Over the years, passing spacecraft have observed mystifying weather patterns at the poles of Jupiter and Saturn. The two planets host very different types of polar vortices, which are huge atmospheric whirlpools that rotate over a planet\u2019s polar region. On Saturn, a single massive polar vortex appears to cap the north pole in a curiously hexagonal shape, while on Jupiter, a central polar vortex is surrounded by eight smaller vortices, like a pan of swirling cinnamon rolls.<\/p>\n
Given that both planets are similar in many ways \u2014 they are roughly the same size and made from the same gaseous elements \u2014 the stark difference in their polar weather patterns has been a longstanding mystery.<\/p>\n
Now, MIT scientists have identified a possible explanation for how the two different systems may have evolved. Their findings could help scientists understand not only the planets\u2019 surface weather patterns, but also what might lie beneath the clouds, deep within their interiors.<\/p>\n
In a study appearing this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team simulates various ways in which well-organized vortex patterns may form out of random stimulations on a gas giant. A gas giant is a large planet that is made mostly of gaseous elements, such as Jupiter and Saturn. Among a wide range of plausible planetary configurations, the team found that, in some cases, the currents coalesced into a single large vortex, similar to Saturn\u2019s pattern, whereas other simulations produced multiple large circulations, akin to Jupiter\u2019s vortices.<\/p>\n
After comparing simulations, the team found that vortex patterns, and whether a planet develops one or multiple polar vortices, comes down to one main property: the \u201csoftness\u201d of a vortex\u2019s base, which is related to the interior composition. The scientists liken an individual vortex to a whirling cylinder spinning through a planet\u2019s many atmospheric layers. When the base of this swirling cylinder is made of softer, lighter materials, any vortex that evolves can only grow so large. The final pattern can then allow for multiple smaller vortices, similar to those on Jupiter. In contrast, if a vortex\u2019s base is made of harder, denser stuff, it can grow much larger and subsequently engulf other vortices to form one single, massive vortex, akin to the monster cyclone on Saturn.<\/p>\n
\u201cOur study shows that, depending on the interior properties and the softness of the bottom of the vortex, this will influence the kind of fluid pattern you observe at the surface,\u201d says study author Wanying Kang, assistant professor in MIT\u2019s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone\u2019s made this connection between the surface fluid pattern and the interior properties of these planets. One possible scenario could be that Saturn has a harder bottom than Jupiter.\u201d<\/p>\n
The study\u2019s first author is MIT graduate student Jiaru Shi.<\/p>\n
Spinning up<\/p>\n
Kang and Shi\u2019s new work was inspired by images of Jupiter and Saturn that have been taken by the Juno and Cassini missions. NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft has been orbiting around Jupiter since 2016, and has captured stunning images of the planet\u2019s north pole and its multiple swirling vortices. From these images, scientists have estimated that each of Jupiter\u2019s vortices is immense, spanning about 3,000 miles across \u2014 almost half as wide as the Earth itself.<\/p>\n
The Cassini spacecraft, prior to intentionally burning up in Saturn\u2019s atmosphere in 2017, orbited the ringed planet for 13 years. Its observations of Saturn\u2019s north pole recorded a single, hexagonal-shaped polar vortex, about 18,000 miles wide.<\/p>\n
\u201cPeople have spent a lot of time deciphering the differences between Jupiter and Saturn,\u201d Shi says. \u201cThe planets are about the same size and are both made mostly of hydrogen and helium. It\u2019s unclear why their polar vortices are so different.\u201d<\/p>\n
Shi and Kang set out to identify a physical mechanism that would explain why one planet might evolve a single vortex, while the other hosts multiple vortices. To do so, they worked with a two-dimensional model of surface fluid dynamics. While a polar vortex is three-dimensional in nature, the team reasoned that they could accurately represent vortex evolution in two dimensions, as the fast rotation of Jupiter and Saturn enforces uniform motion along the rotating axis.<\/p>\n
\u201cIn a fast-rotating system, fluid motion tends to be uniform along the rotating axis,\u201d Kang explains. \u201cSo, we were motivated by this idea that we can reduce a 3D dynamical problem to a 2D problem because the fluid pattern does not change in 3D. This makes the problem hundreds of times faster and cheaper to simulate and study.\u201d<\/p>\n
