Stokes, C. R. et al. Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change. Nature 608, 275–286 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04946-0 (2022).
Abram, N. J. et al. Emerging evidence of abrupt changes in the Antarctic environment. Nature 644, 621–633 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09349-5 (2025).
Noble, T. L. et al. The sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to a changing climate: past, present, and future. Rev. Geophys. 58, e2019RG000663 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000663 (2020).
Herraiz-Borreguero, L. & Naveira Garabato, A. C. Poleward shift of circumpolar deep water threatens the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nat. Clim. Change 12 728–734 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01424-3 (2022).
Otosaka, I. N. et al. Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 15, 1597–1616 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023 (2023).
Rignot, E. et al. Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979–2017. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 1095–1103 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812883116 (2019).
Li, Q., England, M. H., Hogg, A. M., Rintoul, S. R. & Morrison, A. K. Abyssal ocean overturning slowdown and warming driven by Antarctic meltwater. Nature 615, 841–847 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05762-w (2023).
Gunn, K. L., Rintoul, S. R., England, M. H. & Bowen, M. M. Recent reduced abyssal overturning and ventilation in the Australian Antarctic Basin. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 537–544 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01667-8 (2023).
Sohail, T., Gayen, B. & Klocker, A. Decline of Antarctic Circumpolar Current due to polar ocean freshening. Environ. Res. Lett. 20, 034046 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adb31c (2025).
Ong, E. Q. Y., England, M. H., Doddridge, E. & Constantinou, N. C. Transient Antarctic Slope Current response to climate change including meltwater. Geophys. Res. Lett. 52, e2024GL113983 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113983 (2025).
Zhou, S. et al. Slowdown of Antarctic bottom water export driven by climatic wind and sea-ice changes. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 701–709 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01695-4 (2023).
Ingels, J. et al. Antarctic ecosystem responses following ice-shelf collapse and iceberg calving: science review and future research. WIREs Clim. Change 12, e682 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.682 (2021).
Brasier, M. J. et al. Responses of Southern Ocean seafloor habitats and communities to global and local drivers of change. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 622721 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.622721 (2021).
Swadling, K. M. et al. Biological responses to change in Antarctic sea ice habitats. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1073823 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.1073823 (2023).
Pritchard, H. D. et al. Bedmap3 updated ice bed, surface and thickness gridded datasets for Antarctica. Sci. Data 12, 414 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04672-y (2025).
Jordan, J. R. et al. Increased warm water intrusions could cause mass loss in East Antarctica during the next 200 years. Nat. Commun. 14, 1825 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37553-2 (2023).
Mengel, M. & Levermann, A. Ice plug prevents irreversible discharge from East Antarctica. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 451–455 https://doi.org/10.1038/Nclimate2226 (2014).
Crotti, I. et al. Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late pleistocene interglacials. Nat. Commun. 13, 5328 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3 (2022).
Iizuka, M. et al. Multiple episodes of ice loss from the Wilkes Subglacial Basin during the Last Interglacial. Nat. Commun. 14, 2129 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37325-y (2023).
Blackburn, T. et al. Ice retreat in Wilkes Basin of East Antarctica during a warm interglacial. Nature 583, 554–559 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2484-5 (2020).
Wilson, D. J. et al. Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during Late Pleistocene interglacials. Nature 561, 383–386 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0501-8 (2018).
Sutter, J. et al. Limited retreat of the Wilkes Basin Ice Sheet during the Last Interglacial. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088131 (2020).
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R. & Jamieson, S. S. R. Velocity increases at Cook Glacier, East Antarctica, linked to ice shelf loss and a subglacial flood event. Cryosphere 12, 3123–3136 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3123-2018 (2018).
Jordan, J. R. et al. The sensitivity of Cook Glacier, East Antarctica, to changes in ice-shelf extent and grounding-line position. J. Glac. 68, 473–485 https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.106 (2022).
Mercer, J. H. West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO2 greenhouse effect: a threat of disaster. Nature 271, 321–325 (1978).
Schoof, C. Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: steady states, stability, and hysteresis. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 112, F03S28 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000664 (2007).
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J. & Scheuchl, B. Ice flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 333, 1427–1430 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208336 (2011).
Depoorter, M. A. et al. Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature 502, 89–92 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12567 (2013).
Pritchard, H. D., Arthern, R. J., Vaughan, D. G. & Edwards, L. A. Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Nature 461, 971–975 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08471 (2009).
Davison, B. J. et al. Annual mass budget of Antarctic ice shelves from 1997 to 2021. Sci. Adv. 9, eadi0186 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi0186 (2023).
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A. & Padman, L. Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science 348, 327–331 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0940 (2015).
