Pagel, M. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877–884 (1999).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Harmon, L. J., Schulte, J. A., Larson, A. & Losos, J. B. Tempo and mode of evolutionary radiation in iguanian lizards. Science 301, 961–964 (2003).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

McGill, B. J. et al. Unifying macroecology and macroevolution to answer fundamental questions about biodiversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 1925–1936 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hunter, J. P. Key innovations and the ecology of macroevolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 31–36 (1998).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Reznick, D. N. & Ricklefs, R. E. Darwin’s bridge between microevolution and macroevolution. Nature 457, 837–842 (2009).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Folguera, G. & Lombardi, O. The relationship between microevolution and macroevolution, and the structure of the extended synthesis. Hist. Philos. Life Sci. 34, 539–559 (2012).

PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Boyle, P. & Rodhouse, P. Cephalopods as prey. In Cephalopods-Ecology and Fisheries 234–258 (Wiley Online Library, 2005).

Klug, C. et al. Anatomy of the first Coleoidea and character evolution in the Carboniferous. Commun. Biol. 2, 1–12 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rosa, R. et al. Global patterns of species richness in coastal cephalopods. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 469 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Klug, C., Schweigert, G., Tischlinger, H. & Pochmann, H. Failed prey or peculiar necrolysis? Isolated ammonite soft body from the Late Jurassic of Eichstätt (Germany) with complete digestive tract and male reproductive organs. Swiss J. Palaeontol. 140, 3 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Tanner, A. R. et al. Molecular clocks indicate turnover and diversification of modern coleoid cephalopods during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 20162818 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, Z. et al. A genome-based phylogeny for Mollusca is concordant with fossils and morphology. Science 387, 1001–1007 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hibbett, D., Blanchette, R., Kenrick, P. & Mills, B. Climate, decay, and the death of the coal forests. Curr. Biol. 26, R563–R567 (2016).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Song, H., Wignall, P. B., Song, H., Dai, X. & Chu, D. Seawater temperature and dissolved oxygen over the past 500 million years. J. Earth Sci. 30, 236–243 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ikegami, S., Takeda, Y., Mutterlose, J. & Iba, Y. Origin and radiation of squids revealed by digital fossil-mining. Science 388, 1406–1409 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Fuchs, D., Hoffmann, R. & Klug, C. Evolutionary development of the cephalopod arm armature: a review. Swiss J. Palaeontol. 140, 27 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

MolluscaBase (eds) MolluscaBase. Accessed at https://www.molluscabase.org on https://doi.org/10.14284/448 (2026).

Otjacques, E. et al. Bioluminescence in cephalopods: biodiversity, biogeography and research trends. Front. Mar. Sci. 10, 1161049 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Barord, G. J. et al. Three new species of Nautilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from the Coral Sea and South Pacific. ZooKeys 1143, 51 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Jereb, P. & Roper, C. F. E. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. Vol. 2. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. 4. (FAO, 2005).

Bartol, I. K., Krueger, P. S., York, C. A. & Thompson, J. T. New approaches for assessing squid fin motions: coupling proper orthogonal decomposition with volumetric particle tracking velocimetry. J. Exp. Biol. 221, jeb176750 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Whalen, C. D. & Landman, N. H. Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution. Nat. Commun. 13, 1107 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Fuchs, D. & Stinnesbeck, W. Large-sized gladius-bearing octobrachians (coleoid cephalopods) in the Turonian Plattenkalk of Vallecillo, Mexico. Cretac. Res. 127, 104949 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jereb, P., Roper, C. F. E., Norman, M. D. & Finn, J. K. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. Vol. 3. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. 4. (FAO, 2014).