Getting to the bottom<\/p>\n
Following this reasoning, the team developed a two-dimensional model of vortex evolution on a gas giant, based on an existing equation that describes how swirling fluid evolves over time.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis equation has been used in many contexts, including to model midlatitude cyclones on Earth,\u201d Kang says. \u201cWe adapted the equation to the polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn.\u201d<\/p>\n
The team applied their two-dimensional model to simulate how fluid would evolve over time on a gas giant under different scenarios. In each scenario, the team varied the planet\u2019s size, its rate of rotation, its internal heating, and the softness or hardness of the rotating fluid, among other parameters. They then set a random \u201cnoise\u201d condition, in which fluid initially flowed in random patterns across the planet\u2019s surface. Finally, they observed how the fluid evolved over time given the scenario\u2019s specific conditions.<\/p>\n
Over multiple different simulations, they observed that some scenarios evolved to form a single large polar vortex, like Saturn, whereas others formed multiple smaller vortices, like Jupiter. After analyzing the combinations of parameters and variables in each scenario and how they related to the final outcome, they landed on a single mechanism to explain whether a single or multiple vortices evolve: As random fluid motions start to coalesce into individual vortices, the size to which a vortex can grow is limited by how soft the bottom of the vortex is. The softer, or lighter the gas is that is rotating at the bottom of a vortex, the smaller the vortex is in the end, allowing for multiple smaller-scale vortices to coexist at a planet\u2019s pole, similar to those on Jupiter.<\/p>\n
![\"Two](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/MIT_Planet-Vortex-03-press_0.gif\")
\nMIT researchers ran\u00a0simulations, like the one pictured here,\u00a0and\u00a0found that vortex patterns, and whether a planet develops one or multiple polar vortices, is determined by the\u00a0\u201csoftness\u201d of the vortex\u2019s base. On left, a simulation results in multiple vortexes, and on right, only a single vortex is formed in the simulation.<\/p>\n
Credit: Courtesy of the researchers<\/p>\n
Conversely, the harder or denser a vortex bottom is, the larger the system can grow, to a size where eventually it can follow the planet\u2019s curvature as a single, planetary-scale vortex, like the one on Saturn.<\/p>\n
If this mechanism is indeed what is at play on both gas giants, it would suggest that Jupiter could be made of softer, lighter material, while Saturn may harbor heavier stuff in its interior.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhat we see from the surface, the fluid pattern on Jupiter and Saturn, may tell us something about the interior, like how soft the bottom is,\u201d Shi says. \u201cAnd that is important because maybe beneath Saturn\u2019s surface, the interior is more metal-enriched and has more condensable material which allows it to provide stronger stratification than Jupiter. \u201d<\/p>\n
“Because Jupiter and Saturn are otherwise so similar, their different polar weather has been a puzzle,\u201d says Yohai Kaspi, a professor of geophysical fluid dynamics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, and a member of the Juno mission\u2019s science team, who was not involved in the new study. \u201cThe work by Shi and Kang reveals a surprising link between these differences and the planets\u2019 deep interior \u2018softness\u2019, offering a new way to map the key internal properties that shape their atmospheres.”<\/p>\n
This research was supported, in part, by a Mathworks Fellowship and endowed funding from MIT\u2019s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Over the years, passing spacecraft have observed mystifying weather patterns at the poles of Jupiter and Saturn. The…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":247320,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[132398,132397,85,46,132394,132395,35906,132396,141,132393],"class_list":["post-247319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science","tag-gas-giant-atmospheres","tag-gas-giant-interiors","tag-il","tag-israel","tag-jiaru-shi","tag-jupiter-vortices","tag-mit-eaps","tag-saturn-vortex","tag-science","tag-wanying-kang"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=247319"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247319\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247320"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=247319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=247319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=247319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}