Adusumilli, S., Fricker, H. A., Medley, B., Padman, L. & Siegfried, M. R. Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves. Nat. Geosci. 13, 616–620 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0616-z (2020).
Mottram, R. et al. What is the surface mass balance of Antarctica? An intercomparison of regional climate model estimates. Cryosphere 15, 3751–3784 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3751-2021 (2021).
Wang, Y. et al. The AntSMB dataset: a comprehensive compilation of surface mass balance field observations over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 13, 3057–3074 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3057-2021 (2021).
King, M. A. & Christoffersen, P. Major modes of climate variability dominate nonlinear Antarctic Ice-Sheet elevation changes 2002–2020. Geophys. Res. Lett. 51, e2024GL108844 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108844 (2024).
Stokes, C. R., Sanderson, J. E., Miles, B. W. J., Jamieson, S. S. R. & Leeson, A. A. Widespread distribution of supraglacial lakes around the margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Sci. Rep. 9, 13823 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50343-5 (2019).
Fraser, A. D. et al. Antarctic landfast sea ice: a review of its physics, biogeochemistry and ecology. Rev. Geophys. 61, e2022RG000770 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022rg000770 (2023).
Zwally, H. J., Comiso, J. C. & Gordon, A. L. in Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf (ed. Jacobs, S. S.) 203–226 (American Geophysical Union, 1985).
Comiso, J. C., Cavalieri, D. J. & Markus, T. Sea ice concentration, ice temperature, and snow depth using AMSR-E data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 41, 243–252 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808317 (2003).
Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L. & Heygster, G. Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89-GHz channels. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 113, C02S03 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003384 (2008).
Fons, S., Kurtz, N. & Bagnardi, M. A decade-plus of Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume estimates from CryoSat-2 using a physical model and waveform fitting. Cryosphere 17, 2487–2508 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2487-2023 (2023).
Kwok, R. Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice thickness and kinematics: a review. J. Glac. 56, 1129–1140 https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406167 (2010).
Kacimi, S. & Kwok, R. The Antarctic sea ice cover from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness. Cryosphere 14 4453–4474 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4453-2020 (2020).
Eayrs, C. et al. Understanding the seasonal cycle of Antarctic sea ice extent in the context of longer-term variability. Rev. Geophys. 57, 1037–1064 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631 (2019).
Raphael, M. N. & Hobbs, W. The influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on Antarctic sea ice during ice advance and retreat seasons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 5037–5045 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060365 (2014).
Kromer, J. D. & Trusel, L. D. Identifying the impacts of sea ice variability on the climate and surface mass balance of West Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 50, e2023GL104436 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl104436 (2023).
Wu, Q. et al. Pacific sub-decadal sea surface temperature variations contributed to recent Antarctic Sea ice decline trend. Nat. Commun. 16, 3386 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58788-1 (2025).
Zhai, M. et al. Sea-ice conditions in the Adélie Depression, Antarctica, during besetment of the icebreaker RV Xuelong. Ann. Glac. 56, 160–166 https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A007 (2015).
Aitken, A. R. A. et al. The subglacial geology of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 2390–2400 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059405 (2014).
Ferraccioli, F., Armadillo, E., Jordan, T., Bozzo, E. & Corr, H. Aeromagnetic exploration over the East Antarctic Ice Sheet: a new view of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin. Tectonophysics 478, 62–77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.013 (2009).
Lowe, M. et al. The 3D crustal structure of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica, using variation of information joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 129, e2023JB027794 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB027794 (2024).
Paxman, G. J. G. et al. Bedrock erosion surfaces record former East Antarctic Ice Sheet extent. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 4114–4123 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077268 (2018).
Constantino, R. R. & Tinto, K. J. Cook Ice Shelf and Ninnis Glacier Tongue bathymetry from inversion of operation ice bridge airborne gravity data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 50, e2023GL103815 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103815 (2023).
Fretwell, P. et al. Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. Cryosphere 7, 375–393 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013 (2013).
Morlighem, M. et al. Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nat. Geosci. 13, 132–137 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 (2020).
Charrassin, R., Millan, R., Rignot, E. & Scheinert, M. Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from circumpolar gravity anomalies and other data. Sci. Rep. 15, 1214 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81599-1 (2025).
Morlighem, M. MEaSUREs BedMachine Antarctica (NSIDC-0756, Version 3) [Data Set]. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center https://doi.org/10.5067/FPSU0V1MWUB6 (2022).
Wang, Y. et al. Sensitivity of the future evolution of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin ice sheet to grounding-line melt parameterizations. Cryosphere 18, 5117–5137 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5117-2024 (2024).
