Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Camiel M. van der Laan, Hill F. Ip, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, René Pool, Fiona A. Hagenbeek, Meike Bartels, Michel G. Nivard & Dorret I. Boomsma
Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Camiel M. van der Laan
Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Marijn Schipper & Dorret I. Boomsma
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Beate St Pourcain, George Davey Smith & Michel G. Nivard
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Beate St Pourcain
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Beate St Pourcain
K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Tetyana Zayats & Jan Haavik
Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Tetyana Zayats
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Tetyana Zayats
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
Eva M. L. Krapohl, Andrea Allegrini, Kaili Rimfeld & Robert Plomin
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Isabell Brikell, Qi Chen, Yi Lu, Joanna Martin, Henrik Larsson & Paul Lichtenstein
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
MarÃa Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-DomÃnguez, Rosa Bosch, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Silvia Alemany, Marta Ribasés & Natalia Llonga
Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
MarÃa Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-DomÃnguez, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Silvia Alemany, Marta Ribasés & Natalia Llonga
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
MarÃa Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-DomÃnguez, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Silvia Alemany, Marta Ribasés & Natalia Llonga
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
MarÃa Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-DomÃnguez, Marta Ribasés & Natalia Llonga
Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Ilja M. Nolte & Harold Snieder
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Koen Bolhuis, Alexander Neumann, Charlotte Cecil & Henning Tiemeier
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Teemu Palviainen, Fiona A. Hagenbeek, Alyce M. Whipp, Tellervo Korhonen, Eero Vuoksimaa & Jaakko Kaprio
Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hadi Zafarmand
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hadi Zafarmand
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Scott Gordon, Katrina L. Grasby, Nicholas G. Martin & Sarah E. Medland
Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Fazil Aliev & Danielle M. Dick
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
S. Alexandra Burt & Kelly L. Klump
School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Carol A. Wang & Craig E. Pennell
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Carol A. Wang & Craig E. Pennell
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Gretchen Saunders, Matt McGue & William Iacono
MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Ville Karhunen, Alina Rodriguez & Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Ville Karhunen & Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
Department of Sociology, College of Social and Behavioral Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Daniel E. Adkins
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Daniel E. Adkins & Andrey A. Shabalin
Departments of Neurology and Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Richard Border
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Roseann E. Peterson
Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Roseann E. Peterson, Lindon Eaves, Judy L. Silberg & Hermine H. Maes
Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Joseph A. Prinz, Karen Sugden & Avshalom Caspi
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Elisabeth Thiering, Marie Standl & Joachim Heinrich
Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
Elisabeth Thiering
BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation (FPM), Barcelona, Spain
Natà lia Vilor-Tejedor
Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Natà lia Vilor-Tejedor
Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
Natà lia Vilor-Tejedor
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijgmegen, the Netherlands
Natà lia Vilor-Tejedor
COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Lærke Sass, Rebecca Vinding & Klaus Bønnelykke
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
Kaili Rimfeld
SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
Rosa Bosch & Miquel Casas
Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga & Miquel Casas
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Judith Ensink & Christel M. Middeldorp
Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Judith Ensink & Christel M. Middeldorp
Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
José J. Morosoli
Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
José J. Morosoli
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
José J. Morosoli & Sarah E. Medland
Center for Innovation in Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Xiaoran Tong
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
Shelby Marrington, Jackob M. Najman & Gail M. Williams
Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
James G. Scott & Christel M. Middeldorp
Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
James G. Scott & Christel M. Middeldorp
Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
James G. Scott
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Robin Corley, Luke M. Evans, Chandra A. Reynolds, Andrew Smolen, Michael Stallings, Sally Wadsworth & John Hewitt
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Luke M. Evans
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Karen Sugden
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Rebecca Vinding
Avera McKennan Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
Erik A. Ehli
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Fiona A. Hagenbeek, Christel M. Middeldorp, Tanja Vrijkotte, Meike Bartels & Dorret I. Boomsma
Translational Neurogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Eske M. Derks
School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
Henrik Larsson
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Charlotte Cecil
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Charlotte Cecil & André G. Uitterlinden
