Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, Colombara DV, Ikuta KS, Kissoon N, Finfer S, Fleischmann-Struzek C, Machado FR, Reinhart KK, Rowan K, Seymour CW, Watson RS, West TE, Marinho F, Hay SI, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Angus DC, Murray CJL, Naghavi M. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017. Analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11.


Google Scholar
 

Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, Cassini A, Rudd KE, Schlattmann P, Allegranzi B, Reinhart K. Incidence and mortality of hospital- and ICU-treated sepsis: results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1552–62.


Google Scholar
 

Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, Mcintyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, Schorr C, Simpson S, Wiersinga WJ, Alshamsi F, Angus DC, Arabi Y, Azevedo L, Beale R, Beilman G, Belley-Cote E, Burry L, Cecconi M, Centofanti J, Coz Yataco A, De Waele J, Dellinger RP, Doi K, Du B, Estenssoro E, Ferrer R, Gomersall C, Hodgson C, Møller MH, Iwashyna T, Jacob S, Kleinpell R, Klompas M, Koh Y, Kumar A, Kwizera A, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(11):1181–247.


Google Scholar
 

Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304–77.


Google Scholar
 

Chung HY, Wickel J, Brunkhorst FM, Geis C. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: from delirium to dementia? J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):703.


Google Scholar
 

Calsavara AJC, Nobre V, Barichello T, Teixeira AL. Post-sepsis cognitive impairment and associated risk factors: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care. 2018;31(4):242–53.


Google Scholar
 

Barichello T, Generoso JS, Singer M, Dal-Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis- a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):14.


Google Scholar
 

Sonneville R, de Montmollin E, Poujade J, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Souweine B, Darmon M, Mariotte E, Argaud L, Barbier F, Goldgran-Toledano D, Marcotte G, Dumenil AS, Jamali S, Lacave G, Ruckly S, Mourvillier B, Timsit JF. Potentially modifiable factors contributing to sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(8):1075–84.


Google Scholar
 

Ito H, Hosomi S, Koyama Y, Matsumoto H, Imamura Y, Ogura H, Oda J. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a mini-review of inflammation in the brain and body. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:912866.


Google Scholar
 

Shulyatnikova T, Verkhratsky A. Astroglia in sepsis associated encephalopathy. Neurochem Res. 2020;45(1):83–99.


Google Scholar
 

Peng X, Luo Z, He S, Zhang L, Li Y. Blood-brain barrier disruption by Lipopolysaccharide and sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:768108.


Google Scholar
 

Chung HY, Wickel J, Hahn N, Mein N, Schwarzbrunn M, Koch P, Ceanga M, Haselmann H, Baade-Büttner C, von Stackelberg N, Hempel N, Schmidl L, Groth M, Andreas N, Götze J, Coldewey SM, Bauer M, Mawrin C, Dargvainiene J, Leypoldt F, Steinke S, Wang ZQ, Hust M, Geis C. Microglia mediate neurocognitive deficits by eliminating C1q-tagged synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Sci Adv. 2023;9(21):eabq 7806.


Google Scholar
 

Wasyluk W, Wasyluk M, Zwolak A. Sepsis as a pan-endocrine illness-endocrine disorders in septic patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102075.


Google Scholar
 

Hong Y, Chen P, Gao J, Lin Y, Chen L, Shang X. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;124(Pt A):110800.


Google Scholar
 

Tauber SC, Djukic M, Gossner J, Eiffert H, Brück W, Nau R. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and septic encephalitis: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(2):215–31.


Google Scholar
 

Lu X, Qin M, Walline JH, Gao Y, Yu S, Ge Z, Gong C, Zhu H, Annane D, Li Y. Clinical phenotypes of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a retrospective cohort study. Shock. 2023;59(4):583–90.


Google Scholar
 

Sonneville R, Benghanem S, Jeantin L, de Montmollin E, Doman M, Gaudemer A, Thy M, Timsit JF. The spectrum of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a clinical perspective. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):386.


Google Scholar
 

Ebersoldt M, Sharshar T, Annane D. Sepsis-associated delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(6):941–50.


Google Scholar
 

Mandrekar JN. Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(9):1315–16.


Google Scholar
 

Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. 2nd Ed. Chapter 5, New York, NY: Wiley; 2000. p. 160–64.


Google Scholar
 

Sperandei S. Understanding logistic regression analysis. Biochem Med. 2014;24(1):12–18. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2014.003.


Google Scholar
 

TIBCO Software Inc. Statistica version 13.3.1. 2021.


