{"id":590508,"date":"2026-08-12T01:38:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T01:38:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/590508\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T01:38:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T01:38:15","slug":"progress-and-future-directions-in-dinosaur-palaeontology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/590508\/","title":{"rendered":"Progress and future directions in dinosaur palaeontology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Buckland, W. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield. Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1, 390\u2013396 (1824).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mannion, P. The spatiotemporal distribution of mesozoic dinosaur diversity. Biol. Lett. 20, 2024043 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benson, R. Dinosaur macroevolution and macroecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol., Evol. Syst. 49, 379\u2013408 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brusatte, S. L. Dinosaur Paleobiology 322 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).<\/p>\n

Benton, M. The dinosaur boom in the cretaceous. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 544, 453\u2013475 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science 346, 1253293 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brusatte, S. L., O\u2019Connor, J. K. & Jarvis, E. D. The origin and diversification of birds. Curr. Biol. 25, R888\u2013R898 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pittman, M. & Xu, X. Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs: Past Progress and New Frontiers (American Museum of Natural History, 2020).<\/p>\n

Field, D., Burton, M., Benito, J., Plateau, O. & Naval\u00f3n, G. Whence the birds: 200 years of dinosaurs, avian antecedents. Biol. Lett. 21, 20240500 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nesbitt, S. J. et al. The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan. Nature 544, 484\u2013487 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Padian, K. The problem of dinosaur origins: integrating three approaches to the rise of Dinosauria. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 103, 423\u2013442 (2012).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

M\u00fcller, R. T. et al. New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors. Nature 620, 589\u2013594 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

M\u00fcller, R. & Garcia, M. S. Oldest dinosauromorph from South America and the early radiation of dinosaur precursors in Gondwana. Gondwana Res. 107, 42\u201348 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benton, M. J. in The Dinosauria (eds Weishampel, D. B. et al.) 11\u201330 (Univ. California Press, 1990).<\/p>\n

Gauthier, J. in The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight Vol. 8 (ed. Padian, K.) 1\u201355 (Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, 1986).<\/p>\n

Bakker, R. T. & Galton, P. M. Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates. Nature 248, 168\u2013172 (1974).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lovegrove, J., Upchurch, P. & Barrett, P. M. Untangling the tree or unravelling the consensus? Recent developments in the quest to resolve the roadscale relationships within Dinosauria. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 22, 2345333 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Goloboff, P. A. & Sereno, P. C. Comparative cladistics: identifying the sources for differing phylogenetic results between competing morphology-based datasets. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 19, 761\u2013786 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

\u010cern\u00fd, D. & Simonoff, A. L. Statistical evaluation of character support reveals the instability of higher-level dinosaur phylogeny. Sci. Rep. 13, 9273 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Novas, F. et al. Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 110, 103341 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Langer, M. C. et al. Untangling the dinosaur family tree. Nature 551, E1\u2013E3 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Baron, M. G., Norman, D. B. & Barrett, P. M. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543, 501\u2013506 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

M\u00fcller, R. T. & Garcia, M. S. A paraphyletic \u2018Silesauridae\u2019 as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs. Biol. Lett. 16, 20200417 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Norman, D. B., Baron, M. G., Garcia, M. S. & M\u20aculler, R. T. Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 196, 1273\u20131309 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Baron, M. G. The effect of character and outgroup choice on the phylogenetic position of the Jurassic dinosaur Chilesaurus diegosaurezi. Palaeoworld 33, 142\u2013151 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X., You, H. L., Du, K. & Han, F. L. An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. Nature 475, 465\u2013470 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chiarenza, A., Mannion, P., Farnsworth, A., Carrano, M. & Varela, S. Climatic constraints on the biogeographic history of Mesozoic dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 32, 570\u2013585 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kiat, Y. & O\u2019Connor, J. K. Functional constraints on the number and shape of flight feathers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2306639121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brusatte, S. L. et al. The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs. Earth Sci. Rev. 101, 68\u2013100 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Langer, M. C., Ezcurra, M. D., Bittencourt, J. S. & Novas, F. E. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biol. Rev. 85, 55\u2013110 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Marsola, J., Ferreira, G., Langer, M., Button, D. & RJ, B. Increases in sampling support the southern Gondwanan hypothesis for the origin of dinosaurs. Palaeontology 62, 473\u2013482 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Upchurch, P. in The Dinosauria III (eds Weishample, D. B. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, in the press).<\/p>\n

Bernardi, M., Gianolla, P., Petti, F. M., Mietto, P. & Benton, M. J. Dinosaur diversification linked with the carnian pluvial episode. Nat. Commun. 9, 1499 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lovelace, D. M. et al. Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid\u2013Late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 203, zlae153 (2025).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brusatte, S. L., Niedzwiedzki, G. & Butler, R. J. Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 1107\u20131113 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nesbitt, S. J. et al. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464, 95\u201398 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cau, A. The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process. Boll. Soc. Paleontol. Ital. 57, 1\u201325 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4435\/BSPI.2018.01<\/a> (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dal Corso, J. et al. Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic). Sci. Adv. 6, eaba0099 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Corecco, L., Kohn, M. J. & Schultz, C. L. Triassic climate and the rise of the dinosaur empire in South America. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 142, 104977 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sander, P. M. et al. Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism. Biol. Rev. 86, 117\u2013155 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Farlow, J. Speculations about the diet and digestive physiology of herbivorous dinosaurs. Paleobiology 13, 60\u201372 (1987).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Singh, P. et al. Reduction in animal abundance and oxygen availability during and after the end-Triassic mass extinction. Geobiology 21, 175\u2013192 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ballell, A., Benton, M. & EJ, R. Dental form and function in the early feeding diversification of dinosaurs. Sci. Adv. 8, eabq5201 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wignall, P. B. & Atkinson, J. W. A two-phase end-triassic mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 208, 103282 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fox, C. P. et al. Two-pronged kill mechanism at the end-Triassic mass extinction. Geology 50, 448\u2013453 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pol, D. et al. Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event. Proc. R. Soc. B 287, 20202310 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reolid, M., Duarte, L. V., Mattioli, E. & Ruebsam, W. Vol. 514 (Geological Society, 2021).<\/p>\n

