{"id":400928,"date":"2026-04-16T03:34:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T03:34:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/400928\/"},"modified":"2026-04-16T03:34:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T03:34:31","slug":"ancient-dna-reveals-pervasive-directional-selection-across-west-eurasia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/400928\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancient DNA reveals pervasive directional selection across West Eurasia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Liu, Y., Mao, X., Krause, J. & Fu, Q. Insights into human history from the first decade of ancient human genomics. Science 373, 1479\u20131484 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499\u2013503 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Le, M. K. et al. 1,000 Ancient genomes uncover 10,000 years of natural selection in Europe. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.08.24.505188<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Irving-Pease, E. K. et al. The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians. Nature 625, 312\u2013320 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kerner, G. et al. Genetic adaptation to pathogens and increased risk of inflammatory disorders in post-Neolithic Europe. Cell Genom. 3, 100248 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Simon, A. & Coop, G. The contribution of gene flow, selection, and genetic drift to five thousand years of human allele frequency change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2312377121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dehasque, M. et al. Inference of natural selection from ancient DNA. Evol. Lett. 4, 94\u2013108 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hernandez, R. D. et al. Classic selective sweeps were rare in recent human evolution. Science 331, 920\u2013924 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Coop, G. et al. The role of geography in human adaptation. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000500 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kerner, G., Choin, J. & Quintana-Murci, L. Ancient DNA as a tool for medical research. Nat. Med. 29, 1048\u20131051 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bennett, E. A. & Fu, Q. Ancient genomes and the evolutionary path of modern humans. Cell 187, 1042\u20131046 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vitti, J. J., Grossman, S. R. & Sabeti, P. C. Detecting natural selection in genomic data. Annu. Rev. Genet. 47, 97\u2013120 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Field, Y. et al. Detection of human adaptation during the past 2000 years. Science 354, 760\u2013764 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Berg, J. J. & Coop, G. A coalescent model for a sweep of a unique standing variant. Genetics 201, 707\u2013725 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mallick, S. et al. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci. Data 11, 182 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rubinacci, S., Ribeiro, D. M., Hofmeister, R. J. & Delaneau, O. Efficient phasing and imputation of low-coverage sequencing data using large reference panels. Nat. Genet. 53, 120\u2013126 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhou, W. et al. Scalable generalized linear mixed model for region-based association tests in large biobanks and cohorts. Nat. Genet. 52, 634\u2013639 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, J. et al. Genomic inflation factors under polygenic inheritance. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 19, 807\u2013812 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Devlin, B., Roeder, K. & Wasserman, L. Genomic control, a new approach to genetic-based association studies. Theor. Popul. Biol. 60, 155\u2013166 (2001).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Koch, E. et al. Genetic association data are broadly consistent with stabilizing selection shaping human common diseases and traits. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.06.19.599789<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n

Hayward, L. K. & Sella, G. Polygenic adaptation after a sudden change in environment. eLife 11, e66697 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ronen, R. et al. Predicting carriers of ongoing selective sweeps without knowledge of the favored allele. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005527 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Akbari, A. et al. Identifying the favored mutation in a positive selective sweep. Nat. Methods 15, 279\u2013282 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