Albertin, C. B. et al. The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties. Nature 524, 220–224 (2015).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Crespi-Abril, A. C., Morsan, E. M. & Barón, P. J. Analysis of the ontogenetic variation in body and beak shape of the Illex argentinus inner shelf spawning groups by geometric morphometrics. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 90, 547–553 (2010).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Villanueva, R., Perricone, V. & Fiorito, G. Cephalopods as predators: a short journey among behavioral flexibilities, adaptions, and feeding habits. Front. Physiol. 8, 598 (2017).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Jones, J. B. et al. Size-dependent change in body shape and its possible ecological role in the Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) in the Southwest Atlantic. Mar. Biol. 166, 54 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xavier, J. C. et al. A review on the biodiversity, distribution and trophic role of cephalopods in the Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems under a changing ocean. Mar. Biol. 165, 93 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ibáñez, C. M., Luna, A., Márquez-Gajardo, C., Torres, F. I. & Sales, J. B. L. Biological traits as determinants in the macroecological patterns of distribution in loliginid squids. Mar. Biol. 170, 133 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Lindgren, A. R., Pankey, M. S., Hochberg, F. G. & Oakley, T. H. A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment. BMC Evol. Biol. 12, 1–15 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Clements, T. et al. Synchrotron data reveal nautiloid characters in Pohlsepia mazonensis, refuting a Palaeozoic origin for octobrachians. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 293, 20252369 (2026).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Klug, C. et al. Revisiting the identification of Syllipsimopodi bideni and timing of the decabrachian-octobrachian divergence. Nat. Commun. 14, 8094 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Iba, Y. et al. Belemnite extinction and the origin of modern cephalopods 35 my prior to the Cretaceous– Paleogene event. Geology 39, 483–486 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sanchez, G. et al. Rapid mid-Cretaceous diversification of squid and cuttlefish preceded radiation into coastal niches. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 10, 662–676 (2026).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Roscian, M. et al. Every hooked beak is maintained by a prey: Ecological signal in cephalopod beak shape. Funct. Ecol. 36, 2015–2028 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Anderson, F. E. & Lindgren, A. R. Phylogenomic analyses recover a clade of large-bodied decapodiform cephalopods. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 156, 107038 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Klug, C. et al. Arm brains’(axial nerves) of Jurassic coleoids and the evolution of coleoid neuroanatomy. Swiss J. Palaeontol. 142, 22 (2023).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, D. et al. The gold-ringed octopus (Amphioctopus fangsiao) genome and cerebral single-nucleus transcriptomes provide insights into the evolution of karyotype and neural novelties. BMC Biol. 20, 289 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Anderson, E. & Demont, M. E. The locomotory function of the fins in the squid Loligo pealei. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 38, 169–189 (2005).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Stewart, W. J., Bartol, I. K. & Krueger, P. S. Hydrodynamic fin function of brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 2009–2024 (2010).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Shigeno, S., Sasaki, T. & Boletzky, S. V. The origins of cephalopod body plans: a geometrical and developmental basis for the evolution of vertebrate-like organ systems. in Cephalopods- Present and Past (eds. Tanabe, K., Shigeta, Y., Sasaki, T., & Hirano, H.) 23–34 (Tokai University Press, 2010).

Huffard, C. L. Cephalopod neurobiology: an introduction for biologists working in other model systems. Invertebr. Neurosci. 13, 11–18 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Boletzky, S. V. Cephalopod development and evolution: Biological insight into ontogenesis as a guide to paleomorphology. in Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods: Development and Evolution Form, Construction, and Function Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy, and Basin Analysis 3–11 (Springer US, 1999).

Ibáñez, C. M. et al. Macroevolutionary trade-offs and trends in life history traits of cephalopods through a comparative phylogenetic approach. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 707825 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, X. et al. Heterogeneous selectivity and morphological evolution of marine clades during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 8, 1248–1258 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Doguzhaeva, L. A. et al. An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 63, 341–355 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hammarlund, E. U. et al. Benthic diel oxygen variability and stress as potential drivers for animal diversification in the Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic. Nat. Commun. 16, 2223 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Benson, R. B. & Druckenmiller, P. S. Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Biol. Rev. 89, 1–23 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sternes, P. C., Schmitz, L. & Higham, T. E. The rise of pelagic sharks and adaptive evolution of pectoral fin morphology during the Cretaceous. Curr. Biol. 34, 2764–2772 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Fuchs, D. Treatise Online no. 171: Part M, Coleoidea. Chapter 23F: Systematic descriptions: Decabrachia. Treatise Online 171, 1–41 (2023).


