{"id":389572,"date":"2026-04-13T09:16:21","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/389572\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T09:16:21","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:16:21","slug":"the-importance-of-competition-and-facilitation-for-global-tree-diversity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/389572\/","title":{"rendered":"The importance of competition and facilitation for global tree diversity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Michalet, R. et al. Competition, facilitation and environmental severity shape the relationship between local and regional species richness in plant communities. Ecography 38, 335\u2013345 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/ecog.01106\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/ecog.01106\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fecog.01106\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/ecog.01106\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015Ecogr..38..335M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Competition%2C%20facilitation%20and%20environmental%20severity%20shape%20the%20relationship%20between%20local%20and%20regional%20species%20richness%20in%20plant%20communities&amp;journal=Ecography&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fecog.01106&amp;volume=38&amp;pages=335-345&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Michalet%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Bertness, M. D. &amp; Callaway, R. Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 191\u2013193 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90088-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90088-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2894%2990088-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90088-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itFSntg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21236818\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Positive%20interactions%20in%20communities&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0169-5347%2894%2990088-4&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=191-193&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Bertness%2CMD&amp;author=Callaway%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Callaway, R. M. et al. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417, 844\u2013848 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature00812\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature00812\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature00812\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature00812\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002Natur.417..844C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks1Wmu7w%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12075350\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Positive%20interactions%20among%20alpine%20plants%20increase%20with%20stress&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature00812&amp;volume=417&amp;pages=844-848&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Callaway%2CRM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Kalyuzhny, M., Lake, J. K., Wright, S. J. &amp; Ostling, A. M. Pervasive within-species spatial repulsion among adult tropical trees. Science 381, 563\u2013568 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adg7021\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adg7021\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adg7021\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adg7021\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Sci...381..563K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhs1Gmu7jF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37535716\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pervasive%20within-species%20spatial%20repulsion%20among%20adult%20tropical%20trees&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adg7021&amp;volume=381&amp;pages=563-568&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kalyuzhny%2CM&amp;author=Lake%2CJK&amp;author=Wright%2CSJ&amp;author=Ostling%2CAM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Michalet, R., Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Maalouf, J. P. &amp; Lortie, C. J. Two alternatives to the stress-gradient hypothesis at the edge of life: the collapse of facilitation and the switch from facilitation to competition. J. Veg. Sci. 25, 609\u2013613 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/jvs.12123\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/jvs.12123\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fjvs.12123\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/jvs.12123\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Two%20alternatives%20to%20the%20stress-gradient%20hypothesis%20at%20the%20edge%20of%20life%3A%20the%20collapse%20of%20facilitation%20and%20the%20switch%20from%20facilitation%20to%20competition&amp;journal=J.%20Veg.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fjvs.12123&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=609-613&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Michalet%2CR&amp;author=Bagousse-Pinguet%2CY&amp;author=Maalouf%2CJP&amp;author=Lortie%2CCJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">von Humboldt, A. &amp; Bonpland, A. Essai sur la G\u00e9ographie des Plantes: Accompagne\u00e9 d\u2019un Tableau Physique des R\u00e9gions \u00c9quinoxiales, Fond\u00e9 sur des Mesures Ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es, Depuis le Dixi\u00e8me Degr\u00e9 de Latitude Bor\u00e9ale Jusqu\u2019au Dixi\u00e8me Degr\u00e9 de Latitude Australe, Pendant les Ann\u00e9es (Levrault, 1805).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Willig, M. R., Kaufman, D. M. &amp; Stevens, R. D. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 273\u2013309 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latitudinal%20gradients%20of%20biodiversity%3A%20pattern%2C%20process%2C%20scale%2C%20and%20synthesis&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Ecol.%20Evol.%20Syst.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=273-309&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Willig%2CMR&amp;author=Kaufman%2CDM&amp;author=Stevens%2CRD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Sabatini, F. M. et al. Global patterns of vascular plant alpha diversity. Nat. Commun. 13, 4683 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32063-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32063-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32063-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32063-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4683S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xitlaht7nM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36050293\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9436951\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20patterns%20of%20vascular%20plant%20alpha%20diversity&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32063-z&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Sabatini%2CFM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Sutherland, W. J. et al. Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions. J. Ecol. 101, 58\u201367 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.12025\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.12025\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2745.12025\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.12025\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Identification%20of%20100%20fundamental%20ecological%20questions&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2745.12025&amp;volume=101&amp;pages=58-67&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Sutherland%2CWJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Pianka, E. R. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am. Nat. 100, 33\u201346 (1966).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/282398\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/282398\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F282398\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/282398\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latitudinal%20gradients%20in%20species%20diversity%3A%20a%20review%20of%20concepts&amp;journal=Am.%20Nat.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F282398&amp;volume=100&amp;pages=33-46&amp;publication_year=1966&amp;author=Pianka%2CER\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Jablonski, D., Royand, K. &amp; Valentine, J. W. Out of the tropics: evolutionary dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Science 314, 102\u2013106 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1130880\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1130880\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1130880\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1130880\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2006Sci...314..102J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVCiurvO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17023653\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Out%20of%20the%20tropics%3A%20evolutionary%20dynamics%20of%20the%20latitudinal%20diversity%20gradient&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1130880&amp;volume=314&amp;pages=102-106&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Jablonski%2CD&amp;author=Royand%2CK&amp;author=Valentine%2CJW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Condamine, F. L., Sperling, F. A. H., Wahlberg, N., Rasplus, J. Y. &amp; Kergoat, G. J. What causes latitudinal gradients in species diversity? Evolutionary processes and ecological constraints on swallowtail biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 15, 267\u2013277 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01737.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01737.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2011.01737.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01737.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22251895\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20causes%20latitudinal%20gradients%20in%20species%20diversity%3F%20Evolutionary%20processes%20and%20ecological%20constraints%20on%20swallowtail%20biodiversity&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2011.01737.x&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=267-277&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Condamine%2CFL&amp;author=Sperling%2CFAH&amp;author=Wahlberg%2CN&amp;author=Rasplus%2CJY&amp;author=Kergoat%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Davidowitz, G. &amp; Rosenzweig, M. L. The latitudinal gradient of species diversity among North American grasshoppers (Acrididae) within a single habitat: a test of the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis. J. Biogeogr. 25, 553\u2013560 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1998.2530553.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1998.2530553.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.1998.2530553.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1998.2530553.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20latitudinal%20gradient%20of%20species%20diversity%20among%20North%20American%20grasshoppers%20%28Acrididae%29%20within%20a%20single%20habitat%3A%20a%20test%20of%20the%20spatial%20heterogeneity%20hypothesis&amp;journal=J.%20Biogeogr.&amp;doi=10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.1998.2530553.x&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=553-560&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Davidowitz%2CG&amp;author=Rosenzweig%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Colwell, R. K. &amp; Hurtt, G. C. Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious rapoport effect. Am. Nat. 144, 570\u2013595 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/285695\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/285695\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F285695\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/285695\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nonbiological%20gradients%20in%20species%20richness%20and%20a%20spurious%20rapoport%20effect&amp;journal=Am.%20Nat.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F285695&amp;volume=144&amp;pages=570-595&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Colwell%2CRK&amp;author=Hurtt%2CGC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Roesti, M. et al. Pelagic fish predation is stronger at temperate latitudes than near the equator. Nat. Commun. 11, 1527 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15335-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15335-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15335-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15335-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1527R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32235853\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7109113\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pelagic%20fish%20predation%20is%20stronger%20at%20temperate%20latitudes%20than%20near%20the%20equator&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15335-4&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Roesti%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Janzen, D. H. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104, 501 (1970).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/282687\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/282687\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F282687\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/282687\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Herbivores%20and%20the%20number%20of%20tree%20species%20in%20tropical%20forests&amp;journal=Am.%20Nat.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F282687&amp;volume=104&amp;publication_year=1970&amp;author=Janzen%2CDH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Schemske, D. W. &amp; Mittelbach, G. G. \u2018Latitudinal gradients in species diversity\u2019: reflections on Pianka\u2019s 1966 article and a look forward. Am. Nat. 189, 599\u2013603 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/691719\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/691719\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F691719\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/691719\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28514625\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=%E2%80%98Latitudinal%20gradients%20in%20species%20diversity%E2%80%99%3A%20reflections%20on%20Pianka%E2%80%99s%201966%20article%20and%20a%20look%20forward&amp;journal=Am.