{"id":2701,"date":"2025-09-06T05:39:08","date_gmt":"2025-09-06T05:39:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/2701\/"},"modified":"2025-09-06T05:39:08","modified_gmt":"2025-09-06T05:39:08","slug":"this-common-fish-has-an-uncommon-feature-forehead-teeth-used-for-mating","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/2701\/","title":{"rendered":"This common fish has an uncommon feature: Forehead teeth, used for mating"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n Environment<\/a>\u00a0 | \u00a0News releases<\/a>\u00a0 | \u00a0Research<\/a>\u00a0 | \u00a0Science<\/a> <\/p>\n

September 4, 2025<\/p>\n

\"An<\/p>\n

A University of Washington-led research team identified teeth on the tenaculum of adult male spotted ratfish. They found evidence of a similar structure in fossils from ancient relatives of the ratfish, brought back to life here by local artist Ray Troll.Ray Troll<\/p>\n

When it comes to teeth, vertebrates have a lot in common. No matter the shape, size or sharpness, teeth share genetic origins, physical characteristics and, of course, a home in the jaw.<\/p>\n

New findings call into question one of these core assumptions. Spotted ratfish, a shark-like species native to the northeastern Pacific Ocean, have rows of teeth on top of their heads, lining a cartilaginous appendage called the tenaculum that loosely resembles Squidward\u2019s<\/a> nose.<\/p>\n

Researchers have long speculated about the origins of teeth \u2014 structures so vital to survival and evolution that most of us rarely stop to think about them. However, the debate centers on the evolution of oral teeth, without considering the possibility that teeth could be elsewhere, too. With the discovery of teeth on the tenaculum, researchers wonder where else they might be growing, and how this could alter conceptions of dental history.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis insane, absolutely spectacular feature flips the long-standing assumption in evolutionary biology that teeth are strictly oral structures,\u201d said Karly Cohen<\/a>, a UW postdoctoral researcher at the University of Washington\u2019s Friday Harbor Labs. \u201cThe tenaculum is a developmental relic, not a bizarre one-off, and the first clear example of a toothed structure outside the jaw.\u201d<\/p>\n

The findings were published<\/a> in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Sept. 4.<\/p>\n

Spotted ratfish are one of the most abundant fish species in Puget Sound. They belong to a category of cartilaginous fish called chimaeras that split from sharks on the evolutionary tree millions of years ago. Measuring about 2 feet long, spotted ratfish are named for the long slender tails that account for half of their length. Only adult males have a tenaculum adorning their foreheads. At rest, it looks like a small white peanut between their eyes. When erect, the tenaculum is hooked and barbed with teeth.<\/p>\n

Males flare their tenaculum to intimidate competitors. While mating, they grip females by the pectoral fin to avoid drifting apart.<\/p>\n

\u201cSharks don\u2019t have arms, but they need to mate underwater,\u201d Cohen said. \u201cSo, a lot of them have developed grasping structures to connect themselves to a mate during reproduction.\u201d<\/p>\n

Spotted ratfish also have pelvic claspers that they use for this purpose.<\/p>\n

Many common sharks, rays and skates are covered in tooth-like structures called denticles. Aside from the denticles on their pelvic claspers, spotted ratfish are \u201cpretty naked,\u201d Cohen said, leading the researchers to wonder: Where did all their denticles go?<\/p>\n

Before this study, they had two theories. One suggested that the \u201cteeth\u201d on their tenaculum were denticles, a vestige of the past. The other proposed that they were true teeth, like those present in the oral cavity.<\/p>\n

\u201cRatfish have really weird faces,\u201d Cohen said. \u201cWhen they are small, they kind of look like an elephant squished into a little yolk sack.\u201d<\/p>\n

The cells that form the oral region are spread farther afield, making it plausible that at some point, a clump of tooth-forming cells might have migrated onto the head and stuck.<\/p>\n