Google Scholar
 

Fuchs, D. et al. The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods. Pap. Palaeontol. 6, 31–92 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bartol, I. K., Krueger, P. S., Stewart, W. J. & Thompson, J. T. Hydrodynamics of pulsed jetting in juvenile and adult brief squid Lolliguncula brevis: evidence of multiple jetmodes’ and their implications for propulsive efficiency. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1889–1903 (2009).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

López-Córdova, D. A. et al. Mesozoic origin of coleoid cephalopods and their abrupt shifts of diversification patterns. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 166, 107331 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

MacLaren, J. A., Bennion, R. F., Bardet, N. & Fischer, V. Global ecomorphological restructuring of dominant marine reptiles prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 289, 20220585 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Muramatsu, K. et al. Oceanic squid do fly. Mar. Biol. 160, 1171–1175 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, F. et al. Brachiopods and forams reduced calcification costs through morphological simplification during mass extinction events. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 9, 1456–1468 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Raup, D. M. & Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215, 1501–1503 (1982).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, J. et al. Repeated occurrences of marine anoxia under high atmospheric O2 and icehouse conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 122, e2420505122 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Roy, C. The optimal environmental window hypothesis: a non linear environmental process affecting recruitment success. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 1–13 (1993).


Google Scholar
 

Diankha, O. et al. Contrasted optimal environmental windows for both sardinella species in Senegalese waters. Fish Oceanogr 27, 351–365 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Somero, G. N. The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine ‘winners’ and ‘losers. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 912–920 (2010).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Denechere, R. Metabolism, Pace of Life, and the Dynamics of Size-structured Populations and Communities: The Case of Fast-living Squid (DTU Aqua, 2022).

Sunday, J. M., Bates, A. E. & Dulvy, N. K. Global analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 1823–1830 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, K. et al. Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of Sepia pharaonis juveniles to low salinity. Aquac. Res. 52, 4317–4324 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kuan, P. L., You, J. Y., Wu, G. C. & Tseng, Y. C. Temperature increases induce metabolic adjustments in the early developmental stages of bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana). Sci. Total Environ. 844, 156962 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Souquet, L. et al. Nautilid beaks: unsuspected disparity and palaeoecological interpretation. Lethaia 57, 1–19 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Slatyer, R. A., Hirst, M. & Sexton, J. P. Niche breadth predicts geographical range size: a general ecological pattern. Ecol. Lett. 16, 1104–1114 (2013).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Jin, Y., Wang, C., Li, N. & Fang, Z. Species identification of two Loliginidae cryptic species in China Seas with morphological and molecular methods. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 55, 102549 (2022).


Google Scholar
 

Pardo-Gandarillas, M. C., Carrasco, S. A., Varela, A. I. & Ibáñez, C. M. Systematic and biogeography of two sympatric octopuses from the remote Juan Fernández Archipelago, South Pacific Ocean. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. 34, 1685–1706 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Weber, C., Hautmann, M., Tajika, A. & Klug, C. Is the relative thickness of ammonoid septa influenced by ocean acidification, phylogenetic relationships and palaeogeographic position? Swiss J. Palaeontol. 141, 4 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Langenberger Knudsen, E., Tajika, A., Hautmann, M. & Klug, C. Environmental, phylogenetic, and palaeogeographic impact on relative septal thickness in Devonian ammonoids from Morocco. Bull. Geosci. 102, 191–220 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fruciano, C. Measurement error in geometric morphometrics. Dev. Genes Evol. 226, 139–158 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C., Chen, X. J. & Fang, Z. Geometric morphometrics casts light on phylogenetic relevance of cephalopod beak morphological. J. Morphol. 285, e21691 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C., Ding, Z. X., Chen, X. J. & Fang, Z. Distribution, temperature, and trophic position as ecological drivers of body morphological divergence in cephalopods. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 206, zlag027 (2026).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sanchez, G. et al. Genus-level phylogeny of cephalopods using molecular markers: current status and problematic areas. PeerJ 6, e4331 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hebert, P. D., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & DeWaard, J. R. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 270, 313 (2003).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Braid, H. E., McBride, P. D. & Bolstad, K. S. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the squid family Mastigoteuthidae (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) based on three mitochondrial genes. Hydrobiologia 725, 145–164 (2014).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Zaharias, P., Pante, E., Gey, D., Fedosov, A. E. & Puillandre, N. Data, time and money: evaluating the best compromise for inferring molecular phylogenies of non-model animal taxa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 142, 106660 (2020).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Nguyen, L. T., Schmidt, H. A., Von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 268–274 (2015).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sutton, M., Perales-Raya, C. & Gilbert, I. A phylogeny of fossil and living neocoleoid cephalopods. Cladistics 32, 297–307 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, C., Chen, X. J. & Fang, Z. Exploring the ecological and functional adaptations in cephalopod beak morphology. Org Divers Evol. 25, 495–515 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Adams, D. C., Collyer, M., Kaliontzopoulou, A. & Baken, E. Geomorph: software for geometric morphometric analyses. R package version 4.0. (2021).