%20Nat.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F691719&amp;volume=189&amp;pages=599-603&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Schemske%2CDW&amp;author=Mittelbach%2CGG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Pontarp, M. et al. The latitudinal diversity gradient: novel understanding through mechanistic eco-evolutionary models. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 211\u2013223 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.11.009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.11.009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2018.11.009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.11.009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30591209\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20latitudinal%20diversity%20gradient%3A%20novel%20understanding%20through%20mechanistic%20eco-evolutionary%20models&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2018.11.009&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=211-223&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Pontarp%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Zvereva, E. L. &amp; Kozlov, M. V. Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 24, 2506\u20132520 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/ele.13851\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/ele.13851\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fele.13851\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/ele.13851\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34322961\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latitudinal%20gradient%20in%20the%20intensity%20of%20biotic%20interactions%20in%20terrestrial%20ecosystems%3A%20sources%20of%20variation%20and%20differences%20from%20the%20diversity%20gradient%20revealed%20by%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fele.13851&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=2506-2520&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zvereva%2CEL&amp;author=Kozlov%2CMV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Ricklefs, R. E. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235, 167\u2013171 (1987).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.235.4785.167\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.235.4785.167\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.235.4785.167\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.235.4785.167\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1987Sci...235..167R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvivFyrug%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17778629\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Community%20diversity%3A%20relative%20roles%20of%20local%20and%20regional%20processes&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.235.4785.167&amp;volume=235&amp;pages=167-171&amp;publication_year=1987&amp;author=Ricklefs%2CRE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Cornell, H. V. &amp; Lawton, J. H. Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theoretical perspective. J. Anim. Ecol. 61, 1\u201312 (1992).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2307\/5503\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2307\/5503\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F5503\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.2307\/5503\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Species%20interactions%2C%20local%20and%20regional%20processes%2C%20and%20limits%20to%20the%20richness%20of%20ecological%20communities%3A%20a%20theoretical%20perspective&amp;journal=J.%20Anim.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.2307%2F5503&amp;volume=61&amp;pages=1-12&amp;publication_year=1992&amp;author=Cornell%2CHV&amp;author=Lawton%2CJH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">He, F., Gaston, K. J., Connor, E. F. &amp; Srivastava, D. S. The local\u2013regional relationship: immigration, extinction, and scale. Ecology 86, 360\u2013365 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1890\/04-1449\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1890\/04-1449\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890%2F04-1449\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1890\/04-1449\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20local%E2%80%93regional%20relationship%3A%20immigration%2C%20extinction%2C%20and%20scale&amp;journal=Ecology&amp;doi=10.1890%2F04-1449&amp;volume=86&amp;pages=360-365&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=He%2CF&amp;author=Gaston%2CKJ&amp;author=Connor%2CEF&amp;author=Srivastava%2CDS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Song, X. &amp; Corlett, R. T. Enemies mediate distance- and density-dependent mortality of tree seeds and seedlings: a meta-analysis of fungicide, insecticide and exclosure studies. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 20202352 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2352\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2352\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frspb.2020.2352\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2352\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmtFyktLk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33468003\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7893257\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enemies%20mediate%20distance-%20and%20density-dependent%20mortality%20of%20tree%20seeds%20and%20seedlings%3A%20a%20meta-analysis%20of%20fungicide%2C%20insecticide%20and%20exclosure%20studies&amp;journal=Proc.%20R.%20Soc.%20B&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frspb.2020.2352&amp;volume=288&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Song%2CX&amp;author=Corlett%2CRT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">H\u00fclsmann, L. et al. Latitudinal patterns in stabilizing density dependence of forest communities. Nature 627, 564\u2013571 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07118-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07118-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07118-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07118-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024Natur.627..564H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38418889\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10954553\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latitudinal%20patterns%20in%20stabilizing%20density%20dependence%20of%20forest%20communities&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07118-4&amp;volume=627&amp;pages=564-571&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=H%C3%BClsmann%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Michalet, R., Delerue, F., Liancourt, P. &amp; Pugnaire, F. I. Are complementarity