Google Scholar
 

Stanisz A. Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem STATISTICA PL na przykładach z medycyny. Tom 2. Modele liniowe i nieliniowe. Statsoft Polska Sp. z.o.o. Kraków. 2007.

Sprung CL, Peduzzi PN, Shatney CH, Schein RM, Wilson MF, Sheagren JN, Hinshaw LB. Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The veterans administration systemic sepsis cooperative study group. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(8):801–06.


Google Scholar
 

Jin G, Wang S, Chen J, Hu W, Zhu Y, Xi S. Identification of sepsis-associated encephalopathy risk factors in elderly patients: a retrospective observational cohort study. Turk J Med Sci. 2022;52(5):1513–22.


Google Scholar
 

Gao Q, Hernandes MS. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Inflammation. 2021;44(6):2143–50.


Google Scholar
 

Ren C, Yao RQ, Zhang H, Feng YW, Yao YM. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a vicious cycle of immunosuppression. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):14.


Google Scholar
 

Zhu CL, Xie J, Liu Q, Wang Y, Li HR, Yu CM, Li P, Deng XM, Bian JJ, Wang JF. PD-L1 promotes GSDMD-mediated NET release by maintaining the transcriptional activity of Stat3 in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Int J Biol Sci. 2023;19(5):1413–29.


Google Scholar
 

Mazeraud A, Bozza FA, Sharshar T. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is septic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):698–99.


Google Scholar
 

Chaudhry N, Duggal AK. Sepsis associated encephalopathy. Adv Med. 2014;762320.

Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese SK, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. BRAIN-ICU study investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013, Oct;3;369(14):1306–16.


Google Scholar
 

Wintermann GB, Brunkhorst FM, Petrowski K, Strauss B, Oehmichen F, Pohl M, Rosendahl J. Stress disorders following prolonged critical illness in survivors of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(6):1213–22.


Google Scholar
 

Wang X, Wen X, Yuan S, Zhang J. Gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neurobiol Dis. 2024;195:106499.


Google Scholar
 

Xu Y, Shen B, Pan X, Liu C, Wang Y, Chen X, Wang T, Chen G, Chen J. Palmatine ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis-associated encephalopathy mice by regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Phytomedicine. 2024;124:155307.


Google Scholar
 

Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010;304(16):1787–94.


Google Scholar
 

Baranovicova E, Kalenska D, Kaplan P, Kovalska M, Tatarkova Z, Lehotsky J. Blood and brain metabolites after cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(24):17302.


Google Scholar
 

Kim Y, Jin Y, Jin T, Lee SM. Risk factors and outcomes of sepsis-associated delirium in intensive care unit patients: a secondary data analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020;59:102844.


Google Scholar
 

Wang H, Ji X, Wang AY, Wu PK, Liu Z, Dong L, Liu J, Duan M. Epidemiology of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in Beijing, China: a descriptive analysis. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:5631–49.


Google Scholar
 

Jin J, Yu L, Zhou Q, Zeng M. Improved prediction of sepsis-associated encephalopathy in intensive care unit sepsis patients with an innovative nomogram tool. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1344004.


Google Scholar
 

Eidelman LA, Putterman D, Putterman C, Sprung CL. The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities. JAMA. 1996;275(6):470–73.


Google Scholar
 

Zhang LN, Wang XT, Ai YH, Guo QL, Huang L, Liu ZY, Yao B. Epidemiological features and risk factors of sepsis-associated encephalopathy in intensive care unit patients: 2008-2011. Chin Med J (engl). 2012;125(5):828–31.


Google Scholar
 

Sokołowska EM, Wityk P, Szypenbejl J, Petrosjan R, Raczak-Gutknecht J, Waszczuk-Jankowska M, Dudzik D, Markuszewski M, Siemiński M. Clinical image of sepsis-associated encephalopathy midst E. coli urosepsis: emergency department database study. Heliyon. 2024;10(8):e29530.


Google Scholar
 

Piva S, Bertoni M, Gitti N, Rasulo FA, Latronico N. Neurological complications of sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2023, Apr, 1;29(2):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000001022. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36794932; PMCID: PMC9994816.


Google Scholar
 

Chen J, Shi X, Diao M, Jin G, Zhu Y, Hu W, Xi S. A retrospective study of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: epidemiology, clinical features and adverse outcomes. BMC Emerg Med. 2020, Oct, 6;20(1):77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-00374-3. PMID: 33023479; PMCID: PMC7539509.


Google Scholar
Â