McVicker, G., Gordon, D., Davis, C. & Green, P. Widespread genomic signatures of natural selection in hominid evolution. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000471 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Murphy, D. A., Elyashiv, E., Amster, G. & Sella, G. Broad-scale variation in human genetic diversity levels is predicted by purifying selection on coding and non-coding elements. eLife 12, e76065 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sikora, M. et al. The spatiotemporal distribution of human pathogens in ancient Eurasia. Nature 643, 1011\u20131019 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sams, A. & Hawks, J. Celiac disease as a model for the evolution of multifactorial disease in humans. Hum. Biol. 86, 19\u201336 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Abegaz, S. B. Human ABO blood groups and their associations with different diseases. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 6629060 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Medland, S. E. et al. Common variants in the trichohyalin gene are associated with straight hair in Europeans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 85, 750\u2013755 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kerner, G. et al. Human ancient DNA analyses reveal the high burden of tuberculosis in Europeans over the last 2,000 years. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 108, 517\u2013524 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Barrie, W. et al. Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis emerged in steppe pastoralist populations. Nature 625, 321\u2013328 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Moalem, S., Percy, M. E., Kruck, T. P. A. & Gelbart, R. R. Epidemic pathogenic selection: an explanation for hereditary hemochromatosis? Med. Hypotheses 59, 325\u2013329 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wagner, D. M. et al. Yersinia pestis and the plague of Justinian 541\u2013543 AD: a genomic analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14, 319\u2013326 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gupta, R. K. et al. HIV-1 remission following CCR5\u039432\/\u039432 haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Nature 568, 244\u2013248 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Stephens, J. C. et al. Dating the origin of the CCR5-Delta32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62, 1507\u20131515 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sabeti, P. C. et al. The case for selection at CCR5-\u039432. PLoS Biol. 3, e378 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seersholm, F. V. et al. Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic farmers. Nature 632, 114\u2013121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gabriel, S. E., Brigman, K. N., Koller, B. H., Boucher, R. C. & Stutts, M. J. Cystic fibrosis heterozygote resistance to cholera toxin in the cystic fibrosis mouse model. Science 266, 107\u2013109 (1994).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chen, M. et al. Evidence of polygenic adaptation in Sardinia at height-associated loci ascertained from the Biobank Japan. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 107, 60\u201371 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bulik-Sullivan, B. et al. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat. Genet. 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sohail, M. et al. Polygenic adaptation on height is overestimated due to uncorrected stratification in genome-wide association studies. eLife 8, e39702 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Berg, J. J. et al. Reduced signal for polygenic adaptation of height in UK Biobank. eLife 8, e39725 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ju, D. & Mathieson, I. The evolution of skin pigmentation-associated variation in West Eurasia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2009227118 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Neel, J. V. Diabetes mellitus: a \u2018thrifty\u2019 genotype rendered detrimental by \u2018progress\u2019? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14, 353\u2013362 (1962).<\/p>\n

CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cohen, M. N., Armelagos, G. J. & Larsen, C. S. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (Univ. Press of Florida, 2013).<\/p>\n

Macintosh, A. A., Pinhasi, R. & Stock, J. T. Early life conditions and physiological stress following the transition to farming in Central\/Southeast Europe: skeletal growth impairment and 6000 years of gradual recovery. PLoS ONE 11, e0148468 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Theodorakopoulou, K. & Karamanou, M. Human paleopathology during the stone age. Arch. Balk. Med. Union 55, 676\u2013683 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Marciniak, S. et al. An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2106743119 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Finucane, H. K. et al. Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics. Nat. Genet. 47, 1228\u20131235 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Connor, L. J. et al. Extreme polygenicity of complex traits is explained by negative selection. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 105, 456\u2013476 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Amariuta, T. et al. Improving the trans-ancestry portability of polygenic risk scores by prioritizing variants in predicted cell-type-specific regulatory elements. Nat. Genet. 52, 1346\u20131354 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Martin, A. R. et al. Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities. Nat. Genet. 51, 584\u2013591 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, Y. et al. Theoretical and empirical quantification of the accuracy of polygenic scores in ancestry divergent populations. Nat. Commun. 11, 3865 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tan, T. et al. Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations. Preprint at medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.10.01.24314703<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n

Demange, P. A. et al. Investigating the genetic architecture of noncognitive skills using GWAS-by-subtraction. Nat. Genet. 53, 35\u201344 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jansen, P. R. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of brain volume identifies genomic loci and genes shared with intelligence. Nat. Commun. 11, 5606 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kong, A. et al. Selection against variants in the genome associated with educational attainment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E727\u2013E732 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Speidel, L., Forest, M., Shi, S. & Myers, S. R. A method for genome-wide genealogy estimation for thousands of samples. Nat. Genet. 51, 1321\u20131329 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Buffalo, V. & Coop, G. Estimating the genome-wide contribution of selection to temporal allele frequency change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 20672\u201320680 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Buffalo, V. & Coop, G. The linked selection signature of rapid adaptation in temporal genomic data. Genetics 213, 1007\u20131045 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, J. et al. Genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 4189\u20134194 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, J., Zaitlen, N. A., Goddard, M. E., Visscher, P. M. & Price, A. L. Advantages and pitfalls in the application of mixed-model association methods. Nat. Genet. 46, 100\u2013106 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Taus, T., Futschik, A. & Schl\u00f6tterer, C. Quantifying selection with pool-seq time series data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34, 3023\u20133034 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Crow, J. F. An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory (Scientific Publishers, 2017).<\/p>\n