effects of species richness on productivity the strongest in species-rich communities? J. Ecol. 109, 2038\u20132046 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13658\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13658\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13658\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13658\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Are%20complementarity%20effects%20of%20species%20richness%20on%20productivity%20the%20strongest%20in%20species-rich%20communities%3F&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2745.13658&amp;volume=109&amp;pages=2038-2046&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Michalet%2CR&amp;author=Delerue%2CF&amp;author=Liancourt%2CP&amp;author=Pugnaire%2CFI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Coomes, D. A., Kunstler, G., Canham, C. D. &amp; Wright, E. A greater range of shade-tolerance niches in nutrient-rich forests: an explanation for positive richness\u2013productivity relationships? J. Ecol. 97, 705\u2013717 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01507.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01507.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2009.01507.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01507.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20greater%20range%20of%20shade-tolerance%20niches%20in%20nutrient-rich%20forests%3A%20an%20explanation%20for%20positive%20richness%E2%80%93productivity%20relationships%3F&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2009.01507.x&amp;volume=97&amp;pages=705-717&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Coomes%2CDA&amp;author=Kunstler%2CG&amp;author=Canham%2CCD&amp;author=Wright%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Michalet, R., Nemer, D. &amp; Delerue, F. Canopy buffering effects against climatic extremes of deciduous broad-leaved forests are higher on calcareous than siliceous bedrocks. Oikos 2023, e09755 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/oik.09755\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/oik.09755\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Foik.09755\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/oik.09755\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Oikos2023E9755M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Canopy%20buffering%20effects%20against%20climatic%20extremes%20of%20deciduous%20broad-leaved%20forests%20are%20higher%20on%20calcareous%20than%20siliceous%20bedrocks&amp;journal=Oikos&amp;doi=10.1111%2Foik.09755&amp;volume=2023&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Michalet%2CR&amp;author=Nemer%2CD&amp;author=Delerue%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Zhang, J., Huang, S. &amp; He, F. Half-century evidence from western Canada shows forest dynamics are primarily driven by competition followed by climate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 4009\u20134014 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1420844112\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1420844112\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1420844112\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1420844112\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015PNAS..112.4009Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXksF2isb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25775576\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4386399\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Half-century%20evidence%20from%20western%20Canada%20shows%20forest%20dynamics%20are%20primarily%20driven%20by%20competition%20followed%20by%20climate&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1420844112&amp;volume=112&amp;pages=4009-4014&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Zhang%2CJ&amp;author=Huang%2CS&amp;author=He%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Brooker, R. W. et al. Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. J. Ecol. 96, 18\u201334 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2007.01295.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2427301\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Facilitation%20in%20plant%20communities%3A%20the%20past%2C%20the%20present%2C%20and%20the%20future&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2007.01295.x&amp;volume=96&amp;pages=18-34&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Brooker%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Xu, H. et al. Do N-fixing legumes promote neighboring diversity in the tropics? J. Ecol. 107, 229\u2013239 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13017\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13017\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13017\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13017\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXisFCjt7zJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Do%20N-fixing%20legumes%20promote%20neighboring%20diversity%20in%20the%20tropics%3F&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2745.13017&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=229-239&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Xu%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Xu, H. et al. Soil nitrogen concentration mediates the relationship between leguminous trees and neighbor diversity in tropical forests. Commun. Biol. 3, 317 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42003-020-1041-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42003-020-1041-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42003-020-1041-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42003-020-1041-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtV2iu77L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32561898\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7305120\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Soil%20nitrogen%20concentration%20mediates%20the%20relationship%20between%20leguminous%20trees%20and%20neighbor%20diversity%20in%20tropical%20forests&amp;journal=Commun.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-020-1041-y&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Xu%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Menge, D. N. L. et al. Patterns of nitrogen-fixing tree abundance in forests across Asia and America. J. Ecol. 107, 2598\u20132610 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13199\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13199\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13199\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13199\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhvFOis7%2FF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Patterns%20of%20nitrogen-fixing%20tree%20abundance%20in%20forests%20across%20Asia%20and%20America&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2745.13199&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=2598-2610&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Menge%2CDNL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Germain, S. J. &amp; Lutz, J. A. Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests. Ecology 102, e03495 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ecy.3495\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ecy.3495\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fecy.3495\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ecy.3495\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34309021\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Shared%20friends%20counterbalance%20shared%20enemies%20in%20old%20forests&amp;journal=Ecology&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fecy.3495&amp;volume=102&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Germain%2CSJ&amp;author=Lutz%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Birch, J. D., Simard, S. W., Beiler, K. J. &amp; Karst, J. Beyond seedlings: ectomycorrhizal fungal networks and growth of mature Pseudotsuga menziesii. J. Ecol. 109, 806\u2013818 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13507\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13507\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13507\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/1365-2745.13507\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXnt12rtb8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beyond%20seedlings%3A%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20networks%20and%20growth%20of%20mature%20Pseudotsuga%20menziesii&amp;journal=J.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2F1365-2745.13507&amp;volume=109&amp;pages=806-818&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Birch%2CJD&amp;author=Simard%2CSW&amp;author=Beiler%2CKJ&amp;author=Karst%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Montesinos-Navarro, A., Valiente-Banuet, A. &amp; Verd\u00fa, M. Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases the benefits of plant facilitative interactions. Ecography 42, 447\u2013455 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/ecog.03926\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/ecog.03926\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fecog.03926\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/ecog.03926\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019Ecogr..42..447M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mycorrhizal%20symbiosis%20increases%20the%20benefits%20of%20plant%20facilitative%20interactions&amp;journal=Ecography&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fecog.03926&amp;volume=42&amp;pages=447-455&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Montesinos-Navarro%2CA&amp;author=Valiente-Banuet%2CA&amp;author=Verd%C3%BA%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Bennett, J. A. et al. Plant-soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics. Science 355, 181\u2013184 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aai8212\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aai8212\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aai8212\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aai8212\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017Sci...355..181B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXms12hsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28082590\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plant-soil%20feedbacks%20and%20mycorrhizal%20type%20influence%20temperate%20forest%20population%20dynamics&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aai8212&amp;volume=355&amp;pages=181-184&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Bennett%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M. &amp; Zobel, M. How mycorrhizal associations drive plant population and community biology. Science 367, eaba1223 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aba1223\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aba1223\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aba1223\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aba1223\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXjs1Knt7c%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32079744\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20mycorrhizal%20associations%20drive%20plant%20population%20and%20community%20biology&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aba1223&amp;volume=367&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Tedersoo%2CL&amp;author=Bahram%2CM&amp;author=Zobel%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Zhong, Y. et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide. Nat. Commun. 12, 3137 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-23236-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-23236-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-23236-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-23236-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3137Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtF2nt7zM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34035260\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8149669\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20trees%20influence%20the%20latitudinal%20beta-diversity%20gradient%20of%20tree%20communities%20in%20forests%20worldwide&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-23236-3&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zhong%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Wiegand, T. et al. Latitudinal scaling of aggregation with abundance and coexistence in forests. Nature 640, 967\u2013973 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-08604-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-08604-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-025-08604-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-08604-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025Natur.640..967W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXps1WhsL4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40011772\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12018458\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Latitudinal%20scaling%20of%20aggregation%20with%20abundance%20and%20coexistence%20in%20forests&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-08604-z&amp;volume=640&amp;pages=967-973&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wiegand%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Fichtner, A., Forrester, D. I., H\u00e4rdtle, W., Sturm, K. &amp; von Oheimb, G. Facilitative-competitive interactions in an old-growth forest: the importance of large-diameter trees as benefactors and stimulators for forest community assembly. PLoS One 10, e0120335 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120335\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120335\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0120335\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120335\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25803035\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4372556\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Facilitative-competitive%20interactions%20in%20an%20old-growth%20forest%3A%20the%20importance%20of%20large-diameter%20trees%20as%20benefactors%20and%20stimulators%20for%20forest%20community%20assembly&amp;journal=PLoS%20One&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0120335&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Fichtner%2CA&amp;author=Forrester%2CDI&amp;author=H%C3%A4rdtle%2CW&amp;author=Sturm%2CK&amp;author=Oheimb%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">De Frenne, P. et al. Global buffering of temperatures under forest canopies. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 744\u2013749 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41559-019-0842-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41559-019-0842-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0842-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41559-019-0842-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30936433\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20buffering%20of%20temperatures%20under%20forest%20canopies&amp;journal=Nat.%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0842-1&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=744-749&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Frenne%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">K\u00f6rner, C. Plant adaptation to cold climates. F1000Res. 5, 2769 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Blumstein, M., Gersony, J., Mart\u00ednez-Vilalta, J. &amp; Sala, A. Global variation in nonstructural carbohydrate stores in response to climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 29, 1854\u20131869 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/gcb.16573\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/gcb.16573\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fgcb.16573\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/gcb.16573\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023GCBio..29.1854B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXptFyrtw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36583374\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20variation%20in%20nonstructural%20carbohydrate%20stores%20in%20response%20to%20climate&amp;journal=Glob.%20Chang.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fgcb.16573&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=1854-1869&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Blumstein%2CM&amp;author=Gersony%2CJ&amp;author=Mart%C3%ADnez-Vilalta%2CJ&amp;author=Sala%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Allesina, S. &amp; Levine, J. M. A competitive network theory of species diversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 5638\u20135642 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1014428108\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1014428108\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1014428108\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1014428108\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5638A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkvVeqtL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21415368\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3078357\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20competitive%20network%20theory%20of%20species%20diversity&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1014428108&amp;volume=108&amp;pages=5638-5642&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Allesina%2CS&amp;author=Levine%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">\u00c5kesson, A. et al. The importance of species interactions in eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change. Nat. Commun. 12, 4759 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24977-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24977-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-24977-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24977-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4759A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34362916\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8346578\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20importance%20of%20species%20interactions%20in%20eco-evolutionary%20community%20dynamics%20under%20climate%20change&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-24977-x&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=%C3%85kesson%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Pinsky, M. L. Species coexistence through competition and rapid evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 2407\u20132409 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1822091116\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1822091116\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1822091116\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1822091116\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019PNAS..116.2407P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXivVajsrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30692267\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6377455\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Species%20coexistence%20through%20competition%20and%20rapid%20evolution&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1822091116&amp;volume=116&amp;pages=2407-2409&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Pinsky%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Schemske, D. W., Mittelbach, G. G., Cornell, H. V., Sobel, J. M. &amp; Roy, K. Is there a latitudinal gradient in the importance of biotic interactions? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 245\u2013269 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Is%20there%20a%20latitudinal%20gradient%20in%20the%20importance%20of%20biotic%20interactions%3F&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Ecol.%20Evol.%20Syst.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173430&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=245-269&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Schemske%2CDW&amp;author=Mittelbach%2CGG&amp;author=Cornell%2CHV&amp;author=Sobel%2CJM&amp;author=Roy%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Brooker, R. W. &amp; Callaghan, T. V. The balance between positive and negative plant interactions and its relationship to environmental gradients: a model. Oikos 81, 196\u2013207 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2307\/3546481\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2307\/3546481\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F3546481\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.2307\/3546481\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1998Oikos..81..196B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20balance%20between%20positive%20and%20negative%20plant%20interactions%20and%20its%20relationship%20to%20environmental%20gradients%3A%20a%20model&amp;journal=Oikos&amp;doi=10.2307%2F3546481&amp;volume=81&amp;pages=196-207&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Brooker%2CRW&amp;author=Callaghan%2CTV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Pugnaire, F. Positive Plant Interactions and Community Dynamics (CRC, 2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Detto, M. &amp; Pacala, S. Integrating conspecifics negative density dependence, successional and evolutionary dynamics: towards a theory of forest diversity. Commun. Biol. 7, 1572 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42003-024-07156-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42003-024-07156-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42003-024-07156-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42003-024-07156-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39592799\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11599592\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Integrating%20conspecifics%20negative%20density%20dependence%2C%20successional%20and%20evolutionary%20dynamics%3A%20towards%20a%20theory%20of%20forest%20diversity&amp;journal=Commun.