Reolid, M., Ruebsam, W. & Benton, M. J. Impact of the Jenkyns Event (Early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: comparison with the Triassic\/Jurassic transition. Earth Sci. Rev. 234, 104196 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Weishampel, D. B. et al. in The Dinosauria (eds Weishampel, D. B. et al.) 517\u2013606 (Univ. California Press, 2004).<\/p>\n

Xu, X., Zhou, Z. H., Sullivan, C., Wang, Y. & Ren, D. An updated review of the Middle\u2013Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota: chronology, taphonomy, paleontology and paleoecology. Acta Geol. Sin. 90, 2229\u20132243 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X., Clark, J., Eberth, D. & Currie, P. The Shishugou fauna of the Middle\u2013Late Jurassic transition period in the Junggar basin of western China. Acta Geol. Sin. Engl. Ed. 96, 1115\u20131135 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tennant, J. P., Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Sutton, M. D. & Price, G. D. Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic\u2013Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover. Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 92, 776\u2013814 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Barrett, P. M. Paleobiology of herbivorous dinosaurs. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 42, 207\u2013230 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lautenschlager, S., Brassey, C. A., Button, D. J. & Barrett, P. M. Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades. Sci. Rep. 6, 26495 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Button, D. J. & Zanno, L. E. Repeated evolution of divergent modes of herbivory in non-avian dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 30, 158\u2013168.e154 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Butler, R. J., Barrett, P. M., Kenrick, P. & Penn, M. G. Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur\/angiosperm co-evolution. J. Evol. Biol. 22, 446\u2013459 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ma, W. S., Pittman, M., Lautenschlager, S., Meade, K. E. & Xu, X. in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs: Past Progress and New Frontiers (eds M. Pittman & Xu, X.) 229\u2013250 (American Museum of Natural History, 2020).<\/p>\n

O\u2019Gorman, E. J. & Hone, D. W. E. Body size distribution of the dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 7, e51925 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Qin, Z. C. et al. Growth and miniaturization among alvarezsauroid dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 31, 3687\u20133693.e3685 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Meade, L. & Ma, W. Cranial muscle reconstructions quantify adaptation for high bite forces in oviraptorosauria. Sci. Rep. 12, 3010 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Meade, L., Pittman, M., Balanoff, A. & Lautenschlager, S. Cranial functional specialisation for strength precedes morphological evolution in oviraptorosauria. Commun. Biol. 7, 436 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. E. & Makovicky, P. Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 232\u2013237 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mallon, J. & Hone, D. W. Estimation of maximum body size in fossil species: a case study using Tyrannosaurus rex. Ecol. Evol. 14, e11658 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. & Michel, H. V. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary extinction. Science 208, 1095\u20131108 (1980).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hull, P. M. On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene boundary. Science 367, 266\u2013272 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Siraj, A. & Loeb, A. Breakup of a long-period comet as the origin of the dinosaur extinction. Sci. Rep. 11, 3803 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sakamoto, M., Benton, M. J. & Venditti, C. Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 5036\u20135040 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Condamine, F. L., Guinot, G., Benton, M. J. & Currie, P. J. Dinosaur biodiversity declined well before the asteroid impact, influenced by ecological and environmental pressures. Nat. Commun. 12, 3833 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bonsor, J. A., Barrett, P. M., Raven, T. J. & Cooper, N. Dinosaur diversification rates were not in decline prior to the K\u2013Pg boundary. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 201195 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Flynn, A. G. et al. Late-surviving new Mexican dinosaurs illuminate high end-Cretaceous diversity and provinciality science. Science 390, 400\u2013404 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Olsen, P. et al. Arctic ice and the ecological rise of the dinosaurs. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo6342 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Upchurch, P. & Chiarenza, A. A. A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus. Biol. Lett. 20, 2020240429 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dunne, E., Farnsworth, A., Greene, S., Lunt, D. & Butler, R. Climatic drivers of latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity. Palaeontology 64, 101\u2013117 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dunne, E. et al. Climatic controls on the ecological ascendancy of dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 33, 206\u2013214 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Whiteside, J. H. et al. Extreme ecosystem instability suppressed tropical dinosaur dominance for 30 million years. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 112, 7909\u20137913 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kent, D. & Clemmensen, L. Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215\u2013212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric pCO2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2020778118 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Griffin, C. et al. Africa\u2019s oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution. Nature 609, 313\u2013319 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brikiatis, L. The De Geer, Thulean and Beringia routes: key concepts for understanding Early Cenozoic biogeography. J. Biogeogr. 41, 1036\u20131054 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fitch, A., Lovelace, D. & Stocker, M. The oldest dinosaur from the northern hemisphere and the origins of theropoda. In Prog. Abstr. 80th Annu. Meet. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 140\u2013141 (2020).<\/p>\n

Rowe, T., Sues, H. & Reisz, R. Dispersal and diversity in the earliest North American sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with a description of a new taxon. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 1044\u20131053 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Upchurch, P., Moore, A. & Mannion, P. in The Dinosauria III (eds Weishample, D. B. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, in the press).<\/p>\n

Heath, J., Cooper, N., Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D. Accounting for sampling heterogeneity suggests a low paleolatitude origin for dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 35, 941\u2013953 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Norman, D. B., Witmer, L. M. & Weishampel, D. B. in The Dinosauria 2nd edn (eds Weishampel, D. B. et al.) 335\u2013342 (Univ. California Press, 2004).<\/p>\n

Wilson, J. A. Integrating ichnofossil and body fossil records to estimate locomotor posture and spatiotemporal distribution of early sauropod dinosaurs: a stratocladistic approach. Paleobiology 31, 400\u2013423 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Smith, N. D. & Pol, D. Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson formation of Antarctica. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 52, 657\u2013674 (2007).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Smith, N. D., Makovicky, P. J., Hammer, W. R. & Currie, P. J. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 151, 377\u2013421 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Irmis, R. & Knoll, F. New ornithischian dinosaur material from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of China. N. J. Geol. Pal\u00e4ontol. Abhandl. 247, 117\u2013128 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Button, D., Lloyd, G., Ezcurra, M. & Butler, R. Mass extinctions drove increased global faunal cosmopolitanism on the supercontinent Pangaea. Nat. Commun. 8, 733 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scotese, C. An atlas of paleogeographic maps: the seas come in and the seas go out. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 49, 669\u2013718 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Souto, P. & MA, F. Paleobiogeographical significance of the Late Jurassic continental fauna from western Gondwana. Palaeoworld 26, 230\u2013240 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Nelson, G. & Platnick, N. Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance (Columbia Univ. Press, 1981).<\/p>\n