Li, L., Aitken, A. R. A., Lindsay, M. D. & Kulessa, B. Sedimentary basins reduce stability of Antarctic ice streams through groundwater feedbacks. Nat. Geosci. 15, 645–650 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00992-5 (2022).
Dawson, E. J., Schroeder, D. M., Chu, W., Mantelli, E. & Seroussi, H. Heterogeneous basal thermal conditions underpinning the Adélie–George V Coast, East Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 51, e2023GL105450 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105450 (2024).
Reading, A. M. et al. Antarctic geothermal heat flow and its implications for tectonics and ice sheets. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 814–831 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00348-y (2022).
Ehrenfeucht, S., Dow, C., McArthur, K., Morlighem, M. & McCormack, F. S. Antarctic wide subglacial hydrology modeling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 52, e2024GL111386 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl111386 (2024).
Livingstone, S. J. et al. Subglacial lakes and their changing role in a warming climate. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 106–124 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00246-9 (2022).
Willis, I. C., Pope, E. L., Leysinger Vieli, G. J. M. C., Arnold, N. S. & Long, S. Drainage networks, lakes and water fluxes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ann. Glac. 57, 96–108 https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.15 (2016).
Jordan, T. A. et al. Hypothesis for mega-outburst flooding from a palaeo-subglacial lake beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Terra Nova 22, 283–289 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00944.x (2010).
Wilson, S. F. et al. Detection of 85 new active subglacial lakes in Antarctica from a decade of CryoSat-2 data. Nat. Commun. 16, 8311 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63773-9 (2025).
Flament, T., Berthier, E. & Rémy, F. Cascading water underneath Wilkes Land, East Antarctic ice sheet, observed using altimetry and digital elevation models. Cryosphere 8, 673–687 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-673-2014 (2014).
King, M. A. et al. Lower satellite-gravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution. Nature 491, 586–589 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11621 (2012).
Gomez, N., Pollard, D. & Mitrovica, J. X. A 3-D coupled ice sheet–sea level model applied to Antarctica through the last 40 ky. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 384, 88–99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.042 (2013).
Gomez, N., Pollard, D. & Holland, D. Sea-level feedback lowers projections of future Antarctic ice-sheet mass loss. Nat. Commun. 6, 8798 (2015).
Gomez, N. et al. The influence of realistic 3D mantle viscosity on Antarctica’s contribution to future global sea levels. Sci. Adv. 10, eadn1470 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn1470 (2024).
Stocchi, P. et al. Relative sea-level rise around East Antarctica during Oligocene glaciation. Nat. Geosci. 6, 380–384 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1783 (2013).
Whitehouse, P. L., Gomez, N., King, M. A. & Wiens, D. A. Solid Earth change and the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nat. Commun. 10, 503 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08068-y (2019).
Lloyd, A. J. et al. Seismic structure of the Antarctic Upper mantle imaged with adjoint tomography. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017823 (2020).
Hansen, S. E. & Emry, E. L. East Antarctic tectonic basin structure and its implications for ice-sheet modeling and sea-level projections. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 138 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02140-4 (2025).
Buchta, E. et al. Advancing geodynamic research in Antarctica: reprocessing GNSS data to infer consistent coordinate time series (GIANT-REGAIN). Earth Syst. Sci. Data 17, 1761–1780 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1761-2025 (2025).
Gordon, A. L. & Tchernia, P. L. in Antarctica Oceanology II: The Australian–New Zealand Sector 59–69 (American Geophysical Union, 1978).
Foster, T. D. Abyssal water mass formation off the eastern Wilkes land cost of Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 42, 501–522 https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00002-N (1995).
Rintoul, S. R. in Ocean, Ice, and Atmosphere: Interactions at the Antarctic Continental Margin 151–171 (American Geophysical Union, 1985).
Williams, T. et al. Evidence for iceberg armadas from East Antarctica in the Southern Ocean during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 290, 351–361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.031 (2010).
Silvano, A., Rintoul, S. R. & Herraiz-Borreguero, L. Ocean–ice shelf interaction in East Antarctica. Oceanography 29, 130–143 (2016).
Silvano, A. et al. Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances melting of ice shelves and reduces formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. Sci. Adv. 4, eaap9467 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9467 (2018).
Kusahara, K., Hasumi, H. & Williams, G. D. Impact of the Mertz Glacier Tongue calving on dense water formation and export. Nat. Commun. 2, 159 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1156 (2011).
Lacarra, M., Houssais, M. N., Herbaut, C., Sultan, E. & Beauverger, M. Dense shelf water production in the Adélie Depression, East Antarctica, 2004–2012: impact of the Mertz Glacier calving. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 119, 5203–5220 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009124 (2014).
