Overview
In the euro area (EA20) the government deficit to GDP ratio decreased from 3.0% in 2024 to 2.9% in 2025. In the EU, it remained unchanged at 3.1%, the same level as in 2024. In the euro area the government debt to GDP ratio increased from 87.0% at the end of 2024 to 87.8% at the end of 2025, and in the EU from 80.7% to 81.7%.
In this release, Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, is providing government deficit and debt data for the years 2022-2025, based on figures reported by EU Member States in the first notification in 2026, for the application of the excessive deficit procedure (EDP). This notification is based on the ESA 2010 system of national accounts. This release also includes data on government expenditure and revenue.
Deficit and debt data for Euro area and EU
2022
2023
2024
2025
(million euro)
13 758 305
14 670 740
15 248 534
15 838 206
(million euro)
-466 251
-513 925
-461 699
-462 014
% of GDP
-3.4
-3.5
-3.0
-2.9
% of GDP
49.9
49.3
49.4
49.8
% of GDP
46.5
45.8
46.4
46.9
(million euro)
12 287 040
12 751 586
13 264 199
13 911 079
% of GDP
89.3
86.9
87.0
87.8
(million euro)
13 844 384
14 765 265
15 353 301
15 954 224
(million euro)
-468 779
-515 808
-464 891
-466 127
% of GDP
-3.4
-3.5
-3.0
-2.9
% of GDP
49.8
49.3
49.4
49.7
% of GDP
46.4
45.8
46.3
46.8
(million euro)
12 306 387
12 773 254
13 289 170
13 945 708
% of GDP
88.9
86.5
86.6
87.4
(million euro)
16 170 154
17 264 208
18 037 580
18 826 635
(million euro)
-510 306
-593 751
-560 684
-576 516
% of GDP
-3.2
-3.4
-3.1
-3.1
% of GDP
49.2
48.9
49.1
49.5
% of GDP
46.0
45.5
46.0
46.4
(million euro)
13 316 983
13 897 258
14 548 670
15 374 367
% of GDP
82.4
80.5
80.7
81.7
In 2025, all Member States, except Cyprus (+3.4%), Denmark (+2.9%), Ireland (+1.8%), Greece (+1.7%) and Portugal (+0.7%), reported a deficit. The highest deficits were recorded in Romania (‑7.9%), Poland (-7.3%), Belgium (-5.2%) and France (‑5.1%). Eleven Member States had deficits equal to or higher than 3% of GDP.
At the end of 2025, the lowest ratios of government debt to GDP were recorded in Estonia (24.1%), Luxembourg (26.5%), Denmark (27.9%), Bulgaria (29.9%), Ireland (32.9%), Sweden (35.1%) and Lithuania (39.5%). Twelve Member States had government debt ratios higher than 60% of GDP, with the highest registered in Greece (146.1%), Italy (137.1%), France (115.6%), Belgium (107.9%) and Spain (100.7%).
In 2025, government total expenditure to GDP ratio in the euro area stood at 49.8% of GDP and government total revenue to GDP ratio stood at 46.9%. The figures for the EU were 49.5% and 46.4%, respectively. Government revenue and expenditure ratios increased both in the euro area and the EU, compared to 2024.
Reservations on reported data
Eurostat has no reservations on the data reported by Member States.
Amendment by Eurostat to reported data
Eurostat has made no amendments to the data reported by Member States.