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Richard J. Rose
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
André G. Uitterlinden
Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
André G. Uitterlinden
Centre for Fertility and Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Jennifer R. Harris & Gun Peggy S. Knudsen
Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Division of Health Data and Digitalization, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
Øyvind Helgeland
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Stefan Johansson & Pal Rasmus Njolstad
Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Qing Lu & Chang Jiang
Anglia Ruskin University, School of Allied Health and Social Care, Chelmsford, UK
Alina Rodriguez
A*STAR, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Human Development and Potential, Singapore, Singapore
Alina Rodriguez
Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Alina Rodriguez
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Anjali K. Henders & Naomi Wray
Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Abdullah Mamun
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Sandy Brown & Tamara L. Wall
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
Christian Hopfer
Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Kenneth Krauter
Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
Chandra A. Reynolds
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Chandra A. Reynolds, Michael Stallings, John Hewitt, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt & Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Lindon Eaves, Judy L. Silberg, Hermine H. Maes & Danielle M. Dick
Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, and Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
Allison Miller & Martin Kennedy
PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Alexandra Havdahl
Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Alexandra Havdahl
Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Sabrina Llop & Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
Sabrina Llop & Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
Jordi Sunyer
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
Jordi Sunyer
CIBER EpidemiologÃa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
Jordi Sunyer
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
Louise Arseneault, Avshalom Caspi & Terrie E. Moffitt
Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Joachim Heinrich
Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Joachim Heinrich
Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
Joseph Boden & John Horwood
Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
John Pearson
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Richie Poulton
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Hermine H. Maes
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
William E. Copeland
Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Christel M. Middeldorp, Tanja Vrijkotte & Dorret I. Boomsma
Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Christel M. Middeldorp
Queensland Brain Institute, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Naomi Wray
Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
Avshalom Caspi & Terrie E. Moffitt
The Kids Research Institute Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Andrew J. O. Whitehouse
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Danielle M. Dick
College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Danielle M. Dick
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Sarah E. Medland
Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Tanja Vrijkotte
Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Jaakko Kaprio
Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Henning Tiemeier
Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
George Davey Smith
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Catharina A. Hartman & Albertine J. Oldehinkel
Fundació d’Investigació Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Miquel Casas
Instituto Para el Desarrollo de Terapias Avanzadas en Neurociencias (IDETAN), Barcelona, Spain
Miquel Casas
Region Skåne, Psychiatry, Habilitation & Aid, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malmö, Sweden
Sebastian Lundström
Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sebastian Lundström
C.M.v.d.L. conducted the central analyses and wrote the manuscript. M. Schipper performed the FLAMES analyses. H.F.I., B.St.P., T.Z., R. Pool, E.M.L.K., I.B., M.S.A., J.C.-D., S.A., I.M.N., K.B., T.P., H.Z., S.G., F.A., C.A.W., G.S., V.K., D.E.A., R. Border, R.E.P., J.A.P., E.T., N.V.-T., T.K., E.V., A.K.H., S. Llop, M.-J.L.-E., C.J., D.M.D., T.S.A., A.A., K.R., Q.C., Y.L., J.M., R. Bosch, N.L., A.N., J.E., K.L.G., J.J.M., X.T., S.M., J.G.S., A.A.S., L.M.E., K.S., L.S., R.V., C.J., Q.L., J.P., J. Horwood and W.E.C. performed cohort-specific analyses. J.-J.H., R.C., S.J., M.S.A., J.C.-D., S.A., R. Bosch, N.L., S.A.B., C.C., J. Haavik, A.K.H., A.S., S. Llop, M.-J.L.-E., L.A., M.M., N.V.-T., E.A.E., K.K., M. Stallings and M.R. coordinated genotyping. B.St.P., S.A., J.S., H.L., S. Lundström, R.J.R., A.G.U., F.A.H., H.S., Ø.H., A.R., A.K.H., S. Llop, M.-J.L.-E., L.A., M.K., M.M., J.R.H., G.P.S.K., P.R.N., A. Mamun, J.M.N., S.B., C.H., C.A.R., M. Stallings, S.W., T.L.W., L.E., J.L.S., A. Miller, A.H., K.B., J.S., M. Standl, J. Heinrich, J.B., J. Horwood, R. Pool, H.H.M., W.E.C., C.M.M, N.W., M.-R.J., W.I., A.C., T.E.M., A.J.O.W., C.E.P., K.L.K., D.M.D., M.S.A., J.C.-D., S.A., R. Bosch, N.L., S.A.B., J.A.R.-Q., R.C., A.M.W., T.K., E.V., T.R.-K., N.G.M., S.E.M., T.V., J.K., H.T., C.A.H., A.J.O., M.C., P.L., R. Pool, M.B., M.G.N. and D.I.B. collected samples and conducted phenotyping. B.St.P., J.S., H.L., S. Lundström, S.A.B., R.J.R., A.G.U., J.R.H., G.P.S.K., P.R.N., J.M.N., S.B., C.H., J. Hewitt, M. Stallings, S.W., L.E., J.L.S., H.H.M., W.E.C., C.M.M., N.W., M.-R.J., W.I., A.C., T.E.M., A.J.O.W., C.E.P., KL.K., D.M.D., J.A.R.-Q., H.S., A.S., S. Llop, M.-J.L.-E., L.A., M.K., G.M.W., M.M., G.M.W., T.R.-K., N.G.M., S.E.M., T.V., J.K., H.T., G.D.S., C.A.T., A.J.O., M.C., M.R., P.L., R. Plomin, M.B., M.G.N. and D.I.B. led the study design and principal investigator oversight. All above mentioned authors and E.M.D. contributed to critical revisions of the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.