Morley, S. A. et al. Global drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: changing physical environments and anthropogenic pressures in an Earth system. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 547188 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 (2020).
Campagne, P. et al. Glacial ice and atmospheric forcing on the Mertz Glacier polynya over the past 250 years. Nat. Commun. 6, 6642 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7642 (2015).
Jansen, J. et al. Abundance and richness of key Antarctic seafloor fauna correlates with modelled food availability. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 71–80 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0392-3 (2018).
Post, A. L. et al. Environmental drivers of benthic communities and habitat heterogeneity on an East Antarctic shelf. Antarctic Sci. 29, 17–32 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102016000468 (2017).
Post, A. L., O’Brien, P. E., Beaman, R. J., Riddle, M. J. & De Santis, L. Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica. Antarctic Sci. 22, 371–378 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102010000180 (2010).
Janssen, D. J. et al. Trace metal and nutrient dynamics across broad biogeochemical gradients in the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 221, 103773 (2020).
Hindell, M. A. et al. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems. Nature 580, 87–92 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y (2020).
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Australia. CCAMLR Conservation measure 91-05 (2016): Ross Sea region marine protected area. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/6tjjyxb (CCAMLR, 2016).
Doddridge, E. W. et al. Impacts of Antarctic summer sea-ice extremes. PNAS Nexus 4, pgaf164 https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf164 (2025).
Smith, A. J. R. et al. Circumpolar Deep Water and shelf sediments support late summer microbial iron remineralization. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 35, e2020GB006921 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gb006921 (2021).
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Australia. Conservation measure 24-04 (2017): establishing time-limited Special Areas for Scientific Study in newly exposed marine areas following ice-shelf retreat or collapse in Statistical Subareas 48.1, 48.5 and 88.3 (CCAMLR, 2017).
Bodart, J. A. et al. Radar isochrones as constraints on paleo–ice-sheet model simulations in two off-divide regions of East Antarctica. Cryosphere 20, 1379–1404 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1379-2026 (2026).
Cook, C. P. et al. Dynamic behaviour of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during Pliocene warmth. Nat. Geosci. 6, 765–769 https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo1889 (2013).
Grant, G. R. et al. The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch. Nature 574, 237–241 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1619-z (2019).
de la Vega, E., Chalk, T. B., Wilson, P. A., Bysani, R. P. & Foster, G. L. Atmospheric CO2 during the mid-Piacenzian warm period and the M2 glaciation. Sci. Rep. 10, 11002 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67154-8 (2020).
Foley, K. M. & Dowsett, H. J. Community Sourced Mid-Piacenzian Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YP3DTV (US Geological Survey, 2019).
McClymont, E. L. et al. Lessons from a high-CO2 world: an ocean view from ~3 million years ago. Clim. Past 16, 1599–1615 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1599-2020 (2020).
Dumitru, O. A. et al. Constraints on global mean sea level during Pliocene warmth. Nature 574, 233–236 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1543-2 (2019).
Hollyday, A. et al. A revised estimate of early Pliocene global mean sea level using geodynamic models of the Patagonian slab window. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 24, e2022GC010648 (2023).
Reinardy, B. T. I. et al. Repeated advance and retreat of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet on the continental shelf during the early Pliocene warm period. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 422, 65–84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.01.009 (2015).
Orejola, N. & Passchier, S. Sedimentology of lower Pliocene to upper Pleistocene diamictons from IODP Site U1358, Wilkes Land margin, and implications for East Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics. Antarctic Sci. 26, 183–192 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000527 (2013).
Bertram, R. A. et al. Pliocene deglacial event timelines and the biogeochemical response offshore Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 494, 109–116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.054 (2018).
Patterson, M. O. et al. Orbital forcing of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Nat. Geosci. 7, 841–847 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2273 (2014).
Donda, F. et al. Footprint of sustained poleward warm water flow within East Antarctic submarine canyons. Nat. Commun. 15, 6028 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50160-z (2024).
Hansen, M. A. & Passchier, S. Oceanic circulation changes during early Pliocene marine ice-sheet instability in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Geomar. Lett. 37, 207–213 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0489-8 (2016).
De Santis, L., Brancolini, G. & Donda, F. Seismo-stratigraphic analysis of the Wilkes Land continental margin (East Antarctica): influence of glacially driven processes on the Cenozoic deposition. Deep Sea Res. Pt II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 50, 1563–1594 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00079-1 (2003).
Dolan, A. M., de Boer, B., Bernales, J., Hill, D. J. & Haywood, A. M. High climate model dependency of Pliocene Antarctic ice-sheet predictions. Nat. Commun. 9, 2799 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05179-4 (2018).