Bouckaert, R. et al. BEAST 2.5: an advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 15, e1006650 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Pohle, A. et al. Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference. BMC Biol. 20, 88 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Harrison, L. B. & Larsson, H. C. Among-character rate variation distributions in phylogenetic analysis of discrete morphological characters. Syst. Biol. 64, 307–324 (2015).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Aubrechtová, M. A revision of the Ordovician cephalopod Bactrites sandbergeri Barrande: systematic position and palaeobiogeography of Bactroceras. Geobios 48, 193–211 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gradstein, F. M. & Ogg, J. G. The chronostratigraphic scale. in Geologic Time Scale 21–32 (Elsevier, 2020).

King, A. H. & Evans, D. H. High-level classification of the nautiloid cephalopods: a proposal for the revision of the Treatise Part K. Swiss J. Palaeontol. 138, 65–85 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hildenbrand, A., Austermann, G., Fuchs, D., Bengtson, P. & Stinnesbeck, W. A potential cephalopod from the early Cambrian of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Commun. Biol. 4, 388 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67, 901–904 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Rambaut, A. & Tree Figure Drawing Tool Version 1.2. 2. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (2006).

Baken, E. K., Collyer, M. L., Kaliontzopoulou, A. & Adams, D. C. geomorph v4. 0 and gmShiny: Enhanced analytics and a new graphical interface for a comprehensive morphometric experience. Methods Ecol. Evol. 12, 2355–2363 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Pagel, M. & Meade, A. Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. Am. Nat. 167, 808–825 (2006).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Meade, A. & Pagel, M. BayesTraits: A Computer Package For Analyses of Trait Evolution (BayesTraits, 2017).

Gelman, A. Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models (comment on article by Browne and Draper). Bayesian Anal. 1, 515–533 (2006).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gelman, A. & Rubin, D. B. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Stat. Sci. 7, 457–472 (1992).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xie, W., Lewis, P. O., Fan, Y., Kuo, L. & Chen, M. H. Improving marginal likelihood estimation for Bayesian phylogenetic model selection. Syst. Biol. 60, 150–160 (2011).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Felice, R. Macroevo plots in R https://github.com/rnfelice/macroevo (2021).

Xu, S. et al. Ggtree: a serialized data object for visualization of a phylogenetic tree and annotation data. iMeta 1, e56 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Villanueva, R. A. M. & Chen, Z. J. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis (2nd ed.). Meas. Interdiscip. Res. Perspect. 17, 160–167 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Louca, S. & Doebeli, M. Efficient comparative phylogenetics on large trees. Bioinformatics 34, 1053–1055 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Pennell, M. W. et al. Geiger v2. 0: an expanded suite of methods for fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 30, 2216–2218 (2014).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Adams, D. C. Quantifying and comparing phylogenetic evolutionary rates for shape and other high-dimensional phenotypic data. Syst. Biol. 63, 166–177 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Pedersen, E. J., Miller, D. L., Simpson, G. L. & Ross, N. Hierarchical generalized additive models in ecology: an introduction with mgcv. PeerJ 7, e6876 (2019).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Collyer, M. L., Baken, E. K. & Adams, D. C. A standardized effect size for evaluating and comparing the strength of phylogenetic signal. Methods Ecol. Evol. 13, 367–382 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Adams, D. C. A generalized K statistic for estimating phylogenetic signal from shape and other high-dimensional multivariate data. Syst. Biol. 63, 685–697 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar