Nakamura, K. Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301, R1207\u2013R1228 (2011).<\/p>\n
Yu, S., Francois, M., Huesing, C. & Munzberg, H. The hypothalamic preoptic area and body weight control. Neuroendocrinology 106, 187\u2013194 (2018).<\/p>\n Wechselberger, M., Wright, C. L., Bishop, G. A. & Boulant, J. A. Ionic channels and conductance-based models for hypothalamic neuronal thermosensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291, R518\u2013R529 (2006).<\/p>\n Ambroziak, W. et al. Thermally induced neuronal plasticity in the hypothalamus mediates heat tolerance. Nat. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01830-0<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n Qian, S. et al. A temperature-regulated circuit for feeding behavior. Nat. Commun. 13, 4229 (2022).<\/p>\n Yang, S. et al. An mPOA-ARC(AgRP) pathway modulates cold-evoked eating behavior. Cell Rep. 36, 109502 (2021).<\/p>\n Hankenson, F. C., Marx, J. O., Gordon, C. J. & David, J. M. Effects of rodent thermoregulation on animal models in the research environment. Comp. Med 68, 425\u2013438 (2018).<\/p>\n Yu, S. et al. Glutamatergic preoptic area neurons that express leptin receptors drive temperature-dependent body weight homeostasis. J. Neurosci. 36, 5034\u20135046 (2016).<\/p>\n Munzberg, H., Singh, P., Heymsfield, S. B., Yu, S. & Morrison, C. D. Recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in energy homeostasis. F1000Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.24260.1<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n Zhang, Y. et al. Leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and median preoptic area regulate sympathetic brown adipose tissue circuits. J. Neurosci. 31, 1873\u20131884 (2011).<\/p>\n Saper, C. B. & Machado, N. L. The search for thermoregulatory neurons is heating up. Cell Metab. 33, 1269\u20131271 (2021).<\/p>\n Moffitt, J. R. et al. Molecular, spatial, and functional single-cell profiling of the hypothalamic preoptic region. Science 362, eaau5324 (2018).<\/p>\n Hrvatin, S. et al. Neurons that regulate mouse torpor. Nature 583, 115\u2013121 (2020).<\/p>\n Nakamura, Y. et al. Direct pyrogenic input from prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing preoptic neurons to the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 3137\u20133146 (2005).<\/p>\n Yoshida, K., Li, X., Cano, G., Lazarus, M. & Saper, C. B. Parallel preoptic pathways for thermoregulation. J. Neurosci. 29, 11954\u201311964 (2009).<\/p>\n Jais, A. & Bruning, J. C. Arcuate nucleus-dependent regulation of metabolism-pathways to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Rev. 43, 314\u2013328 (2022).<\/p>\n Chen, Y., Lin, Y. C., Kuo, T. W. & Knight, Z. A. Sensory detection of food rapidly modulates arcuate feeding circuits. Cell 160, 829\u2013841 (2015).<\/p>\n Baldini, G. & Phelan, K. D. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J. Endocrinol. 241, R1\u2013R33 (2019).<\/p>\n Wang, D. et al. Whole-brain mapping of the direct inputs and axonal projections of POMC and AgRP neurons. Front Neuroanat. 9, 40 (2015).<\/p>\n Deem, J. D. et al. Cold-induced hyperphagia requires AgRP neuron activation in mice. Elife 9, e58764 (2020).<\/p>\n Jeong, J. H. et al. Activation of temperature-sensitive TRPV1-like receptors in ARC POMC neurons reduces food intake. PLoS Biol. 16, e2004399 (2018).<\/p>\n Suwannapaporn, P., Chaiyabutr, N., Wanasuntronwong, A. & Thammacharoen, S. Arcuate proopiomelanocortin is part of a novel neural connection for short-term low-degree of high ambient temperature effects on food intake. Physiol. Behav. 245, 113687 (2022).<\/p>\n Rathod, Y. D. & Di Fulvio, M. The feeding microstructure of male and female mice. PLoS ONE 16, e0246569 (2021).<\/p>\n Zorrilla, E. P. et al. Measuring meals: structure of prandial food and water intake of rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R1450\u2013R1467 (2005).<\/p>\n Faber, C. L. et al. Leptin receptor neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate diurnal patterns of feeding, locomotion, and metabolism. Elife 10, e63671 (2021).<\/p>\n Garfield, A. S. et al. Dynamic GABAergic afferent modulation of AgRP neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1628\u20131635 (2016).<\/p>\n Richard, C. D., Tolle, V. & Low, M. J. Meal pattern analysis in neural-specific proopiomelanocortin-deficient mice. Eur. J. Pharm. 