DeConto, R. M. & Pollard, D. Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise. Nature 531, 591–597 (2016).
Golledge, N. R. et al. Antarctic climate and ice-sheet configuration during the early Pliocene interglacial at 4.23 Ma. Clim. Past 13, 959–975 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-959-2017 (2017).
Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES. Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Rev. Geophys. 54, 162–219 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000482 (2016).
Stokes, C. R., Bamber, J. L., Dutton, A. & DeConto, R. M. Warming of +1.5 °C is too high for polar ice sheets. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 351 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02299-w (2025).
Barnett, R. L. et al. Constraining the contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to Last Interglacial sea level. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf0198 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf0198 (2023).
Dutton, A. et al. Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods. Science 349, aaa4019 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019 (2015).
Lecavalier, B. S. & Tarasov, L. A history-matching analysis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet since the Last Interglacial — part 1: ice sheet evolution. Cryosphere 19, 919–953 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-919-2025 (2025).
Lecavalier, B. S. et al. Antarctic Ice Sheet paleo-constraint database. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 15, 3573–3596 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3573-2023 (2023).
Mas e Braga, M., Bernales, J., Prange, M., Stroeven, A. P. & Rogozhina, I. Sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheets to the warming of marine isotope substage 11c. Cryosphere 15, 459–478 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-459-2021 (2021).
Fischer, H. et al. Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °C anthropogenic warming and beyond. Nat. Geosci. 11, 474–485 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0146-0 (2018).
Jimenez-Espejo, F. J. et al. Late Pleistocene oceanographic and depositional variations along the Wilkes Land margin (East Antarctica) reconstructed with geochemical proxies in deep-sea sediments. Glob. Planet. Change 184, 103045 (2020).
Golledge, N. R. et al. Retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last interglaciation and implications for future change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2021GL094513 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094513 (2021).
Johnson, K. M. et al. Sensitivity of Holocene East Antarctic productivity to subdecadal variability set by sea ice. Nat. Geosci. 14, 762–768 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00816-y (2021).
Leventer, A. et al. Marine sediment record from the East Antarctic margin reveals dynamics of ice sheet recession. GSA Today https://doi.org/10.1130/gsat01612a.1 (2006).
McMullen, K. et al. Glacial morphology and sediment formation in the Mertz Trough, East Antarctica. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 231, 169–180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.08.004 (2006).
Harris, P. T. et al. Continental shelf drift deposit indicates non-steady state Antarctic bottom water production in the Holocene. Mar. Geol. 179, 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00183-9 (2001).
Presti, M., De Santis, L., Brancolini, G. & Harris, P. T. Continental shelf record of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution: seismo-stratigraphic evidence from the George V Basin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 1223–1241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.008 (2005).
Ashley, K. E. et al. Mid-Holocene Antarctic sea-ice increase driven by marine ice sheet retreat. Clim. Past 17, 1–19 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1-2021 (2021).
Behrens, B. C. et al. Beryllium isotope variations recorded in the Adélie Basin, East Antarctica reflect Holocene changes in ice dynamics, productivity, and scavenging efficiency. Quat. Sci. Adv. 7, 100054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2022.100054 (2022).
Denis, D. et al. Seasonal and subseasonal climate changes recorded in laminated diatom ooze sediments, Adélie Land, East Antarctica. Holocene 16, 1137–1147 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683606069414 (2006).
Crosta, X., Denis, D. & Ther, O. Sea ice seasonality during the Holocene, Adélie Land, East Antarctica. Mar. Micropaleontol. 66, 222–232 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.10.001 (2008).
Crosta, X., Debret, M., Denis, D., Courty, M. A. & Ther, O. Holocene long- and short-term climate changes off Adélie Land, East Antarctica. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8, Q11009 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001718 (2007).
Voisine, E. et al. Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology. Antarctic Sci. 32, 382–395 https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410202000036X (2020).
de Boer, B. et al. Simulating the Antarctic ice sheet in the late-Pliocene warm period: PLISMIP-ANT, an ice-sheet model intercomparison project. Cryosphere 9, 881–903 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-881-2015 (2015).
Goelzer, H., Huybrechts, P., Loutre, M. F. & Fichefet, T. Impact of ice sheet meltwater fluxes on the climate evolution at the onset of the Last Interglacial. Clim. Past 12, 1721–1737 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1721-2016 (2016).
Beltran, C. et al. Southern Ocean temperature records and ice-sheet models demonstrate rapid Antarctic ice sheet retreat under low atmospheric CO2 during Marine Isotope Stage 31. Quat. Sci. Rev. 228, 106069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106069 (2020).
DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D. & Kowalewski, D. Modeling Antarctic ice sheet and climate variations during Marine Isotope Stage 31. Glob. Planet. Chang. 88-89, 45–52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.03.003 (2012).
Jones, R. S. et al. Stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the pre-industrial Holocene. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 500–515 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00309-5 (2022).
Edwards, T. L. et al. Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability. Nature 566, 58–64 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4 (2019).
Golledge, N. R. et al. Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt. Nature 566, 65–72 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9 (2019).
Wendler, G., Ahlnäs, K. & Lingle, C. S. On Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers, East Antarctica. J. Glac. 42, 447–453 https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003439 (1996).
Frezzotti, M., Cimbelli, A. & Ferrigno, J. G. Ice-front change and iceberg behaviour along Oates and George V Coasts, Antarctica, 1912–96. Ann. Glac. 27, 643–650 https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG27-1-643-650 (1998).
Greene, C. A., Gardner, A. S., Schlegel, N.-J. & Fraser, A. D. Antarctic calving loss rivals ice-shelf thinning. Nature 609, 948–953 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05037-w (2022).
Lovell, A. M., Stokes, C. R. & Jamieson, S. S. R. Sub-decadal variations in outlet glacier terminus positions in Victoria Land, Oates Land and George V Land, East Antarctica (1972–2013). Antarctic Sci. 29, 468–483 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102017000074 (2017).
Paolo, F. S. et al. Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves. Cryosphere 17, 3409–3433 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023 (2023).
Ross, N., Milillo, P. & Dini, L. Antarctic grounding line delineation from the Italian Space Agency COSMO-SkyMed DInSAR data. Sci. Data 12, 1737 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06023-3 (2025).
Nilsson, J., Gardner, A. S. & Paolo, F. S. Elevation change of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: 1985 to 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 3573–3598 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3573-2022 (2022).
Schröder, L. et al. Four decades of Antarctic surface elevation changes from multi-mission satellite altimetry. Cryosphere 13, 427–449 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-427-2019 (2019).
Shepherd, A. et al. Trends in Antarctic ice sheet elevation and mass. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 8174–8183 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082182 (2019).
Smith, B. et al. Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes. Science 368, 1239–1242 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5845 (2020).
Velicogna, I. et al. Continuity of ice sheet mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE follow-on missions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087291 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087291 (2020).
King, M. A., Lyu, K. & Zhang, X. Climate variability a key driver of recent Antarctic ice-mass change. Nat. Geosci. 16, 1128–1135 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01317-w (2023).
Kim, B.-H. et al. Antarctic ice mass change (2003–2016) jointly estimated by satellite gravimetry and altimetry. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 127, e2021JB023297 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023297 (2022).
Gardner, A. S. et al. Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. Cryosphere 12, 521–547 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-521-2018 (2018).
Shen, Q. et al. Recent high-resolution Antarctic ice velocity maps reveal increased mass loss in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Sci. Rep. 8, 4477 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22765-0 (2018).
Veldhuijsen, S. B. M., van de Berg, W. J., Brils, M., Kuipers Munneke, P. & van den Broeke, M. R. Characteristics of the 1979–2020 Antarctic firn layer simulated with IMAU-FDM v1.2 A. Cryosphere 17, 1675–1696 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1675-2023 (2023).
Medley, B., Neumann, T. A., Zwally, H. J., Smith, B. E. & Stevens, C. M. Simulations of firn processes over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: 1980–2021. Cryosphere 16, 3971–4011 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3971-2022 (2022).
Kappelsberger, M. T. et al. How well can satellite altimetry and firn models resolve Antarctic firn thickness variations? Cryosphere 18, 4355–4378 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-140 (2024).
Miles, B. W. J. & Bingham, R. G. Progressive unanchoring of Antarctic ice shelves since 1973. Nature 626, 785–791 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0 (2024).
Massom, R. A. et al. Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell. Nature 558, 383–389 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0212-1 (2018).
Teder, N. J., Bennetts, L. G., Reid, P. A. & Massom, R. A. Sea ice-free corridors for large swell to reach Antarctic ice shelves. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 045026 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5edd (2022).
Parkinson, C. L. & Cavalieri, D. J. Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979–2010. Cryosphere 6, 871–880 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-871-2012 (2012).
Purich, A. & Doddridge, E. W. Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 314 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9 (2023).
Stammerjohn, S. E., Martinson, D. G., Smith, R. C., Yuan, X. & Rind, D. Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 113, C03S90 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004269 (2008).
Reid, P. A. & Massom, R. A. Change and variability in Antarctic coastal exposure, 1979–2020. Nat. Commun. 13, 1164 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28676-z (2022).