Sun, S. et al. Heritability estimation and differential analysis of count data with generalized linear mixed models in genomic sequencing studies. Bioinformatics 35, 487\u2013496 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Loh, P.-R. et al. Efficient Bayesian mixed model analysis increases association power in large cohorts. Nat. Genet. 47, 284\u2013290 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Listgarten, J. et al. Improved linear mixed models for genome-wide association studies. Nat. Methods 9, 525\u2013526 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zaidi, A. A. & Mathieson, I. Demographic history mediates the effect of stratification on polygenic scores. eLife 9, e61548 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhou, X. & Stephens, M. Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies. Nat. Genet. 44, 821\u2013824 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bulik-Sullivan, B. K. et al. LD score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 47, 291\u2013295 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shi, H. et al. Population-specific causal disease effect sizes in functionally important regions impacted by selection. Nat. Commun. 12, 1098 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gazal, S. et al. Linkage disequilibrium-dependent architecture of human complex traits shows action of negative selection. Nat. Genet. 49, 1421\u20131427 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gazal, S., Marquez-Luna, C., Finucane, H. K. & Price, A. L. Reconciling S-LDSC and LDAK functional enrichment estimates. Nat. Genet. 51, 1202\u20131204 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haller, B. C. & Messer, P. W. SLiM 4: multispecies eco-evolutionary modeling. Am. Nat. 201, E127\u2013E139 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Damgaard, P. D. B. et al. 137 Ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557, 369\u2013374 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jensen, T. Z. T. et al. A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat. Commun. 10, 5520 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ullinger, J. et al. A bioarchaeological investigation of fraternal stillborn twins from Tell el-Hesi. East. Archaeol. 85, 228\u2013237 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. A common genetic origin for early farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK cultures. Mol. Biol. Evol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msv181<\/a> (2015).<\/p>\n

Cassidy, L. M. et al. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature 582, 384\u2013388 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Moots, H. M. et al. A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 1515\u20131524 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations. Cell 186, 5472\u20135485.e9 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haber, M. et al. A genetic history of the Near East from an aDNA time course sampling eight points in the past 4,000 years. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 107, 149\u2013157 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nikitin, A. G. et al. A genomic history of the North Pontic region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Nature 639, 124\u2013131 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fernandes, D. M. et al. A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland. Sci. Rep. 8, 14879 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Alt\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131k, N. E. et al. A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic transition. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo3609 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fowler, C. et al. A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb. Nature 601, 584\u2013587 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

van den Brink, E. C. M. et al. A Late Bronze Age II clay coffin from Tel Shaddud in the Central Jezreel Valley, Israel: context and historical implications. Levant 49, 105\u2013135 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Harney, \u00c9 et al. A minimally destructive protocol for DNA extraction from ancient teeth. Genome Res. 31, 472\u2013483 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haber, M. et al. A transient pulse of genetic admixture from the Crusaders in the Near East identified from ancient genome sequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 104, 977\u2013984 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wohns, A. W. et al. A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes. Science 375, eabi8264 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gonz\u00e1lez-Fortes, G. et al. A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. Proc. R. Soc. B\u00a0286, 20182288 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Unterl\u00e4nder, M. et al. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nat. Commun. 8, 14615 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dulias, K. et al. Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2108001119 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Harney, \u00c9 et al. Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation. Nat. Commun. 9, 3336 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zalloua, P. et al. Ancient DNA of Phoenician remains indicates discontinuity in the settlement history of Ibiza. Sci. Rep. 8, 17567 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Skourtanioti, E. et al. Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 290\u2013303 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sz\u00e9cs\u00e9nyi-Nagy, A. et al. Ancient DNA reveals diverse community organizations in the 5th millennium BCE Carpathian Basin. Nat. Commun. 16, 5318 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, K. et al. Ancient DNA reveals reproductive barrier despite shared Avar-period culture. Nature 638, 1007\u20131014 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zeng, T. C. et al. Ancient DNA reveals the prehistory of the Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. Nature 644, 122\u2013132 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Arzelier, A. et al. Ancient DNA sheds light on the funerary practices of Late Neolithic collective burial in southern France. Proc. R. Soc. B 291, rspb.2024.1215 (2024).<\/p>\n