660, 131\u2013138 (2011).<\/p>\n Azzara, A. V., Sokolnicki, J. P. & Schwartz, G. J. Central melanocortin receptor agonist reduces spontaneous and scheduled meal size but does not augment duodenal preload-induced feeding inhibition. Physiol. Behav. 77, 411\u2013416 (2002).<\/p>\n Zheng, H., Patterson, L. M., Phifer, C. B. & Berthoud, H. R. Brain stem melanocortinergic modulation of meal size and identification of hypothalamic POMC projections. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289, R247\u2013R258 (2005).<\/p>\n Balthasar, N. et al. Divergence of melanocortin pathways in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Cell 123, 493\u2013505 (2005).<\/p>\n Berthoud, H. R., Sutton, G. M., Townsend, R. L., Patterson, L. M. & Zheng, H. Brainstem mechanisms integrating gut-derived satiety signals and descending forebrain information in the control of meal size. Physiol. Behav. 89, 517\u2013524 (2006).<\/p>\n Andermann, M. L. & Lowell, B. B. Toward a wiring diagram understanding of appetite control. Neuron 95, 757\u2013778 (2017).<\/p>\n Mountjoy, K. G., Mortrud, M. T., Low, M. J., Simerly, R. B. & Cone, R. D. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol. Endocrinol. 8, 1298\u20131308 (1994).<\/p>\n Cansell, C., Denis, R. G., Joly-Amado, A., Castel, J. & Luquet, S. Arcuate AgRP neurons and the regulation of energy balance. Front Endocrinol. 3, 169 (2012).<\/p>\n Doring, H., Schwarzer, K., Nuesslein-Hildesheim, B. & Schmidt, I. Leptin selectively increases energy expenditure of food-restricted lean mice. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22, 83\u201388 (1998).<\/p>\n Rosenbaum, M. et al. Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 3579\u20133586 (2005).<\/p>\n Bing, C. et al. Hyperphagia in cold-exposed rats is accompanied by decreased plasma leptin but unchanged hypothalamic NPY. Am. J. Physiol. 274, R62\u2013R68 (1998).<\/p>\n Concannon, P., Levac, K., Rawson, R., Tennant, B. & Bensadoun, A. Seasonal changes in serum leptin, food intake, and body weight in photoentrained woodchucks. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281, R951\u2013R959 (2001).<\/p>\n Yu, S. et al. Preoptic leptin signaling modulates energy balance independent of body temperature regulation. Elife 7, e33505 (2018).<\/p>\n Kaiyala, K. J., Ogimoto, K., Nelson, J. T., Schwartz, M. W. & Morton, G. J. Leptin signaling is required for adaptive changes in food intake, but not energy expenditure, in response to different thermal conditions. PLoS ONE 10, e0119391 (2015).<\/p>\n Gutierrez, E., Garcia, N. & Carrera, O. Disordered eating in anorexia nervosa: give me heat, not just food. Front Public Health 12, 1433470 (2024).<\/p>\n Carrera, O. & Gutierrez, E. Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: to warm or not to warm. That is the question (a translational research one). J. Eat. Disord. 6, 4 (2018).<\/p>\n Song, K. et al. The TRPM2 channel is a hypothalamic heat sensor that limits fever and can drive hypothermia. Science 353, 1393\u20131398 (2016).<\/p>\n Tan, C. L. et al. Warm-sensitive neurons that control body temperature. Cell 167, 47\u201359.e15 (2016).<\/p>\n Zhang, K. X. et al. Violet-light suppression of thermogenesis by opsin 5 hypothalamic neurons. Nature 585, 420\u2013425 (2020).<\/p>\n Zhang, Z. et al. Estrogen-sensitive medial preoptic area neurons coordinate torpor in mice. Nat. Commun. 11, 6378 (2020).<\/p>\n Laque, A. et al. Leptin receptor neurons in the mouse hypothalamus are colocalized with the neuropeptide galanin and mediate anorexigenic leptin action. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 304, E999\u2013E1011 (2013).<\/p>\n Kroeger, D. et al. Galanin neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area promote sleep and heat loss in mice. Nat. Commun. 9, 4129 (2018).<\/p>\n Pinol, R. A. et al. Brs3 neurons in the mouse dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate body temperature, energy expenditure, and heart rate, but not food intake. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1530\u20131540 (2018).<\/p>\n Alcantara, I. C., Tapia, A. P. M., Aponte, Y. & Krashes, M. J. Acts of appetite: neural circuits governing the appetitive, consummatory, and terminating phases of feeding. Nat. Metab. 4, 836\u2013847 (2022).<\/p>\n Sternson, S. M. & Eiselt, A. K. Three pillars for the neural control of appetite. Annu Rev. Physiol. 