Upchurch, P., Hunn, C. A. & Norman, D. B. An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography: evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events. Proc. R. Soc. B 269, 613\u2013621 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mateus, O. Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison formation (USA), the lourinha and Alcoba\u00e7a formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru beds (Tanzania): a comparison. N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 36, 223\u2013231 (2006).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Escaso, F. et al. New evidence of shared dinosaur across Upper Jurassic proto-North Atlantic: stegosaurus from Portugal. Naturwissenschaften 94, 367\u2013374 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ezcurra, M. & Agnolin, F. A new global palaeobiogeographical model for the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary. Syst. Biol. 61, 553\u2013566 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Novas, F. E., Agnolin, F., Ezcurra, M., Porfiri, J. D. & Canale, J. I. Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from Patagonia. Cret. Res. 45, 174\u2013215 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gorscak, E. & PM, O. C. Time-calibrated models support congruency between Cretaceous continental rifting and titanosaurian evolutionary history. Biol. Lett. 12, 20151047 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kubo, T. Biogeographical network analysis of Cretaceous terrestrial tetrapods. A phylogeny-based approach. Syst. Biol. 68, 1034\u20131051 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kubo, T. Biogeographical network analysis of Cretaceous Australian dinosaurs. Gondwana Res. 82, 39\u201347 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ding, A. Y. et al. in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs: Past Progress and New Frontiers (eds Pittman, M. & Xu, X.) 117\u2013158 (American Museum of Natural History, 2020).<\/p>\n

Barrett, P. M., Benson, R. B. J., Rich, T. H. & Vickers-Rich, P. First spinosaurid dinosaur from Australia and the cosmopolitanism of Cretaceous dinosaur faunas. Biol. Lett. 7, 933\u2013936 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. E. & Makovicky, P. J. Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America. Nat. Commun. 4, 2827 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. & Makovicky, P. On the earliest record of cretaceous tyrannosauroids in western North America: implications for an Early Cretaceous Laurasian interchange event. Hist. Biol. 23, 317\u2013325 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dal Sasso, C., Pierangelini, G., Famiani, F., Cau, A. & Nicosia, U. First sauropod bones from Italy offer new insights on the radiation of Titanosauria between Africa and Europe. Cret. Res. 64, 88\u2013109 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Baraboshkin, E. Y., Alekseev, A. S. & Kopaevich, L. F. Cretaceous palaeogeography of the north-eastern peri-Tethys. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Paleoecol. 196, 177\u2013208 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. A new middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reguero, M. & Goin, F. Terrestrial vertebrates: new insights from southern South America and the \u201cdouble Noah\u2019s ark\u201d Antarctic peninsula. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 108, 103358 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Loewen, M. A., Irmis, R. B., Sertich, J. J. W., Currie, P. J. & Sampson, S. D. Tyrant dinosaur evolution tracks the rise and fall of Late Cretaceous oceans. PLoS ONE 8, e79420 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. et al. Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record. Commun. Biol. 2, 64 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Butler, R. J., Benson, R. B. J., Carrano, M. T., Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. Sea level, dinosaur diversity and sampling biases: investigating the \u2018common cause\u2019 hypothesis in the terrestrial realm. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 1165\u20131170 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Haubold, H. Dinosaurs and fluctuating sea levels during the mesozoic. Hist. Biol. 4, 75\u2013106 (1990).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benton, M. J., Wilf, P. & Sauquet, H. The angiosperm terrestrial revolution and the origins of modern biodiversity. N. Phytol. 233, 2017\u20132035 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mannion, P. D. et al. A temperate palaeodiversity peak in Mesozoic dinosaurs and evidence for Late Cretaceous geographical partitioning. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 21, 898\u2013908 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chiarenza, A. et al. Early Jurassic origin of avian endothermy and thermophysiological diversity in dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 34, 2517\u20132527 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Druckenmiller, P. S., Erickson, G. M., Brinkman, D., Brown, C. M. & Eberle, J. J. Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 31, 3469\u20133478 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Poropat, S. F. et al. New Australian sauropods shed light on cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Sci. Rep. 6, 34467 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Csiki-Sava, Z., Buffetaut, E., Osi, A., Pereda-Suberbiola, X. & Brusatte, S. L. Island life in the Cretaceous \u2014 faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. Zookeys 469, 1\u2013161 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sereno, P. C. Dinosaurian biogeography: vicariance, dispersal and regional extinction. Natl Sci. Mus. Monogr. 15, 249\u2013257 (1999).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Longrich, N., Pereda Suberbiola, X., Pyron, R. & Jalil, N. The first duckbill dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Africa and the role of oceanic dispersal in dinosaur biogeography. Cret. Res. 120, 104678 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Longrich, N., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Bardet, N. & Jalil, N. A new small duckbilled dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Morocco and dinosaur diversity in the Late Maastrichtian of North Africa. Sci. Rep. 14, 3665 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Krause, D., Sertich, J., O\u2019Connor, P., Curry Rogers, K. & Rogers, R. The Mesozoic biogeographic history of Gondwanan terrestrial vertebrates: insights from Madagascar\u2019s fossil record. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47, 519\u2013553 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sallam, H. et al. New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 445\u2013451 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gorscak, E. et al. A new titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Quseir Formation of the Kharga Oasis, Egypt. J. Vert. Paleontol. 42, e2199810 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bell, P. R., Fanti, F., Currie, P. J. & Arbour, V. M. A mummified duck-billed dinosaur with a soft-tissue cock\u2019s comb. Curr. Biol. 24, 70\u201375 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brown, C. M. et al. An exceptionally preserved three-dimensional armored dinosaur reveals insights into coloration and Cretaceous predator\u2013prey dynamics. Curr. Biol. 27, 2514\u20132521 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chinsamy, A., Chiappe, L. M., Marugan-Lobon, J., Gao, C. L. & Zhang, F. J. Gender identification of the Mesozoic bird Confuciusornis sanctus. Nat. Commun. 4, 1381 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vinther, J. et al. 3D camouflage in an ornithischian dinosaur. Curr. Biol. 26, 2456\u20132462 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, Z. et al. Iridescent structural coloration in a crested Cretaceous enantiornithine bird from the Jehol biota. eLife 14, RP103628 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Arbour, V., Zanno, L. & Evans, D. Paleopathological evidence for intraspecific combat in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Biol. Lett. 18, 20220404 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brown, C. M., Currie, P. & Therrien, F. Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display. Paleobiology 48, 12\u201343 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bertozzo, F. et al. Deciphering causes and behaviors: a recurrent pattern of tail injuries in hadrosaurid dinosaurs. iScience 28, 113739 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tanaka, K. et al. Exceptional preservation of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur nesting site from Mongolia reveals colonial nesting behavior in a non-avian theropod. Geology 47, 843\u2013847 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Horner, J. R. Evidence of colonial nesting and \u2018site fidelity\u2019 among ornithischian dinosaurs. Nature 297, 675\u2013676 (1982).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Varricchio, D., Jin, X. & Jackson, F. Lay, brood, repeat: nest reuse and site fidelity in ecologic time for two Cretaceous troodontid dinosaurs. J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 35, e932797 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Varricchio, D. J. et al. Avian paternal care had dinosaur origin. Science 322, 1826\u20131828 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, T. R. et al. Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 64, 581\u2013596 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tagliavento, M. et al. Evidence for heterothermic endothermy and reptile-like eggshell mineralization in Troodon, a non-avian maniraptoran theropod. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 120, e2213987120 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, T. R. et al. Hatching asynchrony in oviraptorid dinosaurs sheds light on their unique nesting biology. Integr. Organism. Biol. 1, obz030 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bi, S. D. et al. An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs. Sci. Bull. 66, 947\u2013954 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Han, F. et al. Exceptional Early Jurassic fossils with leathery eggs shed light on dinosaur reproductive biology. Natl Sci. Rev. 11, nwad258 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Varricchio, D. J. & Jackson, F. D. Reproduction in Mesozoic birds and evolution of the modern avian reproductive mode. Auk 133, 654\u2013684 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Varricchio, D. J., Horner, J. R. & Jackson, F. D. Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22, 564\u2013576 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Choi, S., Han, S. & Lee, Y. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis of maniraptoran eggshells with important implications for microstructural and taphonomic interpretations. Palaeontology 62, 777\u2013803 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wiemann, J. et al. Dinosaur origin of egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs. PeerJ 5, e3706 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Chiappe, L. M. & Dashzeveg, D. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378, 774\u2013776 (1995).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lockley, M. G. et al. Theropod courtship: large scale physical evidence of display arenas and avian-like scrape ceremony behaviour by Cretaceous dinosaurs. Sci. Rep. 6, 18952 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tanaka, K., Zelenitsky, D. K. & Therrien, F. Eggshell porosity provides insight on evolution of nesting in dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 10, e0142829 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xing, L. et al. An exquisitely preserved in-ovo theropod dinosaur embryo sheds light on avian-like prehatching postures. iScience 25, 103516 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dhiman, H., Verma, V. & Prasad, G. V. First ovum-in-ovo pathological titanosaurid egg throws light on the reproductive biology of sauropod dinosaurs. Sci. Rep. 12, 9362 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, T. & Sander, P. The reproductive biology of oviraptorosaurs: a synthesis. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 521, 19\u201334 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tanaka, K. et al. Incubation behaviours of oviraptorosaur dinosaurs in relation to body size. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180135 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hogan, J. & Varricchio, D. Chthonic severance: dinosaur eggs of the Mesozoic, the significance of partially buried eggs and contact incubation precursors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 378, 20220144 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hogan, J. D. The egg-thief architect: experimental oviraptorosaur nesting physiology, the possibility of adult-mediated incubation, and the feasibility of indirect contact incubation. Paleobiology 50, 108\u2013122 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Norell, M. A. et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft. Nature 583, 406\u2013410 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Legendre, L. J., Rubilar-Rogers, D., Vargas, A. O. & Clarke, J. A. The first dinosaur egg remains a mystery. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.12.10.406678<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n