Lamnidis, T. C. et al. Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe. Nat. Commun. 9, 5018 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Sullivan, N. et al. Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an early medieval Alemannic graveyard. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao1262 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rivollat, M. et al. Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter\u2013gatherers and Neolithic farmers. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ebenesersd\u00f3ttir, S. S. et al. Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population. Science 360, 1028\u20131032 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fregel, R. et al. Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6774\u20136779 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brunel, S. et al. Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 12791\u201312798 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Martiniano, R. et al. Ancient genomes illuminate eastern Arabian population history and adaptation against malaria. Cell Genom. 4, 100507 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brace, S. et al. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 765\u2013771 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

G\u00fcnther, T. et al. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 11917\u201311922 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

\u017degarac, A. et al. Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the Early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe. Sci. Rep. 11, 10072 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gerber, D. et al. Ancient genomes reveal Avar-Hungarian transformations in the 9th-10th centuries CE Carpathian Basin. Sci. Adv. 10, eadq5864 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Foody, M. G. B. et al. Ancient genomes reveal cosmopolitan ancestry and maternal kinship patterns at post-Roman Worth Matravers, Dorset. Antiquity 99, 1356\u20131371 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al. Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites. Cell 185, 1402\u20131413.e21 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saupe, T. et al. Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula. Curr. Biol. 31, 2576\u20132591.e12 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Krzewi\u0144ska, M. et al. Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat4457 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al. Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe4414 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, C.-C. et al. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nat. Commun. 10, 590 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409\u2013413 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ariano, B. et al. Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe. Curr. Biol. 32, 2668\u20132680.e6 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Michel, M. et al. Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria. Nature 631, 125\u2013133 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Antonio, M. L. et al. Ancient Rome: a genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science 366, 708\u2013714 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Veselka, B. et al. Assembling ancestors: the manipulation of Neolithic and Gallo-Roman skeletal remains at Pommer\u0153ul, Belgium. Antiquity 98, 1576\u20131591 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scorrano, G. et al. Bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic portrait of two Pompeians that died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. Sci. Rep. 12, 6468 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Srigyan, M. et al. Bioarchaeological evidence of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant. Commun. Biol. 5, 554 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zagorc, B. et al. Bioarchaeological perspectives on Late Antiquity in Dalmatia: paleogenetic, dietary, and population studies of the Hvar\u2014Rado\u0161evi\u0107 burial site. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 16, 150 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bagnasco, G. et al. Bioarchaeology aids the cultural understanding of six characters in search of their agency (Tarquinia, ninth\u2013seventh century BC, central Italy). Sci. Rep. 14, 11895 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Furtw\u00e4ngler, A. et al. Comparison of target enrichment strategies for ancient pathogen DNA. Biotechniques 69, 455\u2013459 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cassidy, L. M. et al. Continental influx and pervasive matrilocality in Iron Age Britain. Nature 637, 1136\u20131142 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haber, M. et al. Continuity and admixture in the last five millennia of Levantine history from Ancient Canaanite and present-day Lebanese genome sequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 101, 274\u2013282 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Linderholm, A. et al. Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland. Sci. Rep. 10, 6885 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225\u2013228 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bl\u00f6cher, J. et al. Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2303574120 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gokhman, D. et al. Differential DNA methylation of vocal and facial anatomy genes in modern humans. Nat. Commun. 11, 1189 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Papac, L. et al. Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi6941 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Penske, S. et al. Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe. Nature 620, 358\u2013365 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hofmanov\u00e1, Z. et al. Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 6886\u20136891 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Moreno-Mayar, J. V. et al. Early human dispersals within the Americas. Science 362, eaav2621 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Broushaki, F. et al. Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent. Science 353, 499\u2013503 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scheib, C. L. et al. East Anglian Early Neolithic monument burial linked to contemporary Megaliths. Ann. Hum. Biol. 46, 145\u2013149 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gretzinger, J. et al. Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8, 1467\u20131480 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saag, L. et al. Extensive farming in Estonia started through a sex-biased migration from the steppe. Curr. Biol. 27, 2185\u20132193.e6 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rivollat, M. et al. Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community. Nature 620, 600\u2013606 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nedoluzhko, A. et al. First ancient DNA analysis of mummies from the post-Scythian Oglakhty cemetery in South Siberia. Preprint at Research Square https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1993191\/v1<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Valdiosera, C. et al. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3428\u20133433 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Immel, A. et al. Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture. Sci. Rep. 10, 4253 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Peltola, S. et al. Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve. Curr. Biol. 33, 174\u2013182.e10 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saag, L. et al. Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd6535 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kumar, V. et al. Genetic continuity of Bronze Age ancestry with increased steppe-related ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 4908\u20134917 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mattila, T. M. et al. Genetic continuity, isolation, and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe. Commun. Biol. 6, 793 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Marcus, J. H. et al. Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. Nat. Commun. 11, 939 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hui, R. et al. Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death. Sci. Adv. 10, eadi5903 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Stolarek, I. et al. Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE. Genome Biol. 24, 173 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I. et al. Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548, 214\u2013218 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gamba, C. et al. Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nat. Commun. 5, 5257 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Guarino-Vignon, P. et al. Genome-wide analysis of a collective grave from Mentesh Tepe provides insight into the population structure of Early Neolithic population in the South Caucasus. Commun. Biol. 6, 319 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Novak, M. et al. Genome-wide analysis of nearly all the victims of a 6200 year old massacre. PLoS ONE 16, e0247332 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Waldman, S. et al. Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century. Cell 185, 4703\u20134716.e16 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Immel, A. et al. Genome-wide study of a Neolithic Wartberg grave community reveals distinct HLA variation and hunter\u2013gatherer ancestry. Commun. Biol. 4, 113 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brace, S. et al. Genomes from a medieval mass burial show Ashkenazi-associated hereditary diseases pre-date the 12th century. Curr. Biol. 32, 4350\u20134359.e6 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gelabert, P. et al. Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine. Sci. Rep. 12, 7242 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Begg, T. J. A. et al. Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven. Curr. Biol. 33, 1431\u20131447.e22 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rodr\u00edguez-Varela, R. et al. Genomic analyses of pre-European conquest human remains from the Canary Islands reveal close affinity to modern North Africans. Curr. Biol. 27, 3396\u20133402.e5 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sim\u00f5es, L. G. et al. Genomic ancestry and social dynamics of the last hunter\u2013gatherers of Atlantic France. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2310545121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scorrano, G. et al. Genomic ancestry, diet and microbiomes of Upper Palaeolithic hunter\u2013gatherers from San Teodoro cave. Commun. Biol. 5, 1262 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yu, H. et al. Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily. iScience 25, 104244 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Krzewi\u0144ska, M. et al. Genomic and strontium isotope variation reveal immigration patterns in a Viking age town. Curr. Biol. 28, 2730\u20132738.e10 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Skoglund, P. et al. Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers. Science 344, 747\u2013750 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Skourtanioti, E. et al. Genomic history of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, northern Levant, and southern Caucasus. Cell 181, 1158\u20131175.e28 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419\u2013424 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Martiniano, R. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat. Commun. 7, 10326 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age\u2013Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi7038 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seguin-Orlando, A. et al. Heterogeneous hunter\u2013gatherer and steppe-related ancestries in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker genomes from present-day France. Curr. Biol. 31, 1072\u20131083.e10 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, K. et al. High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry. Cell Genom. 3, 100377 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Alves, I. et al. Human genetic structure in Northwest France provides new insights into West European historical demography. Nat. Commun. 15, 6710 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ingman, T. et al. Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: integration of isotopic and genomic evidence. PLoS ONE 16, e0241883 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Morez, A. et al. Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK. PLoS Genet. 19, e1010360 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schiffels, S. et al. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat. Commun. 7, 10408 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, X. et al. Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2210611120 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Penske, S. et al. Kinship practices at the Early Bronze Age site of Leubingen in Central Germany. Sci. Rep. 14, 3871 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Armit, I. et al. Kinship practices in Early Iron Age South-east Europe: genetic and isotopic analysis of burials from the Dolge njive barrow cemetery, Dolenjska, Slovenia. Antiquity 97, 403\u2013418 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mittnik, A. et al. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366, 731\u2013734 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Patterson, N. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588\u2013594 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Feldman, M. et al. Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia. Nat. Commun. 10, 1218 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Higgins, O. A. et al. Life history and ancestry of the Late Upper Palaeolithic infant from Grotta delle Mura, Italy. Nat. Commun. 15, 8248 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gyuris, B. et al. Long shared haplotypes identify the Southern Urals as a primary source for the 10th century Hungarians. Cell https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.002<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. Lasting Lower Rhine\u2013Meuse forager ancestry shaped Bell Beaker expansion. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10111-8<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n