79, 401\u2013423 (2017).<\/p>\n Berrios, J. et al. Food cue regulation of AGRP hunger neurons guides learning. Nature 595, 695\u2013700 (2021).<\/p>\n Rau, A. R. & Hentges, S. T. GABAergic inputs to POMC neurons originating from the dorsomedial hypothalamus are regulated by energy state. J. Neurosci. 39, 6449\u20136459 (2019).<\/p>\n Tran, L. T. et al. Hypothalamic control of energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Exp. Mol. Med. 54, 358\u2013369 (2022).<\/p>\n Rezai-Zadeh, K. et al. Leptin receptor neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus are key regulators of energy expenditure and body weight, but not food intake. Mol. Metab. 3, 681\u2013693 (2014).<\/p>\n Cai, H. et al. Neural circuits regulation of satiation. Appetite 200, 107512 (2024).<\/p>\n Yeo, G. S. H. et al. The melanocortin pathway and energy homeostasis: from discovery to obesity therapy. Mol. Metab. 48, 101206 (2021).<\/p>\n Matsumura, S. et al. Stimulation of G(s) signaling in MC4R cells by DREADD increases energy expenditure, suppresses food intake, and increases locomotor activity in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 322, E436\u2013E445 (2022).<\/p>\n Singh, U. et al. Neuroanatomical organization and functional roles of PVN MC4R pathways in physiological and behavioral regulations. Mol. Metab. 55, 101401 (2022).<\/p>\n Krashes, M. J., Shah, B. P., Koda, S. & Lowell, B. B. Rapid versus delayed stimulation of feeding by the endogenously released AgRP neuron mediators GABA, NPY, and AgRP. Cell Metab. 18, 588\u2013595 (2013).<\/p>\n Suwanapaporn, P., Chaiyabutr, N. & Thammacharoen, S. A low degree of high ambient temperature decreased food intake and activated median preoptic and arcuate nuclei. Physiol. Behav. 181, 16\u201322 (2017).<\/p>\n Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D. & Sternson, S. M. AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 351\u2013355 (2011).<\/p>\n Koch, M. et al. Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding. Nature 519, 45\u201350 (2015).<\/p>\n Zhan, C. et al. Acute and long-term suppression of feeding behavior by POMC neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus, respectively. J. Neurosci. 33, 3624\u20133632 (2013).<\/p>\n Cheon, D. H. et al. Lateral hypothalamus and eating: cell types, molecular identity, anatomy, temporal dynamics and functional roles. Exp. Mol. Med 57, 925\u2013937 (2025).<\/p>\n Shi, H., Strader, A. D., Woods, S. C. & Seeley, R. J. Sexually dimorphic responses to fat loss after caloric restriction or surgical lipectomy. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 293, E316\u2013E326 (2007).<\/p>\n Yang, Y., Smith, D. L. Jr., Keating, K. D., Allison, D. B. & Nagy, T. R. Variations in body weight, food intake and body composition after long-term high-fat diet feeding in C57BL\/6J mice. Obesity 22, 2147\u20132155 (2014).<\/p>\n Luo, P. et al. Medial preoptic area FoxO1 controls metabolic adaptation in a sexually dimorphic manner. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.06.25.661575<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n Bellefontaine, N. et al. Leptin-dependent neuronal NO signaling in the preoptic hypothalamus facilitates reproduction. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 2550\u20132559 (2014).<\/p>\n Leshan, R. L., Bjornholm, M., Munzberg, H. & Myers, M. G. Jr. Leptin receptor signaling and action in the central nervous system. Obesity 14, 208S\u2013212S (2006).<\/p>\n Cowley, M. A. et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 411, 480\u2013484 (2001).<\/p>\n Garfield, A. S. et al. A neural basis for melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated appetite. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 863\u2013871 (2015).<\/p>\n Liu, J. et al. Cell-specific translational profiling in acute kidney injury. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 1242\u20131254 (2014).<\/p>\n Madisen, L. et al. Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance. Neuron 85, 942\u2013958 (2015).<\/p>\n Paxinos, G. & Franklin, K. B. Paxinos and Franklin\u2019s the Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 5th edn (Academic Press, 2019).<\/p>\n Strubbe, J. H. & Woods, S. C. The timing of meals. Psychol. Rev. 111, 128\u2013141 (2004).<\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n