Massom, R. A. Recent iceberg calving events in the Ninnis Glacier region, East Antarctica. Antarctic Sci. 15, 303–313 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102003001299 (2003).
Shadwick, E. H. et al. Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 904–909 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50178 (2013).
Ancel, A. et al. Emperors in hiding: when ice-breakers and satellites complement each other in Antarctic exploration. PLoS ONE 9, e100404 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100404 (2014).
Wang, S. et al. Recent warming trends in Antarctica revealed by multiple reanalysis. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 16, 447–459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.03.003 (2025).
Clem, K. R. et al. Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 762–770 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z (2020).
Nielsen, E. B., Katurji, M., Zawar-Reza, P. & Cullen, N. Air temperature trends and extreme warming events across regions of Antarctica for the period 2003–2021. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 130, e2024JD043042 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043042 (2025).
Macha, J. M. A. et al. How do extreme ENSO events affect Antarctic surface mass balance? Cryosphere 19, 1915–1935 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1915-2025 (2025).
Siegert, M. J. et al. Antarctic extreme events. Front. Environ. Sci. 11, 1229283 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1229283 (2023).
Wille, J. D. et al. The extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica ‘heat’ wave. Part I: observations and meteorological drivers. J. Clim. 37, 757–778 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0175.1 (2024).
Tuckett, P. A. et al. Continent-wide mapping shows increasing sensitivity of East Antarctica to meltwater ponding. Nat. Clim. Change 15, 775–783 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02363-5 (2025).
Garbe, J., Zeitz, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U. & Winkelmann, R. The evolution of future Antarctic surface melt using PISM-dEBM-simple. Cryosphere 17, 4571–4599 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4571-2023 (2023).
Bulthuis, K., Arnst, M., Sun, S. & Pattyn, F. Uncertainty quantification of the multi-centennial response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate change. Cryosphere 13, 1349–1380 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1349-2019 (2019).
Golledge, N. R. et al. The multi-millennial Antarctic commitment to future sea-level rise. Nature 526, 421 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15706 (2015).
Morlighem, M. et al. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet may not be vulnerable to marine ice cliff instability during the 21st century. Sci. Adv. 10, eado7794 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado7794 (2024).
DeConto, R. M. et al. The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica. Nature 593, 83–89 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03427-0 (2021).
Zhao, C. et al. Subglacial water amplifies Antarctic contributions to sea-level rise. Nat. Commun. 16, 3187 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58375-4 (2025).
Klose, A. K., Coulon, V., Pattyn, F. & Winkelmann, R. The long-term sea-level commitment from Antarctica. Cryosphere 18, 4463–4492 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4463-2024 (2024).
Golledge, N. R., Levy, R. H., McKay, R. M. & Naish, T. R. East Antarctic ice sheet most vulnerable to Weddell Sea warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2343–2351 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072422 (2017).
Coulon, V. et al. Disentangling the drivers of future Antarctic ice loss with a historically calibrated ice-sheet model. Cryosphere 18, 653–681 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-653-2024 (2024).
Sun, S. et al. Antarctic ice sheet response to sudden and sustained ice-shelf collapse (ABUMIP). J. Glac. 66, 891–904 https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.67 (2020).
Seroussi, H. et al. Evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the next three centuries from an ISMIP6 model ensemble. Earth’s Future 12, e2024EF004561 https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004561 (2024).
Beckmann, J. et al. Disentangling uncertainty in ISMIP6 Antarctic sub-shelf melting and 2300 sea level rise projections. Preprint at EGUsphere https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4069 (2025).
Weertman, J. On the sliding of glaciers. J. Glac. 3, 33–38 https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000024709 (1957).
Joughin, I., Smith, B. E. & Schoof, C. G. Regularized Coulomb friction laws for ice sheet sliding: application to Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 4764–4771 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082526 (2019).
Yamazaki, K., Aoki, S., Katsumata, K., Hirano, D. & Nakayama, Y. Multidecadal poleward shift of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current off East Antarctica. Sci. Adv. 7, eabf8755 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf8755 (2021).
Dawson, H. R. S., Morrison, A. K., England, M. H. & Tamsitt, V. Pathways and timescales of connectivity around the Antarctic continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 128, e2022JC018962 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018962 (2023).
Suganuma, Y. et al. Antarctic ice-shelf collapse in Holocene driven by meltwater release feedbacks. Nat. Geosci. 18, 1216–1223 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01829-7 (2025).
Sasgen, I., Groh, A. & Horwath, M. COST-G GravIS RL01 Ice-mass change products, V.0003. https://doi.org/10.5880/COST-G.GRAVIS_01_L3_ICE (GFZ Data Services, 2020).