Tables
GDP, government deficit/surplus and debt in the EU
(in national currencies)
2022
2023
2024
2025
(million euro)
561 678
601 867
619 914
642 015
(million euro)
-19 883
-24 720
-27 057
-33 220
(% of GDP)
-3.5
-4.1
-4.4
-5.2
(% of GDP)
52.5
52.8
54.1
54.2
(% of GDP)
48.9
48.7
49.7
49.0
(million euro)
580 354
617 175
644 199
692 461
(% of GDP)
103.3
102.5
103.9
107.9
(million euro)
8 567
8 357
8 059
7 807
(% of GDP)
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
(million euro)
86 078
94 525
104 767
116 018
(million euro)
-2 528
-1 884
-3 191
-4 113
(% of GDP)
-2.9
-2.0
-3.0
-3.5
(% of GDP)
41.3
38.9
39.2
41.7
(% of GDP)
38.4
36.9
36.1
38.1
(million euro)
19 355
21 675
24 977
34 635
(% of GDP)
22.5
22.9
23.8
29.9
(million euro)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million CZK)
7 049 872
7 659 655
8 058 158
8 556 452
(million CZK)
-216 345
-286 066
-163 345
-183 744
(% of GDP)
-3.1
-3.7
-2.0
-2.1
(% of GDP)
43.2
44.0
43.2
43.2
(% of GDP)
40.2
40.3
41.2
41.0
(million CZK)
2 997 632
3 234 102
3 488 500
3 786 250
(% of GDP)
42.5
42.2
43.3
44.3
(million CZK)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million DKK)
2 831 270
2 787 930
2 926 878
3 062 771
(million DKK)
95 960
95 630
130 501
88 454
(% of GDP)
3.4
3.4
4.5
2.9
(% of GDP)
45.1
47.4
47.3
48.0
(% of GDP)
48.5
50.8
51.8
50.9
(million DKK)
943 250
919 014
893 977
855 200
(% of GDP)
33.3
33.0
30.5
27.9
(million DKK)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
3 989 390
4 219 310
4 328 970
4 469 910
(million euro)
-76 138
-105 249
-115 295
-119 147
(% of GDP)
-1.9
-2.5
-2.7
-2.7
(% of GDP)
48.6
48.1
49.4
50.5
(% of GDP)
46.7
45.7
46.8
47.9
(million euro)
2 569 029
2 630 547
2 693 827
2 838 239
(% of GDP)
64.4
62.3
62.2
63.5
(million euro)
66 900
65 755
62 928
60 960
(% of GDP)
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
(million euro)
36 301
38 353
39 848
41 621
(million euro)
-329
-1 020
-458
-825
(% of GDP)
-0.9
-2.7
-1.1
-2.0
(% of GDP)
40.0
43.1
44.0
45.4
(% of GDP)
39.1
40.4
42.8
43.4
(million euro)
6 965
7 736
9 353
10 035
(% of GDP)
19.2
20.2
23.5
24.1
(million euro)
482
481
481
481
(% of GDP)
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
(million euro)
520 718
524 729
562 794
638 684
(million euro)
8 482
7 429
23 320
11 222
(% of GDP)
1.6
1.4
4.1
1.8
(% of GDP)
20.6
22.2
22.3
21.0
(% of GDP)
22.3
23.6
26.5
22.7
(million euro)
223 696
219 277
215 575
209 902
(% of GDP)
43.0
41.8
38.3
32.9
(million euro)
284
249
197
3 673
(% of GDP)
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.6
(million euro)
207 009
224 686
236 736
248 354
(million euro)
-5 324
-3 213
3 189
4 290
(% of GDP)
-2.6
-1.4
1.3
1.7
(% of GDP)
53.1
49.5
48.1
48.3
(% of GDP)
50.5
48.1
49.4
50.0
(million euro)
368 005
369 110
364 964
362 925
(% of GDP)
177.8
164.3
154.2
146.1
(million euro)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
1 375 863
1 497 761
1 594 330
1 687 152
(million euro)
-63 105
-50 027
-51 267
-40 330
(% of GDP)
-4.6
-3.3
-3.2
-2.4
(% of GDP)
46.3
45.4
45.5
45.3
(% of GDP)
41.7
42.1
42.3
42.9
(million euro)
1 504 105
1 575 377
1 620 573
1 698 225
(% of GDP)
109.3
105.2
101.6
100.7
(million euro)
29 329
28 608
27 589
26 699
(% of GDP)
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.6
(million euro)