Chinsamy, A., Cerda, I. & Powell, J. Vascularised endosteal bone tissue in armoured sauropod dinosaurs. Sci. Rep. 6, 24858 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W. X., Zanno, L., Werning, S. & Sugiyama, T. Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex. Sci. Rep. 6, 23099 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Connor, J. et al. Medullary bone in an Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird and discussion regarding its identification in fossils. Nat. Commun. 9, 5169 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Canoville, A., Schweitzer, M. H. & Zanno, L. E. Identifying medullary bone in extinct avemetatarsalians: challenges, implications and perspectives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 375, 20190133 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sander, P. M. & Klein, N. Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur. Science 310, 1800\u20131802 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Griffin, C. T. & Nesbitt, S. J. Anomalously high variation in postnatal development is ancestral for dinosaurs but lost in birds. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 113, 14757\u201314762 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Griffin, C. T. Developmental patterns and variation among early theropods. J. Anat. 232, 604\u2013640 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chapelle, K. E., Botha, J. & Choiniere, J. N. Extreme growth plasticity in the early branching sauropodomorph Massospondylus carinatus. Biol. Lett. 17, 20200843 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Curry Rogers, K., Mart\u0131nez, R., Colombi, C. E., Rogers, R. & Alcober, O. Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries. PLoS ONE 19, e0298242 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Barta, D. E., Griffin, C. T. & Norell, M. A. Osteohistology of a Triassic dinosaur population reveals highly variable growth trajectories typified early dinosaur ontogeny. Sci. Rep. 12, 17321 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cullen, T. M. et al. Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 287, 20202258 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

D\u2019Emic, M. D. et al. Developmental strategies underlying gigantism and miniaturization in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs. Science 379, 811\u2013814 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