To test these theories, the researchers caught and analyzed hundreds of fish, using micro-CT scans and tissue samples to document tenaculum development. While sharks can be quite hard to study, spotted ratfish abound in Puget Sound. They frequent the shallows surrounding Friday Harbor Labs<\/a>, the UW research facility located on San Juan Island. They also compared the modern ratfish to ancestral fossils.<\/p>\n

The scans showed that both male and female ratfish begin making a tenaculum early on. In males, it grows from a small cluster of cells into a little white pimple that elongates between the eyes. It attaches to muscles controlling the jaw and finally, erupts through the surface of the skin and sprouts teeth. In females it never materializes \u2014 or mineralizes \u2014 but evidence of an early structure remains.<\/p>\n

The new teeth are rooted in a band of tissue called the dental lamina that is present in the jaw but has never been documented elsewhere. \u201cWhen we saw the dental lamina for the first time, our eyes popped,\u201d Cohen said. \u201cIt was so exciting to see this crucial structure outside the jaw.\u201d<\/p>\n

In humans, the dental lamina disintegrates after we grow our adult teeth, but many vertebrates retain the ability to replace their teeth. Sharks, for example, have \u201ca constant conveyor belt\u201d of new teeth, Cohen said. Dermal denticles, including the ones on the spotted ratfish\u2019s pelvic claspers, do not have a dental lamina. Identifying this structure was compelling evidence that the teeth on the tenaculum really are teeth and not leftover denticles. Genetic evidence also backed this conclusion.<\/p>\n

\u201cVertebrate teeth are extremely well united by a genetic toolbox,\u201d Cohen said.<\/p>\n

Tissue samples revealed that the genes associated with teeth across vertebrates were expressed in the tenaculum, but not the denticles. In the fossil record, they also observed evidence of teeth on the tenaculum of related species.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

\"An<\/p>\n

Upper: An adult male spotted ratfish photographed near Friday Harbor Labs. The tenaculum is visible to the left of its eyeball. Lower: The shape and structure of fish, captured by micro-CT scan. This technology depicts morphological features, including the tenaculum, in vivid detail.University of Washington<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have a combination of experimental data with paleontological evidence to show how these fishes coopted a preexisting program for manufacturing teeth to make a new device that is essential for reproduction,\u201d said Michael Coates<\/a>, a professor and the chair of organismal biology and anatomy at the University of Chicago and a co-author of the paper.<\/p>\n

The modern adult male spotted ratfish can grow seven or eight rows of hooked teeth on its tenaculum. These teeth retract and flex more than the average canine, enabling the fish to latch onto a mate while swimming. The size of the tenaculum also appears to be unrelated to the length of the fish. Its development aligns instead with the pelvic claspers, suggesting that the migrant tissue is now regulated by other networks.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf these strange chimaeras are sticking teeth on the front of their head, it makes you think about the dynamism of tooth development more generally,\u201d said Gareth Fraser<\/a>, a professor of biology at the University of Florida and the study\u2019s senior author.<\/p>\n

Sharks often serve as the model for studying teeth and development because they have so many oral teeth and are covered in denticles. But, Cohen added, sharks possess just a sliver of the dental diversity captured by history. \u201cChimeras offer a rare glimpse into the past,\u201d she said \u201cI think the more we look at spiky structures on vertebrates, the more teeth we are going to find outside the jaw.\u201d<\/p>\n

This research was funded by National Science Foundation, the Save Our Seas Foundation, and internal endowments at Friday Harbor Labs supporting innovative early-career research.<\/p>\n

For more information, contact Karly Cohen at kecohen@uw.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tag(s): College of Arts & Sciences<\/a> \u2022 College of the Environment<\/a> \u2022 Friday Harbor Laboratories<\/a> \u2022 Karly Cohen<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Environment\u00a0 | \u00a0News releases\u00a0 | \u00a0Research\u00a0 | \u00a0Science September 4, 2025 A University of Washington-led research team identified…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2702,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[61,60,82,263],"class_list":["post-2701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-wildlife","tag-ie","tag-ireland","tag-science","tag-wildlife"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2701","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2701"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2701\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2702"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}