Burger, J. et al. Low prevalence of lactase persistence in Bronze Age Europe indicates ongoing strong selection over the last 3,000 years. Curr. Biol. 30, 4307\u20134315.e13 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207\u2013211 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

S\u00e1nchez-Quinto, F. et al. Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 9469\u20139474 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cassidy, L. M. et al. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 368\u2013373 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Arzelier, A. et al. Neolithic genomic data from southern France showcase intensified interactions with hunter\u2013gatherer communities. iScience 25, 105387 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al. Network of large pedigrees reveals social practices of Avar communities. Nature 629, 376\u2013383 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seguin-Orlando, A. et al. No particular genomic features underpin the dramatic economic consequences of 17th century plague epidemics in Italy. iScience 24, 102383 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saag, L. et al. North Pontic crossroads: mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period. Sci. Adv. 11, eadr0695 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sim\u00f5es, L. G. et al. Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant. Nature 618, 550\u2013556 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fischer, C.-E. et al. Origin and mobility of Iron Age Gaulish groups in present-day France revealed through archaeogenomics. iScience 25, 104094 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Posth, C. et al. Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter\u2013gatherers. Nature 615, 117\u2013126 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gonz\u00e1lez-Fortes, G. et al. Paleogenomic evidence for multi-generational mixing between Neolithic farmers and Mesolithic hunter\u2013gatherers in the lower Danube basin. Curr. Biol. 27, 1801\u20131810.e10 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lipson, M. et al. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature 551, 368\u2013372 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chyle\u0144ski, M. et al. Patrilocality and hunter\u2013gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age. Nat. Commun. 14, 4395 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Childebayeva, A. et al. Population genetics and signatures of selection in Early Neolithic European farmers. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39, msac108 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Veeramah, K. R. et al. Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in early medieval Bavaria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3494\u20133499 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Allentoft, M. E. et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522, 167\u2013172 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

G\u00fcnther, T. et al. Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation. PLoS Biol. 16, e2003703 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Allentoft, M. E. et al. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia. Nature 625, 301\u2013311 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Margaryan, A. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390\u2013396 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ringbauer, H. et al. Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors. Nature 643, 139\u2013147 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Freilich, S. et al. Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Sci. Rep. 11, 16729 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

J\u00e4rve, M. et al. Shifts in the genetic landscape of the western Eurasian steppe associated with the beginning and end of the Scythian dominance. Curr. Biol. 29, 2430\u20132441.e10 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gelabert, P. et al. Social and genetic diversity among the first farmers of Central Europe. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.07.548126<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n

Gelabert, P. et al. Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe. Nat. Hum. Behav. 9, 53\u201364 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Koptekin, D. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean. Curr. Biol. 33, 41\u201357.e15 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Antonio, M. L. et al. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 13, e79714 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. Survival of Late Pleistocene hunter\u2013gatherer ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula. Curr. Biol. 29, 1169\u20131177.e7 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gretzinger, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112\u2013119 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saag, L. et al. The arrival of Siberian ancestry connecting the eastern Baltic to Uralic speakers further East. Curr. Biol. 29, 1701\u20131711.e16 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of Northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190\u2013196 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7, G. M. et al. The demographic development of the first farmers in Anatolia. Curr. Biol. 26, 2659\u20132666 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reitsema, L. J. et al. The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2205272119 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