2 653 997
2 833 826
2 935 236
2 994 733
(million euro)
-125 896
-151 920
-169 118
-152 511
(% of GDP)
-4.7
-5.4
-5.8
-5.1
(% of GDP)
58.4
56.8
57.0
57.2
(% of GDP)
53.7
51.4
51.2
52.1
(million euro)
2 955 639
3 103 248
3 306 097
3 460 465
(% of GDP)
111.4
109.5
112.6
115.6
(million euro)
50 228
48 993
47 248
45 771
(% of GDP)
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
(million euro)
67 613
79 186
85 905
92 975
(million euro)
10
-865
-2 001
-2 796
(% of GDP)
0.0
-1.1
-2.3
-3.0
(% of GDP)
45.1
46.6
48.4
50.1
(% of GDP)
45.2
45.5
46.1
47.1
(million euro)
46 347
48 264
49 284
52 371
(% of GDP)
68.5
60.9
57.4
56.3
(million euro)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
1 998 073
2 142 744
2 202 031
2 258 049
(million euro)
-161 869
-152 867
-73 779
-69 381
(% of GDP)
-8.1
-7.1
-3.4
-3.1
(% of GDP)
54.9
53.6
50.4
51.2
(% of GDP)
46.8
46.5
47.0
48.1
(million euro)
2 764 481
2 869 976
2 967 004
3 095 888
(% of GDP)
138.4
133.9
134.7
137.1
(million euro)
44 122
43 037
41 503
40 206
(% of GDP)
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
(million euro)
29 645
32 439
34 770
36 484
(million euro)
796
554
1 439
1 242
(% of GDP)
2.7
1.7
4.1
3.4
(% of GDP)
37.7
40.6
38.3
40.2
(% of GDP)
40.4
42.4
42.4
43.6
(million euro)
23 745
23 056
21 814
20 078
(% of GDP)
80.1
71.1
62.7
55.0
(million euro)
355
343
327
312
(% of GDP)
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
(million euro)
36 089
39 564
40 652
43 026
(million euro)
-1 754
-927
-727
-1 093
(% of GDP)
-4.9
-2.3
-1.8
-2.5
(% of GDP)
44.2
43.4
45.3
46.1
(% of GDP)
39.4
41.1
43.5
43.6
(million euro)
16 039
17 579
18 801
20 174
(% of GDP)
44.4
44.4
46.2
46.9
(million euro)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
67 081
74 317
78 996
84 258
(million euro)
-482
-493
-1 012
-1 536
(% of GDP)
-0.7
-0.7
-1.3
-1.8
(% of GDP)
36.5
37.2
39.4
41.2
(% of GDP)
35.8
36.5
38.1
39.4
(million euro)
25 703
27 581
29 992
33 259
(% of GDP)
38.3
37.1
38.0
39.5
(million euro)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
76 731
82 115
86 180
89 522
(million euro)
164
-541
776
-1 756
(% of GDP)
0.2
-0.7
0.9
-2.0
(% of GDP)
44.3
46.4
46.8
49.1
(% of GDP)
44.5
45.7
47.7
47.1
(million euro)
19 107
20 268
22 638
23 695
(% of GDP)
24.9
24.7
26.3
26.5
(million euro)
656
640
619
601
(% of GDP)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
(million HUF)
65 950 424
75 218 235
81 493 548
87 045 554
(million HUF)
-4 092 620
-5 253 505
-4 185 367
-4 059 437
(% of GDP)
-6.2
-7.0
-5.1
-4.7
(% of GDP)
49.1
49.7
47.3
47.3
(% of GDP)
42.9
42.8
42.2
42.6
(million HUF)
48 854 681
55 132 774
59 866 887
64 911 638
(% of GDP)
74.1
73.3
73.5
74.6
(million HUF)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
17 985
20 925
23 137
24 577
(million euro)
-952
-928
-794
-545
(% of GDP)
-5.3
-4.4
-3.4
-2.2
(% of GDP)
38.4
35.8
37.2
37.0
(% of GDP)
33.1
31.3
33.8
34.8
(million euro)
9 040
9 818
10 621
11 397
(% of GDP)
50.3
46.9
45.9
46.4
(million euro)
223
218
210
203
(% of GDP)
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
(million euro)
993 820
1 050 133
1 121 543
1 179 458
(million euro)
22
-3 897
-8 258
-18 736
(% of GDP)
0.0
-0.4
-0.7
-1.6
(% of GDP)
43.3
44.0
44.3
44.9
(% of GDP)
43.3
43.6
43.6
43.3
(million euro)
481 145
481 481
491 055
523 541