Dahle, C. et al. GravIS: mass anomaly products from satellite gravimetry. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 17, 611–631 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-611-2025 (2025).
Nilsson, J., Gardner, A. S. & Paolo, F. MEaSUREs ITS_LIVE Antarctic grounded ice sheet elevation change, NSIDC-0782 Version 1. https://doi.org/10.5067/L3LSVDZS15ZV (NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, 2023).
van Dalum, C., van de Berg, W. J. & van den Broeke, M. Monthly RACMO2.4p1 data for Antarctica (11 km) for SMB, SEB and near-surface variables (1979–2025) Version 2. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14217232 (2024).
Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W. & Savoie, M. Sea ice index, G02135 Version 2. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5736NV7 (National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2016).
Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B. & Rignot, E. MEaSUREs Antarctic boundaries for IPY 2007–2009 from satellite radar. NSIDC-0709, Version 2. https://doi.org/10.5067/AXE4121732AD (NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, 2017).
Zwally, H. J., Giovinetto, M. B., Beckley, M. A. & Saba, J. L. Antarctic and Greenland drainage systems. https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo/data/polar-altimetry/antarctic-and-greenland-drainage-systems (GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, 2012).
Hendricks, S., Paul, S. & Rinne, E. ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative (Sea_Ice_cci): Southern Hemisphere sea ice thickness from the CryoSat-2 satellite on a monthly grid (L3C), v3.0. https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/67b003a864cd4e9ebeccd29fbdf4447e (NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, 2024).
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J. & Scheuchl, B. MEaSUREs InSAR-based Antarctica ice velocity map, NSIDC-0484 Version 2. https://doi.org/10.5067/D7GK8F5J8M8R (NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, 2017).
Rignot, E., Millan, R., Charrassin, R. & Scheinert, M. Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from a 3D inversion of circumpolar gravity anomalies constrained by other data. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rbnzs7hkc (Dryad, 2024).
Davison, B. J., Hogg, A. E., Slater, T., Rigby, R. & Hansen, N. Antarctic ice sheet grounding line discharge from 1996–2024. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 17, 3259–3281 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3259-2025 (2025).
Dorschel, B. et al. The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean version 2. Sci. Data 9, 275 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01366-7 (2022).
Chandler, D. M. et al. Antarctic ice sheet tipping in the last 800,000 years warns of future ice loss. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 420 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02366-2 (2025).
Verdy, A. & Mazloff, M. R. A data assimilating model for estimating Southern Ocean biogeochemistry. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 122, 6968–6988 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012650 (2017).
Lythe, M. B. & Vaughan, D. G. BEDMAP: a new ice thickness and subglacial topographic model of Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 106, 11335–11351 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900449 (2001).
Ahn, S., Khider, D., Lisiecki, L. E. & Lawrence, C. E. A probabilistic Pliocene–Pleistocene stack of benthic δ18O using a profile hidden Markov model. Dyn. Stat. Clim. Syst. 2, dzx002 https://doi.org/10.1093/climsys/dzx002 (2017).
Erb, M. P. et al. Reconstructing Holocene temperatures in time and space using paleoclimate data assimilation. Clim. Past 18, 2599–2629 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022 (2022).
Lüthi, D. et al. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature 453, 379–382 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06949 (2008).
Snyder, C. W. Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years. Nature 538, 226–228 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19798 (2016).
Hönisch, B., Hemming, N. G., Archer, D., Siddall, M. & McManus, J. F. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration across the mid-Pleistocene transition. Science 324, 1551–1554 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171477 (2009).
Justino, F., Kucharski, F., Lindemann, D., Wilson, A. & Stordal, F. A modified seasonal cycle during MIS31 super-interglacial favors stronger interannual ENSO and monsoon variability. Clim. Past 15, 735–749 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-735-2019 (2019).
Pagani, M., Liu, Z., LaRiviere, J. & Ravelo, A. C. High earth-system climate sensitivity determined from Pliocene carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Geosci. 3, 27–30 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo724 (2009).
Haywood, A. M. et al. Large-scale features of Pliocene climate: results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. Clim. Past 9, 191–209 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-191-2013 (2013).
Fedorov, A. V. et al. Patterns and mechanisms of early Pliocene warmth. Nature 496, 43–49 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12003 (2013).
Peltier, R. W., Argus, D. F. & Drummond, R. Comment on ‘An Assessment of the ICE-6G_C (VM5a) Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model’ by Purcell et al. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 123, 2019–2028 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844 (2018).
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R. & Jamieson, S. S. R. Pan–ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501350 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501350 (2016).