De Barros Damgaard, P. et al. The first horse herders and the impact of Early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 360, eaar7711 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Narasimhan, V. M. et al. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365, eaat7487 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200\u2013205 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rodr\u00edguez-Varela, R. et al. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present. Cell 186, 32\u201346.e19 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I. et al. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 377, eabm4247 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aneli, S. et al. The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39, msac014 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mar\u00f3ti, Z. et al. The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. Curr. Biol. 32, 2858\u20132870.e7 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I. et al. The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans. Nature 639, 132\u2013142 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mittnik, A. et al. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat. Commun. 9, 442 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Malmstr\u00f6m, H. et al. The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.\u00a0286, 20191528 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mathieson, I. et al. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555, 197\u2013203 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Clemente, F. et al. The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations. Cell 184, 2565\u20132586.e21 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Agranat-Tamir, L. et al. The genomic history of the Bronze Age southern Levant. Cell 181, 1146\u20131157.e11 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olalde, I. et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230\u20131234 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Marchi, N. et al. The genomic origins of the world\u2019s first farmers. Cell 185, 1842\u20131859.e18 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Coutinho, A. et al. The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 172, 638\u2013649 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jones, E. R. et al. The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers. Curr. Biol. 27, 576\u2013582 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Posth, C. et al. The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi7673 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Martiniano, R. et al. The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods. PLoS Genet. 13, e1006852 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ghalichi, A. et al. The rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus. Nature 635, 917\u2013925 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Spyrou, M. A. et al. The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia. Nature 606, 718\u2013724 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fernandes, D. M. et al. The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 334\u2013345 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rohland, N. et al. Three assays for in-solution enrichment of ancient human DNA at more than a million SNPs. Genome Res. 32, 2068\u20132078 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Amorim, C. E. G. et al. Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics. Nat. Commun. 9, 3547 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schroeder, H. et al. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10705\u201310710 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Beneker, O. et al. Urbanization and genetic homogenization in the medieval Low Countries revealed through a ten-century paleogenomic study of the city of Sint-Truiden. Genome Biol. 26, 127 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bycroft, C. et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562, 203\u2013209 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Byrska-Bishop, M. et al. High-coverage whole-genome sequencing of the expanded 1000 Genomes Project cohort including 602 trios. Cell 185, 3426\u20133440.e19 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dabney, J. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15758\u201315763 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Korlevi\u0107, P. et al. Reducing microbial and human contamination in DNA extractions from ancient bones and teeth. Biotechniques 59, 87\u201393 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil-DNA-glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.\u00a0370, 20130624 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Briggs, A. W. & Heyn, P. Preparation of next-generation sequencing libraries from damaged DNA. Methods Mol. Biol. 840, 143\u2013154 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fu, Q. et al. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2223\u20132227 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rohland, N., Glocke, I., Aximu-Petri, A. & Meyer, M. Extraction of highly degraded DNA from ancient bones, teeth and sediments for high-throughput sequencing. Nat. Protoc. 13, 2447\u20132461 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gansauge, M.-T., Aximu-Petri, A., Nagel, S. & Meyer, M. Manual and automated preparation of single-stranded DNA libraries for the sequencing of DNA from ancient biological remains and other sources of highly degraded DNA. Nat. Protoc. 15, 2279\u20132300 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754\u20131760 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Broad Institute. Picard toolkit. GitHub https:\/\/broadinstitute.github.io\/picard\/<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n

Behar, D. M. et al. A \u201cCopernican\u201d reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90, 675\u2013684 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

1000 Genomes Project Consortium et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526, 68\u201374 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. GigaScience 10, giab008 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zhao, H. et al. CrossMap: a versatile tool for coordinate conversion between genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 30, 1006\u20131007 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Karczewski, K. J. et al. The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 581, 434\u2013443 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Karczewski, K. J. et al. Pan-UK Biobank genome-wide association analyses enhance discovery and resolution of ancestry-enriched effects. Nat. Genet. 57, 2408\u20132417 (2025).<\/p>\n

Kim, A. et al. Inferring causal cell types of human diseases and risk variants from candidate regulatory elements. Preprint at medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.17.24307556<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n

Gazal, S. S-LDSC reference files. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10515792<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n

Sakaue, S. et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat. Genet. 53, 1415\u20131424 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chen, T.-T. et al. Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8, 562\u2013575 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shelton, J. F. et al. Trans-ancestry analysis reveals genetic and nongenetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Nat. Genet. 53, 801\u2013808 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium. Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants. Nature 645, 692\u2013701 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133\u2013142 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Liu, Y., Mao, X., Krause, J. & Fu, Q. Insights into human history from the first decade of…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":400929,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[15953,176938,4840,2026,61,60,2027,10883,82,4843],"class_list":{"0":"post-400928","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-anthropology","9":"tag-evolutionary-genetics","10":"tag-genome-wide-association-studies","11":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","12":"tag-ie","13":"tag-ireland","14":"tag-multidisciplinary","15":"tag-population-genetics","16":"tag-science","17":"tag-statistical-methods"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=400928"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400928\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/400929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=400928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=400928"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=400928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}