The fast growth in the use of GLP-1 drugs in India pushed the central government to issue a public advisory on April 1, warning against their unprescribed use and highlighting serious health risks linked to these medicines.
Rising demand for weight loss drugs
Drugs such as Ozempic and Mounjaro, widely known for their rapid weight loss, have seen growing demand across the country in recent months. Developed initially to manage type 2 diabetes, these drugs are now increasingly being used for obesity treatment due to their ability to suppress appetite and promote weight reduction.
Concerns over increasing accessibility
The advisory comes at a time when these drugs have become more accessible and comparatively affordable, raising concerns among health experts about self-medication. The government has cautioned that its use without medical supervision may lead to adverse consequences.
How GLP-1 drugs work
GLP-1 drugs work by mimicking the glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone in the body, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. They increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon levels, thereby improving glycaemic control. At the same time, they slow down gastric emptying and reduce hunger, making individuals feel full for longer periods.
Common side effects observed
However, authorities have pointed a wide range of side effects associated with weight loss medicines. Common symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhoea. There are other reported effects like dizziness, increased heart rate, infections, headache and indigestion.
Serious complications outlined
More serious complications, though less frequent, have also been sighted in the advisory. These include inflammation of the pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, sudden kidney damage and worsening of diabetic retinopathy. Patients may also experience extremely slow stomach emptying, gallstones, bile duct blockage or intestinal obstruction, all of which require immediate medical attention.
Visible changes due to rapid weight loss
The advisory further notes physical changes linked to rapid weight loss, particularly in the face. Users may develop a sunken appearance, wrinkles, hollow eyes and loose skin around the jaw, along with noticeable changes in facial structure.
Additional symptoms reported
Some people may report difficulty in breathing, skin rashes, abdominal pain, trouble swallowing, chest tightness, excessive sweating and anxiety. The sudden drops in blood sugar levels have also been identified as a potential risk.
Strict prescription norms in place
Under preexisting norms, these drugs are categorised as prescription drugs and can only be advised by qualified specialists, that include endocrinologists, internal medicine experts, and cardiologists. Authorities have repeatedly said that they must not be purchased or consumed without being prescribed.
Regulatory crackdown intensifies
Regulatory action has also been intensified to curb misuse. The Drug Controller General of India had earlier, on March 10, directed pharmaceutical companies to stop misleading promotions encouraging non-prescribed use. Inspections carried out at 49 locations, including online pharmacies, wholesalers and weight-loss clinics, revealed instances of unauthorised sales and incorrect prescriptions, following which notices were issued.
Stricter enforcement ahead
The government has indicated that enforcement would be strengthened further, with penalties such as licence cancellation, fines and legal action for violations. It has urged the public to rely only on qualified medical advice before considering the use of GLP-1 drugs.