{"id":679246,"date":"2026-11-09T05:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-11-09T05:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/679246\/"},"modified":"2026-11-09T05:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T05:48:21","slug":"thermoelastic-response-to-an-internal-heat-source-and-an-electromagnetic-field-in-solids-using-a-refined-lord-shulman-framework-with-reference-temperature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/679246\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermoelastic response to an internal heat source and an electromagnetic field in solids using a refined Lord\u2013Shulman framework with reference temperature"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>To demonstrate the analytical procedure discussed previously, we provide a numerical example accompanied by computational results. These results are analyzed within the context of the refined Lord-Shulman framework (RLS). The study focuses on examining the influence of factors such as the magnetic field, reference temperature, vertical distance, and an internal heat source on wave propagation in a thermoelastic solid. The properties of material required in numerical calculations are provided by applying the copper material constants such as Allehaibi and Zenkour<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 38\" title=\"Allehaibi, A. M. &amp; Zenkour, A. M. Magneto-thermoelastic response in an infinite medium with a spherical hole in the context of high order time-derivatives and triple-phase-lag model. Materials 15, 6256 (2022).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#ref-CR38\" id=\"ref-link-section-d259843679e1775\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">38<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>$$\\begin{gathered} \\lambda_{1} = 7.76{\\mkern 1mu} x10^{9} {\\mkern 1mu} N{\\mkern 1mu} .{\\mkern 1mu} m^{ &#8211; 2} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\mu_{1} = 3.86{\\mkern 1mu} x10^{9} {\\mkern 1mu} N{\\mkern 1mu} .{\\mkern 1mu} m^{ &#8211; 2} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\rho = 8954{\\mkern 1mu} kg{\\mkern 1mu} .{\\mkern 1mu} m^{ &#8211; 3} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} C_{E} = 383.1{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} J{\\mkern 1mu} .kg^{ &#8211; 1} .{\\mkern 1mu} K^{ &#8211; 1} {\\mkern 1mu} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} f_{1} {\\mkern 1mu} = 1,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} f_{2} {\\mkern 1mu} = 2,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} G = 1, \\hfill \\\\ \\tau = 0.9{\\mkern 1mu} s,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\alpha_{t} = 2.78{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} x{\\mkern 1mu} 10^{ &#8211; 4} {\\mkern 1mu} K^{ &#8211; 1} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} K = 386{\\mkern 1mu} w{\\mkern 1mu} .{\\mkern 1mu} m^{ &#8211; 1} .{\\mkern 1mu} K^{ &#8211; 1} ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} T_{0} = 293{\\mkern 1mu} K,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\mu_{0} = 1.7,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\varepsilon_{0} = 0.3,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} M = M_{0} + i\\xi ,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} M_{0} = &#8211; {\\mkern 1mu} 0.7,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} \\xi = &#8211; 1, \\hfill \\\\ t = 0.1{\\mkern 1mu} s,{\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} {\\mkern 1mu} V_{0} = 5{\\mkern 1mu} x \\, 10^{ &#8211; 9} {\\mkern 1mu} m \\cdot s^{ &#8211; 1} \\hfill \\\\ \\end{gathered}$$<\/p>\n<p>The displacement components \\(u_{1} ,\\,u_{2} ,\\) the thermal temperature \\(\\theta ,\\) the stress components \\(\\sigma_{xx} ,\\,\\,\\,\\sigma_{xy}\\), the induced magnetic field \\(h,\\) and the dilatation \\(e,\\) with respect to distance \\(x\\) were analyzed. These analyzes incorporated the designated value for \\(y = 5.5\\) during the calculation process.<\/p>\n<p>Figures\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">3<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">4<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">5<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">6<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">7<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">8<\/a> highlight\u00a0the differences between the displacement components \\(u_{1} ,\\,u_{2}\\), the thermal temperature \\(\\theta\\), the stress tensor components \\(\\sigma_{xx} ,\\,\\,\\sigma_{xy}\\), the induced magnetic field \\(h,\\) and the dilatation \\(e\\) for several values of the magnetic field with the reference temperature \\((\\,\\theta_{0} = 0.09\\,)\\) without the internal heat source \\((\\,Q_{0} = 0.0\\,)\\). Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2<\/a> reveals the horizontal displacement pattern \\(u_{1}\\)\u00a0parameterized by the distance into the medium designated x under the modifying effect of different magnetic field values. All curves begin with positive values at the surface, indicating an initial displacement response along the axis. For the curves representing lower magnetic field values, the amplitude reduces to a minimum within the spectrum \\({0} \\le x \\le 1.6\\) followed by a gradual increase and clear oscillatory behavior in the range \\(1.6 \\le x \\le 3\\) reflecting wave-like propagation. In contrast, the curves corresponding to higher magnetic field values show a rapid initial increase to a maximum at x\u2009=\u20092.4, then a gradual decrease to a minimum up to\u00a0x\u2009=\u20091.6 with sustained oscillatory behavior. These findings confirm the significant influence exerted by magnetic field intensity on the nature of mechanical wave propagation within the medium. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">3<\/a> exhibits the vertical displacement component \\(u_{2}\\)\u00a0in defiance of the horizontal distance\u00a0in response to varying magnetic field intensities. The curves demonstrate that an increase of the magnetic field strength induces a substantial reduction in the oscillation magnitude of the vertical displacement, highlighted attributable to the magnetic field role in suppressing the mechanical motion of the medium. All profiles exhibit an oscillatory behavior that gradually decays as the distance increases, confirming the wavy nature of propagation with finite speed in accordance with generalized thermoelasticity theory. This behavior is attributed to the magnetically induced body force linked to the magneto-dynamic response of the induced currents within the medium. These findings are consistent with the theoretical assumptions of the generalized Lord-Shulman theory in describing coupled thermal-elastic-magnetic phenomena. It is clear from Fig.