \u201cPeople must have systems thinking,\u201d Xuan said. \u201cWhen you focus on individual technologies, you\u2019ll miss the opportunities.\u201d For example, he told CNN, perfecting a robotic arm to remove dead satellites is less important if you design the satellites differently from the beginning \u2014 to be refuellable, or to burn up in the atmosphere at the end of their lives.<\/p>\n A more sustainable system would coordinate existing technologies, such as AI collision avoidance systems on satellites, with new ideas like repurposing space stations as platforms for repairing or recycling space junk, and ensuring companies and countries are thinking about how to end the life of an object as it\u2019s designed, according to the report.<\/p>\n Xuan has seen these principles work in other industries. His research is normally focused on sustainability strategies for chemical manufacturing. The space industry has been \u201cfocused on safety and economic value, but sustainability hasn\u2019t been a priority,\u201d Xuan said. \u201cThere\u2019s an opportunity to learn from other sectors.\u201d<\/p>\n But trying to make space sustainable comes with challenges that don\u2019t exist on the ground, Dodge said. The laws and politics of space, in particular, cause big complications.<\/p>\n The Outer Space Treaty is the primary governing document for the major players in space, he told CNN. One provision states \u201cthat once you launch an object into space it\u2019s your object forever,\u201d Dodge said. That means every used rocket booster, every dead satellite, remains the property of the entity that originally launched it.<\/p>\n This rule exists because countries have historical reasons to be concerned about other countries messing with their satellites and space stations.<\/p>\n \u201cOne of the potential troubles with any technology designed to recycle or to refurbish technologies in space, is that those very same technologies could be used as a weapon,\u201d Dodge said. A robot arm could disable a working military satellite just as easily as it picks up a dead one, for example.<\/p>\n As a result, it\u2019s currently illegal for a country to clean up debris created by another country. When Astroscale, the company developing tools capable of collecting and removing space junk, has tested its technology they\u2019ve had to account for that rule, Dodge said. \u201cThey launched out of the UK and they released an object and they then captured it with another UK object,\u201d he told CNN.<\/p>\n Recycling space junk could be nearly impossible if you need permission from every country that owns the objects before you clean them up. But, another part of the treaty requires countries to avoid contaminating space \u2014 which could be interpreted to mean you have to clean up your space junk, Dodge said.<\/p>\n And that could be a very important part of making space recycling happen.<\/p>\n \u201cPeople are interested in these sustainability ideas. They want to try it,\u201d Xuan said. \u201cBut it\u2019s all about the money and whether there\u2019s an incentive.\u201d<\/p>\n The-CNN-Wire\u00a0\u2122 & \u00a9 2025 Cable News Network, Inc., a Warner Bros. Discovery Company. 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