D\u2019Emic, M. The evolution of maxium terrestrial body mass in sauropod dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 33, R349\u2013R350 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. E. & Makovicky, P. J. No evidence for directional evolution of body mass in herbivorous theropod dinosaurs. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20122526 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benson, R. B. J. et al. Rates of dinosaur body mass evolution indicate 170 million years of sustained ecological innovation on the avian stem lineage. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001896 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, M. S. Y., Cau, A., Naish, D. & Dyke, G. J. Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds. Science 345, 562\u2013566 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Puttick, M. N., Thomas, G. H. & Be Nton, M. J. High rates of evolution preceded the origin of birds. Evolution 68, 1497\u20131510 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, J. Y. et al. Bone tissue histology of the Early Cretaceous bird Yanornis: evidence for a diphyletic origin of modern avian growth strategies within Ornithuromorpha. Hist. Biol. 32, 1422\u20131434 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Monfroy, Q. T. & Kundr\u00e1t, M. The osteohistological variability in the evolution of basal avialans. Acta Zool. 103, 1\u201328 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Connor, J. et al. Description and osteohistology of two early immature enantiornithines (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota. Geobios 90, 103\u2013122 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Erickson, G. M., Rogers, K. C., Varricchio, D. J., Norell, M. A. & Xu, X. Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition. Biol. Lett. 3, 558\u2013561 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chinzorig, T. et al. A domed pachycephalosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 646, 1138\u20131145 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schmitz, L. & Motani, R. Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology. Science 332, 705\u2013708 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Choiniere, J. N. et al. Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs. Science 372, 610\u2013613 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Button, D. J. & Zanno, L. E. Neuroanatomy of the Late Cretaceous Thescelosaurus neglectus (Neornithischia: Thescelosauridae) reveals novel ecological specialisations within Dinosauria. Sci. Rep. 13, 19224 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Varricchio, D. J., Martin, A. J. & Katsura, Y. First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 1361\u20131368 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Martin, A. J. Dinosaur burrows in the Otway group (Albian) of Victoria, Australia, and their relation to Cretaceous polar environments. Cret. Res. 30, 1223\u20131237 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Avrahami, H. M., Makovicky, P. J., Tucker, R. T. & Zanno, L. E. A new semi-fossorial thescelosaurine dinosaur from the Cenomanian-age Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah. Anat. Rec. 307, 3717\u20133781 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Beevor, T. et al. Taphonomic evidence supports an aquatic lifestyle for Spinosaurus. Cret. Res. 117, 104627 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hassler, A. et al. Calcium isotopes offer clues on resource partitioning among Cretaceous predatory dinosaurs. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180197 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ibrahim, N. et al. Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaur. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2190-3<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Fabbri, M. et al. Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04528-0<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421, 335\u2013340 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Alexander, D. E., Gong, E., Martin, L. D., Burnham, D. A. & Falk, A. R. Model tests of gliding with different hindwing configurations in the four-winged dromaeosaurid Microraptor gui. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 2972\u20132976 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings. Nature 521, 70\u201373 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Serrano, F. J. & Chiappe, L. M. Independent origins of powered flight in paravian dinosaurs? Curr. Biol. 31, R359\u2013R373 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. Inferring aerial behavior in Mesozoic dinosaurs: implications and uncertainties. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2401482121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wang, M., O\u2019Connor, J. M. K., Xu, X. & Zhou, Z. H. A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs. Nature 569, 256\u2013259 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Benson, R. B. J. & Choiniere, J. N. Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds. Proc. R. Soc. B https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2013.1780<\/a> (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yu, Y. L., Zhang, C. & Xu, X. Deep time diversity and the early radiations of birds. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2019865 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 317, 1378\u20131381 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

O\u2019Connor, P. M. & Claessens, L. P. A. M. Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Nature 436, 253\u2013256 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aguilar-Pedrayes, I., Gardner, J. & Organ, C. The coevolution of rostral keratin and tooth distribution in dinosaurs. Proc. R. Soc. B 291, 20231713 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dececchi, T. A., Larsson, H. C. E. & Habib, M. B. The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents. PeerJ 4, e2159 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Voeten, D. F. et al. Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx. Nat. Commun. 9, 923 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Gatesy, S. M. in New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds (eds Gauthier, J. & Gall, J. F.) 333\u2013350 (Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2001).<\/p>\n

Gatesy, S. M. & Dial, K. P. Locomotor modules and the evolution of avian flight. Evolution 50, 331\u2013340 (1996).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

McNamara, M. E. et al. Fossilized skin reveals coevolution with feathers and metabolism in feathered dinosaurs and early birds. Nat. Commun. 9, 2072 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, Z. X., Jiang, B. Y., Xu, J. X. & McNamara, M. E. Cellular structure of dinosaur scales reveals retention of reptile-type skin during the evolutionary transition to feathers. Nat. Commun. 15, 4063 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X., Tang, Z. L. & Wang, X. L. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature 399, 350\u2013354 (1999).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Nature 484, 92\u201395 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

P\u00eagas, R. V. et al. A regurgitalite reveals a new filter-feeding pterosaur from the Santana Group. Sci. Rep. 15, 37336 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Freimuth, W. J., Varricchio, D. J., Brannick, A. L., Weaver, L. N. & Wilson Mantilla, G. P. Mammal-bearing gastric pellets potentially attributable to Troodon formosus at the Cretaceous Egg Mountain locality, Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. Palaeontology 64, 699\u2013725 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Therrien, F. et al. Exceptionally preserved stomach contents of a young tyrannosaurid reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift in an iconic extinct predator. Sci. Adv. 9, eadi0505 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Poropat, S. F. et al. Fossilized gut contents elucidate the feeding habits of sauropod dinosaurs. Curr. Biol. 35, 2597\u20132613 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brown, C. M. et al. Dietary palaeoecology of an Early Cretaceous armoured dinosaur (Ornithischia; Nodosauridae) based on floral analysis of stomach contents. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 200305 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chin, K., Feldmann, R. M. & Tashman, J. N. Consumption of crustaceans by megaherbivorous dinosaurs: dietary flexibility and dinosaur life history strategies. Sci. Rep. 7, 11163 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, Y. N. et al. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature 515, 257\u2013260 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chin, K., Tokaryk, T. T., Erickson, G. M. & Calk, L. C. A king-sized theropod coprolite. Nature 393, 680\u2013682 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Qvarnstr\u00f6m, M. et al. Digestive contents and food webs record the advent of dinosaur supremacy. Nature 636, 397\u2013403 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Snively, E., Cotton, J. R., Ridgely, R. & Witmer, L. M. Multibody dynamics model of head and neck function in Allosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Palaeontol. Electron. 16, 11A (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rayfeld, E. J. et al. Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur. Nature 409, 1033\u20131037 (2001).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dudgeon, T. W. & Evans, D. C. Disparate feeding mechanics between two hadrosaurid dinosaurs support the potential for resource partitioning. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. 292, 20250921 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ma, W., Pittman, M., Butler, R. & Lautenschlager, S. Macroevolutionary trends in theropod dinosaur feeding mechanics. Curr. Biol. 32, 677\u2013686 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cullen, T. M. et al. Large-scale stable isotope characterization of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur-dominated ecosystem. Geology 48, 546\u2013551 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Frederickson, J. A., Engel, M. H. & Cifelli, R. L. Ontogenetic dietary shifts in Deinonychus antirrhopus (Theropoda; Dromaeosauridae): insights into the ecology and social behavior of raptorial dinosaurs through stable isotope analysis. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 552, 109780 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cullen, T. M. & Cousens, B. L. New biogeochemical insights into Mesozoic terrestrial paleoecology and evidence for omnivory in troodontid dinosaurs. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 136, 2689\u20132701 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Briggs, D. & Summons, R. Ancient biomolecules: their origins, fossilization, and role in revealing the history of life. BioEssays 36, 482 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tahoun, M., Engeser, M., Namasivayam, V., Sander, P. & Muller, C. Chemistry and analysis of organic compounds in dinosaurs. Biology 11, 670 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Briggs, D. & McMahon, S. The role of experiments in investigating the taphonomy of exceptional preservation. Palaeontology 59, 1 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Buckley, M. in Paleogenomics: Population Genomics (eds Lindqvist, C. & Rajora, O.) 31\u201352 (Springer, 2018).<\/p>\n