\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">4<\/a> that the thermal temperature \\(\\theta\\) begins from positive values and obeys boundary conditions. It depicts the distribution of thermal temperature\u00a0\\(\\theta\\)\u00a0against the horizontal distance x acted upon by different magnetic field intensities. All curves exhibit an oscillatory pattern that begins with positive values, followed by alternating periods of increase and decrease as\u00a0x\u00a0increases. Periods of sharp increase are observed near the surface (at small\u00a0x), succeeded by gradual decrease phases until the field stabilizes to zero at larger\u00a0 x. Increasing the magnetic field strength significantly reduces the amplitude of thermal oscillations. This behavior confirms the wave-type, finite-speed heat transfer according to the extended Lord-Shulman model and demonstrates that the thermal field is confined within a limited spatial region before gradually decaying. A negative value of the temperature variation \u03b8 does not mean that the material is absorbing a \u201cnegative temperature.\u201d Here, \u03b8 denotes the temperature change (temperature increment) relative to the reference temperature, rather than the absolute temperature. Therefore, \u03b8\u2009&lt;\u20090 simply indicates that the local temperature is lower than the chosen reference temperature. It represents a local cooling or temperature reduction, not a physically negative absolute temperature. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">5<\/a> depicts the behavior of the stress component values \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\)\u00a0relative to the horizontal linear coordinate x under the implications of different magnetic field intensities. \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\) starts from negative values and obeys boundary conditions. The curves exhibit a reciprocating action starting with a maximum (negative) value at the surface\u00a0x\u2009=\u20090, followed by alternating periods of increase and decrease as\u00a0x\u00a0increases. A sharp increase period is observed in the range \\({0} \\le x \\le 1.7\\)\u00a0approximately, succeeded by a decrease period until\u00a0x\u2009=\u20092.8, then a slight increase again before gradually decaying and converging to zero at a larger\u00a0 x. Increasing the magnetic field strength significantly reduces the amplitude of stress oscillations, which predicts wave propagation at finite speed and gradual decay with distance, confirming that all material conditions remain confined within a specific spatial district before reaching equilibrium. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">6<\/a> displays how the specific stress component \\(\\sigma_{xy}\\) is distributed next to the horizontal distance\u00a0x\u00a0under the tradition of different magnetic field intensities. \\(\\sigma_{xy}\\) starts from a zero value and obeys boundary conditions. All curves start null at the boundary x\u2009=\u20090, satisfying the constraint, and then exhibit an oscillatory pattern alternating between periods of increase and decrease as\u00a0x\u00a0increases. A sharp increase in stress is observed bounded by \\({0} \\le x \\le 1.1\\) reaching the greatest positive number, followed by a gradual decrease until\u00a0x\u2009=\u20091.9 to reach a minimum negative value, then a second enhances the coverage \\(2.1 \\le x \\le 4\\)before completely decaying and approaching zero. Increasing the magnetic region strength significantly attenuates the amplitude of oscillations, confirming the role of magnetic forces in damping shear stresses. This behavior reflects the coupled wave nature of thermal, elastic, and magnetic interactions according to the extended Lord-Shulman model. The same behavior that has been observed in the literature, by Salah et al<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 39\" title=\"Salah, D. M., Abd-Alla, A. M., El-Kabeir, S. M. M. &amp; Bayones, F. S. Thermomechanical load in a nonlocal rotating magneto-thermoelastic orthotropic material with Green Naghdi-III model. Sci. Rep. 16, 12047 (2026).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#ref-CR39\" id=\"ref-link-section-d259843679e2051\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">39<\/a>. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">7<\/a> exhibits the magnitude distribution of the induced magnetic field \\(h\\) against the distance\u00a0x\u00a0owing to different magnetic field intensities. All curves with negative origins at the surface\u00a0x\u2009=\u20090 and exhibit a clear oscillatory pattern alternating between periods of increase and decrease. A sharp increase with respect to the induced field is exhibited about \\({0} \\le x \\le 0.8\\) reaching the upper limit, followed by a sharp decrease about \\({0}{\\text{.8}} \\le x \\le 1.6\\) to reach a minimum negative value, then a secondary increased dispersion \\(1.6 \\le x \\le 2.8\\) with a subsequent downward trend until approaching zero at large\u00a0x. Increasing primary magnetic field strength significantly curtails the strength of the oscillation, reflecting the damping effect of the Lorentz force on induced magnetic waves. This behavior confirms the coupled wave nature of magnetic, thermal, and elastic interactions according to the extended Lord-Shulman model. The negative value of the induced magnetic field h does not indicate a negative magnetic-field magnitude. Rather, it represents the opposite direction of the induced magnetic field relative to the positive direction selected in the mathematical formulation. Such a sign reversal can arise from the magnetoelastic coupling and the interaction between the applied magnetic field, mechanical deformation, and induced electromagnetic response. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">8<\/a> depicts the distribution of dilatation (volumetric strain)\u00a0\\(e\\) versus horizontal distance x\u00a0under the dependence on different magnetic influence intensities. All curves start with positive values at the surface x\u2009=\u20090, then record a sharp decrease period about\u00a0\\({0} \\le x \\le 0.3\\)\u00a0reaching a minimum (negative) value, followed by a gradual increase period within the span of \\({0}{\\text{.3}} \\le x \\le 1.9\\) reaching a local maximum, then a secondary contracts the interval \\(1.9 \\le x \\le 2.9\\) followed by slight oscillations before completely decaying and converging to zero at\u00a0\\(x \\ge 4.3\\). Increasing the magnetic field strength significantly reduces the oscillation amplitude. This behavior aligns with the extended Lord-Shulman (L-S) model, which predicts coupled mechanical-thermal-magnetic wave propagation at finite speed and gradual decay until reaching equilibrium.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 2<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-2-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig2_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 2\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"375\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Horizontal displacement dispersion \\(u_{1}\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 3<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-3-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig3_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 3\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"378\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Vertical displacement dispersion \\(u_{2}\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 4<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-4-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig4_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 4\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"425\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Thermal temperature dispersion \\(\\theta\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 5<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-5-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig5_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 5\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"443\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of stress component \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\) for various values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 6<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-6-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig6_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 6\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"421\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of stress component \\(\\sigma_{xy}\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 7<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-7-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig7_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 7\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"413\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of an induced magnetic field \\(h\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 8<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-8-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig8_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 8\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"443\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of dilatation \\(e\\) for several values of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p>Figures\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">9<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig10\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">10<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig11\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">11<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig12\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">12<\/a> show comparisons between the displacement component \\(u_{1} \\,,\\) the thermal temperature \\(\\theta \\,,\\) the stress component \\(\\sigma_{xx} \\,,\\) and the induction magnetic field \\(h\\) without the heat source \\((\\,Q_{0} = 0.0\\,)\\) and the magnetic influence \\((\\,H_{0} = 100\\,)\\) for different values of a reference temperature \\((\\,\\theta_{0} = \\,0.09,0.05,0.03)\\). Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">9<\/a> depicts the horizontal displacement distribution \\(u_{1}\\)\u00a0against the distance\u00a0x\u00a0under the influence of different reference temperature values\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\). All curves start with positive values at the surface x\u2009=\u20090 then record a sharp decrease about \\(0.1 \\le x \\le 1.3\\)\u00a0reaching a minimum, followed by a gradual dilation of the range \\(1.3 \\le x \\le 2.8\\)\u00a0reaching a local maximum, then a secondary damping of the range \\(3.1 \\le x \\le 3.9\\)\u00a0before completely decaying and converging to zero. Increasing the reference temperature significantly reduces the displacement amplitude, reflecting the temperature-dependent mechanical properties through the function \\(f(\\theta_{0} ) = (1 &#8211; \\theta_{0} T_{0} )\\) where higher\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\) effectively reduces the material&#8217;s elastic modulus. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig10\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">10<\/a> illustrates the\u00a0distribution of thermal temperature \\(\\theta\\)\u00a0within a thermoelastic medium affected by different reference temperature values\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\). The curves exhibit an oscillatory behavior starting from the material&#8217;s surface and gradually decaying with distance, reflecting the finite-speed wave-like nature of heat transfer according to generalized thermoelasticity models. It is evident that increasing the reference temperature reduces the amplitude of the thermal distribution, which is attributed to the thermal dependence of properties including thermal conductivity and elastic behavior modulus. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig11\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">11<\/a> shows the stress component\u00a0\\(\\sigma_{xx}\\)\u00a0pressing on the horizontal distance\u00a0x\u00a0under the influence of different reference temperature values\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\). All curves start with negative values at the surface x\u2009=\u20090, then record a sharp increase period in the set of values \\({0} \\le x \\le 1.8\\)\u00a0reaching a local maximum (less negative), followed by a gradual decrease period in the range\u00a0\\(1.8 \\le x \\le 2.8,\\)\u00a0until reaching a local minimum, then a secondary increase period in the range\u00a0\\(2.8 \\le x \\le 4.1\\) followed by slight oscillations before completely decaying and converging to zero at \\(5.1 \\le x\\). Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig12\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">12<\/a> illustrates the distribution of the induction magnetic field \\(h\\)\u00a0against the horizontal distance\u00a0x\u00a0under the influence of different reference temperature values\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\). All curves start with negative values at the surface, then exhibit an oscillatory behavior that gradually decays with distance until completely vanishing, reflecting the finite-speed wave nature of coupled interactions. Increasing the reference temperature significantly reduces the amplitude of the induced magnetic field, satisfying physically interpreted as the consequence of temperature-dependent mechanical attributes (elastic modulus) higher\u00a0\\(\\theta_{0}\\)\u00a0softens the material. This behavior aligns with the refined Lord-Shulman (RLS) model, which incorporates the reference temperature effect into the coupled constitutive equations, confirming its fundamental role in modifying all physical fields.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 9<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-9-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig9_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 9\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"410\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Horizontal displacement dispersion \\(u_{1}\\) for several values of a reference temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 10<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-10-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig10_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 10\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"422\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Thermal temperature dispersion \\(\\theta\\) for several values of a reference temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 11<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-11-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig11_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 11\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"430\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of stress component \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\) for several values of a reference temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 12<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-12-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig12_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 12\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"453\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of an induced magnetic field \\(h\\) for several values of a reference temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Figures\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig13\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">13<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig14\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">14<\/a>, <a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">15<\/a> analyze the interplay of the interdependence of the displacement component \\(u_{2} ,\\) the thermal temperature \\(\\theta\\), and the stress component \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\) with the reference temperature \\((\\,\\theta_{0} = 0.09\\,)\\) and the region of magnetic influence \\((\\,H_{0} = 100)\\) under different internal heat source intensities \\((Q_{0} = \\,0,0.0002,0.0004)\\). Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig13\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">13<\/a> depicts the distribution of vertical displacement\u00a0\\(u_{2}\\)\u00a0as a result\u00a0of the distance\u00a0x for several settings emanating from the internal heat source. The curves show a increase in displacement values (in the negative direction) from\u00a0x\u2009=\u20090 to x\u2009=\u20091.8, reaching minimum peaks (maximum negative values at x\u2009=\u20092.6). After this point, the displacement begins to gradually increase with increasing\u00a0xuntil approaching zero. Unsurprisingly, increasing the intensity of the thermal perturbation raises the amplitude of the negative displacement, confirming the modifying the dependence on the internal heat source on the vertical mechanical wave progression inside the medium. The same behavior that has been observed in the literature, by Othman et al<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 40\" title=\"Othman, M. I. A., Said, S. M. &amp; Gamal, E. M. Wave propagation and thermal behavior in nonlocal thermoelastic porous media under moving heat sources with three-phase-lag and Green&#x2013;Naghdi models. Sci. Rep. 16, 15269 (2026).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#ref-CR40\" id=\"ref-link-section-d259843679e2682\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">40<\/a>. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig14\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">14<\/a> charts the thermal temperature distribution \u03b8 based on different values of the internal thermal disturbance \\(Q_{0}\\). The curves show that temperature increases significantly with the intensity of the internal heat source, with the highest curve recorded at \\(Q_{0} = \\,0.0004\\). All curves exhibit a continuously decreasing behavior as the horizontal distance x increases, starting with maximum values near initiating at the surface and steadily advancing, diminishing to approach zero further detached from the heat source, reflecting the cooling effect and thermal equilibrium within the medium. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">15<\/a> illustrates the distribution of the normal stress component\u00a0\\(\\sigma_{xx}\\)\u00a0under the influence of different internal heat source conditions \\(Q_{0}\\). Physically, these stresses reflect the response of the thermoelastic medium to temperature changes generated by the internal heat source, where an increase in the source intensity leads to greater thermal expansion, thereby generating internal stresses due to the resistance of elastic fibers to expansion. In both figures, stress values peak in the immediate vicinity of x\u2009=\u20090 and then gradually decrease with distance from the origin, indicating that thermal and mechanical effects diminish away from the source. Increasing\u00a0\\(Q_{0}\\)\u00a0significantly raises the stress values, confirming the pivotal way in which the internal heat source influences the stress field within the medium.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 13<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-13-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig13_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 13\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"347\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Vertical displacement dispersion \\(u_{2}\\) for several values of an internal heat source.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 14<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-14-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig14_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 14\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"406\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Thermal temperature dispersion \\(\\theta\\) for several values of an internal heat source.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 15<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-15-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig15_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 15\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"371\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of stress component \\(\\sigma_{xx}\\) for several values of an internal heat source.<\/p>\n<p>Figures\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig16\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">16<\/a>\u2013<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">18<\/a> show the three-dimensional distribution, whereas, Fig.\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig16\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">16<\/a> depicts the three-dimensional distribution of temperature\u00a0\\(\\theta\\) where the highest values are concentrated at the heat source at small\u00a0x and gradually decrease with increasing spatial dimensions (x, y) reflecting the dissipative nature of thermal waves and confirming the role of thermal conduction in energy dissipation. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig17\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">17<\/a> illustrates the induced magnetic field \\(h\\) exhibiting similar how the system behaves under magneto-thermal coupling; deformations resulting from thermal stresses generate a magnetic field that peaks surface-localized and fades outward. Figure\u00a0<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-72189-4#Fig18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">18<\/a> displays the distribution of dilatation\u00a0\\(e\\)\u00a0(relative volume change), which reflects the medium&#8217;s response to thermal and magnetic stresses, with high dilatation values concentrated near the heat source and gradually diminishing away from it. Together, these figures highlight the coupled nature of thermal, elastic, and magnetic fields, confirming that all physical variables are significantly influenced by the internal heat source and magnetic field, with consistent dissipative behavior that aligns with the theoretical assumptions of the refined Lord-Shulman (RLS) framework.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 16<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-16-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig16_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 16\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"452\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of thermal temperature \\(\\theta\\) in the 3D via refined L-S framework.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 17<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-17-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig17_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 17\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"399\"\/><\/p>\n<p>an induced magnetic field \\(h\\) in the 3D via refined L-S framework.<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 18<img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"figure-18-desc\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/41598_2026_72189_Fig18_HTML.png\" alt=\"Fig. 18\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"685\" height=\"441\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Dispersion of dilatation \\(e\\) in the 3D via refined L-S framework.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"To demonstrate the analytical procedure discussed previously, we provide a numerical example accompanied by computational results. These results&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":679247,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[287458,287459,7795,2026,61,60,35968,1436,21372,2027,248,287457,82,181550,287460],"class_list":["post-679246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-physics","tag-a-reference-temperature","tag-an-internal-heat-source","tag-engineering","tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","tag-ie","tag-ireland","tag-magnetic-field","tag-materials-science","tag-mathematics-and-computing","tag-multidisciplinary","tag-physics","tag-refined-lord-shulman-framework","tag-science","tag-solid-earth-sciences","tag-thermoelastic-medium"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/679246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=679246"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/679246\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/679247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=679246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=679246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=679246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}