(% of GDP)
48.4
45.8
43.8
44.4
(million euro)
14 086
13 740
13 850
12 825
(% of GDP)
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
(million euro)
449 382
477 837
494 088
512 813
(million euro)
-15 325
-12 249
-22 953
-21 464
(% of GDP)
-3.4
-2.6
-4.6
-4.2
(% of GDP)
53.0
52.3
55.3
55.2
(% of GDP)
49.6
49.7
50.6
51.0
(million euro)
351 144
371 621
395 051
418 078
(% of GDP)
78.1
77.8
80.0
81.5
(million euro)
6 858
6 689
6 451
6 249
(% of GDP)
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
(million PLN)
3 100 850
3 415 274
3 669 531
3 912 673
(million PLN)
-104 475
-177 442
-236 623
-283 969
(% of GDP)
-3.4
-5.2
-6.4
-7.3
(% of GDP)
43.2
46.9
49.2
50.9
(% of GDP)
39.9
41.7
42.8
43.6
(million PLN)
1 512 812
1 691 261
2 012 640
2 335 153
(% of GDP)
48.8
49.5
54.8
59.7
(million PLN)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
243 957
270 353
289 784
306 765
(million euro)
-757
3 030
1 863
2 059
(% of GDP)
-0.3
1.1
0.6
0.7
(% of GDP)
43.9
42.0
42.4
42.7
(% of GDP)
43.6
43.2
43.0
43.4
(million euro)
271 358
261 889
270 902
275 063
(% of GDP)
111.2
96.9
93.5
89.7
(million euro)
953
852
701
602
(% of GDP)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
(million RON)
1 384 598
1 590 749
1 759 183
1 916 405
(million RON)
-90 179
-105 128
-162 782
-151 063
(% of GDP)
-6.5
-6.6
-9.3
-7.9
(% of GDP)
40.9
41.1
43.3
43.3
(% of GDP)
34.4
34.5
34.0
35.4
(million RON)
665 491
784 235
964 808
1 137 324
(% of GDP)
48.1
49.3
54.8
59.3
(million RON)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(million euro)
56 882
64 050
67 418
70 486
(million euro)
-1 714
-1 655
-594
-1 786
(% of GDP)
-3.0
-2.6
-0.9
-2.5
(% of GDP)
47.7
46.5
46.5
49.6
(% of GDP)
44.7
44.0
45.6
47.1
(million euro)
41 395
43 739
44 755
46 324
(% of GDP)
72.8
68.3
66.4
65.7
(million euro)
1 161
1 133
1 092
1 058
(% of GDP)
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
(million euro)
109 960
123 539
130 208
136 754
(million euro)
-1 720
-6 556
-6 963
-6 086
(% of GDP)
-1.6
-5.3
-5.3
-4.5
(% of GDP)
43.1
48.4
47.4
47.9
(% of GDP)
41.5
43.1
42.1
43.5
(million euro)
63 509
68 882
77 735
83 957
(% of GDP)
57.8
55.8
59.7
61.4
(million euro)
1 978
1 973
1 971
1 955
(% of GDP)
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
(million euro)
266 135
273 005
275 993
280 570
(million euro)
-477
-7 810
-12 010
-9 613
(% of GDP)
-0.2
-2.9
-4.4
-3.4
(% of GDP)
52.6
55.9
57.7
57.5
(% of GDP)
52.5
53.0
53.4
54.1
(million euro)
196 844
210 338
227 339
248 433
(% of GDP)
74.0
77.0
82.4
88.5
(million euro)
4 429
4 320
4 166
4 035
(% of GDP)
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
(million SEK)
5 816 415
6 143 187
6 391 596
6 570 039
(million SEK)
57 635
-54 898
-97 426
-84 717
(% of GDP)
1.0
-0.9
-1.5
-1.3
(% of GDP)
49.4
50.0
50.5
49.9
(% of GDP)
50.4
49.1
48.9
48.6
(million SEK)
2 001 233
1 980 795
2 186 716
2 305 401
(% of GDP)
34.4
32.2
34.2
35.1
(million SEK)
0
0
0
0
(% of GDP)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Notes for users
Revisions and timetable
In the previous provision of data for the excessive deficit procedure, the 2024 government deficit for the euro area (EA20) and EU was 3.1% of GDP, and the government debt was 87.1% of GDP for the euro area and 80.7% for the EU. See News release of 21 October 2025.