Buckley, M. Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). In Handbook of Archaeological Sciences (eds Pollard, A. M. et al.). 2nd edn, 483\u2013500 (Wiley, 2023).<\/p>\n

Paterson, R., Mackie, M. & Capobianco, A. Phylogenetically informative proteins from an Early Miocene rhinocerotid. Nature 643, 719 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Green, D. R. et al. Eighteen million years of diverse enamel proteomes from the East African Rift. Nature 643, 712\u2013718 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H. et al. Analyses of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein. Science 316, 277\u2013280 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H. et al. Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis. Science 324, 626\u2013631 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Asara, J. M., Schweitzer, M. H., Freimark, L. M., Phillips, M. & Cantley, L. C. Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry. Science 316, 280\u2013285 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schroeter, E. et al. Expansion for the Brachylophosaurus canadensis collagen I sequence and additional evidence of the preservation of Cretaceous protein. J. Proteome Res. 16, 920 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kaye, T. G., Gaugler, G. & Sawlowicz, Z. Dinosaurian soft tissues interpreted as bacterial biofilms. PLoS ONE 3, e2808 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Buckley, M. et al. Comment on \u201cProtein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry\u201d. Science 319, 33 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Buckley, M., Warwood, S., van Dongen, B., Kitchener, A. C. & Manning, P. L. A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination. Proc. Biol. Sci. 284, 20170544 (2017).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bertazzo, S. et al. Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur specimens. Nat. Commun. 6, 7352 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

He, Y. et al. The evolution of amino acids under asteroidal aqueous alteration. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 387, 98\u2013110 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lee, Y. C. et al. Evidence of preserved collagen in an Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaur revealed by synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 8, 14220 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bailleul, A. M. et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage. Natl Sci. Rev. 7, 815\u2013822 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lendaro, E. et al. On the problem of immunological detection of antigens in skeletal remains. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86, 429\u2013432 (1991).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Slater, T. S., Edwards, N. P., Webb, S. M., Zhang, F. & McNamara, M. E. Preservation of corneous \u03b2-proteins in Mesozoic feathers. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 1706 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W. X., Cleland, T. P. & Bern, M. Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules. Bone 52, 414\u2013423 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Moyer, A. E., Zheng, W. & Schweitzer, M. H. Microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses of the claw of the nesting dinosaur, Citipati osmolskae. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20161997 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pan, Y. H. et al. The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 3018\u20133023 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H. et al. Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti. J. Exp. Zool. 285, 146\u2013157 (1999).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saitta, E. T. et al. Low fossilization potential of keratin protein revealed by experimental taphonomy. Palaeontology 60, 547\u2013556 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saitta, E., Rogers, C., Brooker, R. A. & Vinther, J. Experimental taphonomy of keratin: a structural analysis of early taphonomic changes. Palaios 32, 647\u2013657 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Saitta, E., Kaye, T. & Vinther, J. Sediment-encased maturation: a novel method for simulating diagenesis in organic fossil preservation. Palaeontology 62, 135 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wiemann, J. et al. Fossilization transforms vertebrate hard tissue proteins into N-heterocyclic polymers. Nat. Commun. 9, 4741 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wiemann, J. & Briggs, D. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool in molecular paleobiology: an analytical response to Alleon et al. BioEssays 44, 2100070 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wiemann, J., Crawford, J. & Briggs, D. Phylogenetic and physiological signals in metazoan fossil biomolecules. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba6883 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Alleon, J. et al. Pushing Raman spectroscopy over the edge: purported signatures of organic molecules in fossil animals are instrumental artefacts. BioEssays 43, 2000295 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wiemann, J., Yang, T.-R. & Norell, M. Dinosaur egg colour had a single evolutionary origin. Nature 563, 555 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yang, T.-R., Chen, Y.-H., Wiemann, J., Spiering, B. & Sander, P. Fossil eggshell cuticle elucidates dinosaur nesting ecology. PeerJ 6, e5144 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shawkey, M. & D\u2019Alba, L. Egg pigmentation probably has an early Archosaurian origin. Nature 570, e44 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rossi, V., Unitt, R. & McNamara, M. A new non-destructive method to decipher the origin of organic matter in fossils using Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv. 14, 26747 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

McNamara, M. et al. 2021. Decoding the evolution of melanin in vertebrates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 430 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

D\u2019Alba, L. & Shawkey, M. Melanosomes: biogenesis, properties, and evolution of an ancient organelle. Physiol. Rev. 99, 1\u201319 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lindgren, J. et al. Molecular composition and ultrastructure of Jurassic paravian feathers. Sci. Rep. 5, 13520 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Slater, T. et al. Taphonomic experiments reveal authentic molecular signals for fossil melanins and verify preservation of phaeomelanin in fossils. Nat. Commun. 14, 5651 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Novas, F. E. et al. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature 522, 331\u2013334 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Goswami, A., Prasad, G. V. R., Verma, O., Flynn, J. J. & Benson, R. B. J. A troodontid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of India. Nat. Commun. 4, 1703 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Maidment, S. et al. Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1576\u20131581 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Griebeler, E. Vital statistics, absolute abundance and preservation rate of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontology 66, e12648 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Marshall, C. et al. Absolute abundance and preservation rate of Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 372, 284\u2013287 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bell, P. R. et al. Tyrannosauroid integument reveals conflicting patterns of gigantism and feather evolution. Biol. Lett. 13, 20170092 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Milinkovitch, M. et al. Crocodile head scales are not developmental units but emerge from physical cracking. Science 339, 78\u201381 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Van Bijlert, P. A., Van Soest, A. J. K. & Schulp, A. S. Natural frequency method: estimating the preferred walking speed of Tyrannosaurus rex based on tail natural frequency. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8, 201441 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hirt, M. R., Jetz, W., Rall, B. C. & Brosem, U. A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1116\u20131122 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dececchi, T. A., Mloszewska, A. M., Holtz, T. R. J., Habib, M. B. & Larsson, H. C. E. The fast and the frugal: divergent locomotory strategies drive limb lengthening in theropod dinosaurs. PloS ONE 15, e0223698 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bates, K. T. & Falkingham, P. L. Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biol. Lett. 8, 660\u2013664 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmeyer, J. L. & Horner, J. R. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308, 1456\u20131460 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zanno, L. E. & Napoli, J. Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus coexisted at the close of the Cretaceous. Nature 48, 357\u2013367 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Uno, Y. & Hirasawa, T. Origin of the propatagium in non-avian dinosaurs. Zool. Lett. 9, 4 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kiat, Y. & O\u2019Connor, J. Rarity of molt evidence in early pennaraptoran dinosaurs suggests annual molt evolved later among Neornithes. Commun. Biol. 6, 687 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kiat, Y. & O\u2019Connor, J. Wing morphology of Anchiornis huxleyi and the evolution of molt strategies in paravian dinosaurs. Commun. Biol. 8, 1633 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, L. et al. In situ U\u2013Pb dating of Jurassic dinosaur bones from Sichuan Basin, South China. Geology 52, 216\u2013221 (2024).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tucker, R. et al. U\u2013Pb calcite age dating of fossil eggshell, an accurate deep-time geochronometer. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 872 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. Was there a global Cretaceous terrestrial biodiversity decline? Sci. Bull. 68, 964\u2013965 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Radermacher, V. et al. A new Heterodontosaurus specimen elucidates the unique ventilatory macroevolution of ornithischian dinosaurs. eLife 10, e66036 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Aureliano, T. et al. The origin of an invasive air sac system in sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Anat. Rec. 307, 1084\u20131092 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yoshida, J., Kobayashi, Y. & Norell, M. An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs. Commun. Biol. 6, 152 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Imai, T., Hattori, S., Uesugi, K. & Hoshino, M. High-energy synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray micro-tomography enables non-destructive and micro-scale palaeohistological assessment of macro-scale fossil dinosaur bones. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 30, 627\u2013633 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yu, C. & Qin, F., Li, Y., Qin, Z. & Norell, M. CT segmentation of dinosaur fossils by deep learning. Front. Earth Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2021.805271<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Zhang, L., Cao, Z. & Zhao, Q. Deep learning-aided segmentation combined with finite element analysis reveals a more natural biomechanic of dinosaur fossil. Sci. Rep. 15, 13964 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Qin, Z., Qin, F., Li, Y. & Yu, C. Intelligent objective osteon segmentation based on deep learning. Front. Earth Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2022.783481<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lallensack, J., Romilio, A. & Falkingham, P. A machine learning approach for the discrimination of theropod and ornithischian dinosaur tracks. J. R. Soc. Interf. 19, 20220588 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wills, S., Underwood, C. & Barrett, P. Machine learning confirms new records of maniraptoran theropods in Middle Jurassic UK microvertebrate faunas. Pap. Palaeontol. 10, e1604 (2023).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wills, S., Underwood, C. & Barrett, P. Learning to see the wood for the trees: machine learning, decision trees, and the classification of isolated theropod teeth. Palaeontology 64, 75\u201399 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Barker, C. et al. Theropod dinosaur diversity of the Lower English Wealden: analysis 716 of a tooth-based fauna from the Wadhurst clay formation (Lower Cretaceous: Valanginian) via phylogenetic, discriminant and machine learning methods. Pap. Palaeontol. 10, e1604 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Yu, C. et al. Artificial intelligence in paleontology. Earth Sci. Rev. 252, 104765 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Brown, C. M., Campione, N. E., mantilla, G. & Evans, D. Size-driven preservational and macroecological biases in the latest Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate assemblages of North America. Paleobiology 48, 210\u2013238 (2022).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Matsukawa, M., Shibata, K., Sato, K., Xu, X. & Lockley, M. G. The Early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems of the Jehol biota based on food-web and energy-flow models. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113, 836\u2013853 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Harfoot, M. B. J. et al. Emergent global patterns of ecosystem structure and function from a mechanistic general ecosystem model. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001841 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Roopnarine, P. D. Extinction cascades and catastrophe in ancient food webs. Paleobiology 32, 1\u201319 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Roopnarine, P. D. Networks, extinction and paleocommunity food webs. Preprint at Nat. Preced. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npre.2010.4433.2<\/a> (2010).<\/p>\n

Machado, J. P. et al. Bone-associated gene evolution and the origin of flight in birds. BMC Genom. 17, 371 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seki, R. et al. Functional roles of Aves class-specific cis-regulatory elements on macroevolution of bird-specific features. Nat. Commun. 8, 14229 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Matzke, N. J. Probabilistic historical biogeography: new models for founder-event speciation, imperfect detection, and fossils allow improved accuracy and model-testing. Front. Biogeogr. 5, 242\u2013248 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Matzke, N. J. Model selection in historical biogeography reveals that founder-event speciation is a crucial process in island clades. Syst. Biol. 63, 951\u2013970 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X. et al. A large-sized basal ankylopollexian from East Asia, shedding light on early biogeographic history of Iguanodontia. Sci. Bull. 63, 556\u2013563 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cashmore, D. & Bulter, R. Skeletal completeness of the non-avian theropod dinosaur fossil record. Palaeontology 62, 951\u2013981 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Close, R., Benson, R., Saupe, E., Clapham, M. & Butler, R. The spatial structure of Phanerozoic marine animal diversity. Science 368, 420\u2013424 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Maidment, S. C. R. & Butler, R. New frontiers in dinosaur exploration. Biol. Lett. 21, 20250045 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rauhut, O. W. M., Foth, C., Tischlinger, H. & Norell, M. A. Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 109, 11746\u201311751 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hu, D. et al. A bony-crested Jurassic dinosaur with evidence of iridescent plumage highlights complexity in early paravian evolution. Nat. Commun. 9, 217 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Xu, X., Forster, C. A., Clark, J. M. & Mo, J. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273, 2135\u20132140 (2006).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Uhen, M. D. et al. Paleobiology database user guide version 2.0. PaleoBios 43, 1\u201354 (2026).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kocsis, \u00c1. T. & Raja, N. B. Rgplates: R interface for the Gplates web service and desktop application. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rgplates<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n

M\u00fcller, R. D. & Cannon, J. Q. X. GPlates: building a virtual Earth through deep time. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 19, 2243\u20132261 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scotese, C. R. Paleomap project. http:\/\/www.scotese.com\/<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n

Benton, M. J. & Rayfield, E. J. Bringing dinosaurs to life: a scientific revolution in palaeobiological methods. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 690, 113684 (2026).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Chapelle, K., Fernandez, V. & Choiniere, J. Conserved in-ovo cranial ossification sequences of extant saurians allow estimation of embryonic dinosaur developmental stages. Sci. Rep. 10, 4224 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cullen, T., Larson, D. & Reisz, R. Theropod dinosaur facial reconstruction and the importance of soft tissues in paleobiology. Science 379, 1348\u20131352 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vinther, J., Nicholls, R. & Kelly, D. A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur. Curr. Biol. 31, R161\u2013R185 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Balanoff, A. et al. Quantitative functional imaging of the pigeon brain: implications for the evolution of avian powered flight. Proc. R. Soc. B 291, 20232172 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Zeitr\u00e4g, C., Reber, S. A. & Osvath, M. Gaze following in Archosauria \u2014 alligators and palaeognath birds suggest dinosaur origin of visual perspective taking. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf0405 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Napoli, J. G. Resolving the \u201contogeny problem\u201d in vertebrate paleontology. Paleobiology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pab.2026.10105<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n

Bourke, J. & Witmer, L. Soft tissues influence nasal airflow in diapsids: implications for dinosaurs. J. Morphol. 284, e21619 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Torres, C., Norell, M. & Clarke, J. A. Bird neurocranial and body mass evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: the avian brain shape left other dinosaurs behind. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg7099 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Felice, R. N. et al. Decelerated dinosaur skull evolution with the origin of birds. PLoS Biol. 18, e3000801 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Sander, P. M. An evolutionary cascade model for sauropod dinosaur gigantism \u2014 overview, update and tests. PLoS ONE 8, e78573 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

de Magalh\u00e3es, J. P. The longevity bottleneck hypothesis: could dinosaurs have shaped ageing in present-daymammals? BioEssays 46, 2300098 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, R. et al. Mesozoic mammaliaforms illuminate the origins of pelage coloration. Science 387, 1193\u20131198 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Huxley, T. H. On the animals which are most nearly intermediate between birds and reptiles. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 66\u201375 (1868).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Ostrom, J. H. Ancestry of birds. Nature 242, 136\u2013136 (1973).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pei, R. et al. Potential for powered flight neared by most close avialan relatives, but few crossed its thresholds. Curr. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.105<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Crouch, N. M., Ramanauskas, K. & Igic, B. Tip-dating and the origin of Telluraves. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 131, 55\u201363 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wu, S. Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2319696121 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Prum, R. O. et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526, 569\u2013573 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jarvis, E. D. et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320\u20131331 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Claramunt, S. & Cracraft, J. A new time tree reveals Earth history\u2019s imprint on the evolution of modern birds. Sci. Adv. 1, e1501005 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Stiller, J., Feng, S. & Chowdhury, A. Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes. Nature 629, 851\u2013860 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Field, D. J. et al. in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs: Past Progress and New Frontiers (eds Pittman, M. & Xu, X.) 159\u2013182 (American Museum of Natural History, 2020).<\/p>\n

Rayfield, E. J. Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex. Proc. R. Soc. B 271, 1451\u20131459 (2004).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lautenschlager, S., Witmer, L. M., Altangerel, P. & Rayfield, E. J. Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 110, 20657\u201320662 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n CAS<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Button, D. J., Rayfield, E. J. & Barrett, P. M. Cranial biomechanics underpins high sauropod diversity in resource-poor environments. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 281, 20142114 (2014).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Manning, P. L. et al. Biomechanics of dromaeosaurid dinosaur claws: application of X-ray microtomography, nanoindentation, and finite element analysis. Anat. Rec. 292, 1397\u20131405 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lautenschlager, S. Morphological and functional diversity in therizinosaur claws and the implications for theropod claw evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. 281, 20140497 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Qin, Z., Liao, C., Benton, M. J. & Rayfield, E. Functional space analyses reveal the function and evolution of the most bizarre theropod manual unguals. Commun. Biol. 6, 181 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Goloboff, P. A. & Morales, M. E. TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOS and Linux, including new routines in parallel. Cladistics 39, 144\u2013153 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

BayesTraits V5. Reading University https:\/\/www.evolution.reading.ac.uk\/BayesTraitsV5.0.0\/BayesTraitsV5.0.0.html<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n

Meade, A. & Pagel, M. in Environmental Microbial Evolution: Methods and Protocols (ed. Luo, H.) 255\u2013266 (Springer, 2022).<\/p>\n

Silvestro, D., Salamin, N. & Schnitzler, J. PyRate: a new program to estimate speciation and extinction rates from incomplete fossil data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 1126\u20131131 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mitchell, J. S., Etienne, R. S. & Rabosky, D. L. Inferring diversification rate variation from phylogenies with fossils. Syst. Biol. 68, 1\u201318 (2019).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Buckland, W. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield. Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1, 390\u2013396…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":590509,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[851,2138,2139,246,1437,61,60,2137,2136,39767,82],"class_list":["post-590508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science","tag-biodiversity","tag-ecology","tag-ecosystems","tag-environment","tag-general","tag-ie","tag-ireland","tag-life-sciences","tag-nature-conservation","tag-palaeontology","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/590508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=590508"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/590508\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/590509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=590508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=590508"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=590508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}