Methods and definitions
According to Article 14 (1) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, Eurostat publishes the actual government deficit and debt data for the application of the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure, within three weeks after the reporting deadlines.
The Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the EC Treaty, defines government deficit (surplus) as the net borrowing (net lending) of the whole general government sector (central government, state government, local government and social security funds). It is calculated according to national accounts concepts (European System of Accounts, ESA 2010). Government debt (commonly known as Maastricht or EDP debt) is the consolidated gross debt of the whole general government sector outstanding at the end of the year (at nominal value).
– for deficit / surplus and GDP data, the annual average exchange rate;
– for the stock of government debt, the end of year exchange rate.
General government total expenditure and revenue are reported to Eurostat under the ESA 2010 transmission programme. They cover non-financial transactions of general government, and include both current and capital transactions. For definitions, see Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union.
Intergovernmental lending
For the purpose of consolidation of general government debt in European aggregates and to provide users with information, Eurostat is collecting and publishing data on government loans to other EU governments, including those made through the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). For the years 2022 to 2025 the intergovernmental lending figures relate mainly to lending to Greece, Ireland and Portugal.
Reservations and amendments
The term “reservations” is defined in article 15 (1) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009. The Commission (Eurostat) expresses reservations when it has doubts on the quality of the reported data.
According to Article 15 (2) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, the Commission (Eurostat) may amend actual data reported by Member States and provide the amended data and a justification of the amendment where there is evidence that actual data reported by Member States do not comply with the quality requirements (compliance with accounting rules, completeness, reliability, timeliness and consistency of statistical data).
Geographical information
Up to 31 December 2025, the euro area included Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland (EA20). From 1 January 2026, the euro area also includes Bulgaria (EA21).
The aggregate data series commented on in this Euro indicator release refer to the official composition of the euro area in the most recent period for which data are available. Thus, Euro indicator releases with data up to 2025 comment on EA20 series, while releases with data for 2026 onwards will comment on EA21 series.
The European Union includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden (EU27).
For more information
For further information on the methodology of statistics reported under the excessive deficit procedure, please see the Eurostat publication “Manual on Government Deficit and Debt – Implementation of ESA 2010 – 2022 edition“, published in February 2023.
Note on main revisions: Eurostat publishes on its website a note containing specific explanations of the largest revisions in deficit and debt for 2022-2024 between the October 2025 and April 2026 notifications, as well as in GDP.
Background note and supplementary tables on government interventions to support financial institutions: Eurostat publishes supplementary tables by Member State on the impact of the government support to financial institutions on its website. Eurostat also publishes a background note providing further information on the supplementary tables, including summary tables for the EU and the euro area. Table 2 of the background note shows government deficit/surplus data for 2024 and 2025 excluding the impacts of government interventions to support financial institutions. It should be noted that this adjusted measure of government deficit/surplus is only intended to be an improvement in the presentation of data for users.
Stock of liabilities of trade credits and advances: Eurostat publishes on its website, as complementary information on government liabilities, data on trade credits and advances, as reported by Member States for the years 2022 to 2025. According to Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, the liabilities in trade credits and advances of government units are not part of EDP debt.
Stock-flow adjustment: Eurostat also publishes a note on the stock-flow adjustment which presents the contribution of deficit/surplus as well as other relevant factors to the variation in the debt level.
Eurostat will also be releasing information on the underlying government sector accounts on the government finance and EDP statistics section on its website.