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-024-07156-8&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Detto%2CM&amp;author=Pacala%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Wiegand, T., Gunatilleke, C. V. S., Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N. &amp; Huth, A. How individual species structure diversity in tropical forests. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19029\u201319033 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.0705621104\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.0705621104\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705621104\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.0705621104\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2007PNAS..10419029W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVSru7bK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18024595\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2141902\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20individual%20species%20structure%20diversity%20in%20tropical%20forests&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0705621104&amp;volume=104&amp;pages=19029-19033&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Wiegand%2CT&amp;author=Gunatilleke%2CCVS&amp;author=Gunatilleke%2CIAUN&amp;author=Huth%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Kraft, N. J. B. &amp; Ackerly, D. D. in Ecology and the Environment Vol. 8 (ed. Monson, R.) 67\u201388 (Springer, 2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Mittelbach, G. G. &amp; Schemske, D. W. Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on community assembly. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 241\u2013247 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.02.008\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.02.008\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2015.02.008\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.02.008\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25804867\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ecological%20and%20evolutionary%20perspectives%20on%20community%20assembly&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2015.02.008&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=241-247&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Mittelbach%2CGG&amp;author=Schemske%2CDW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Maestre, F. T. &amp; Cortina, J. Do positive interactions increase with abiotic stress? A test from a semi-arid steppe. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, S331\u2013S333 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0181\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0181\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0181\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0181\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Do%20positive%20interactions%20increase%20with%20abiotic%20stress%3F%20A%20test%20from%20a%20semi-arid%20steppe&amp;journal=Proc.%20R.%20Soc.%20Lond.%20B&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0181&amp;volume=271&amp;pages=S331-S333&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Maestre%2CFT&amp;author=Cortina%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Loreau, M. &amp; Hector, A. Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412, 72\u201376 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/35083573\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/35083573\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F35083573\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/35083573\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2001Natur.412...72L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlt1Crtbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11452308\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Partitioning%20selection%20and%20complementarity%20in%20biodiversity%20experiments&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2F35083573&amp;volume=412&amp;pages=72-76&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Loreau%2CM&amp;author=Hector%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Wright, A. J., Wardle, D. A., Callaway, R. &amp; Gaxiola, A. The overlooked role of facilitation in biodiversity experiments. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32, 383\u2013390 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2017.02.011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28283253\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20overlooked%20role%20of%20facilitation%20in%20biodiversity%20experiments&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2017.02.011&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=383-390&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Wright%2CAJ&amp;author=Wardle%2CDA&amp;author=Callaway%2CR&amp;author=Gaxiola%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Barry, K. E. et al. The future of complementarity: disentangling causes from consequences. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 167\u2013180 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.013\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.013\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2018.10.013\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.013\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30527960\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20future%20of%20complementarity%3A%20disentangling%20causes%20from%20consequences&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2018.10.013&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=167-180&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Barry%2CKE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. Atlas of the Biosphere. University of Wisconsin-Madison <a href=\"https:\/\/sage.nelson.wisc.edu\/data-and-models\/atlas-of-the-biosphere\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/sage.nelson.wisc.edu\/data-and-models\/atlas-of-the-biosphere\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sage.nelson.wisc.edu\/data-and-models\/atlas-of-the-biosphere\/<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Anderson-Teixeira, K. J. et al. CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1365\u20132486 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/gcb.12712\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/gcb.12712\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fgcb.12712\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/gcb.12712\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=CTFS-ForestGEO%3A%20a%20worldwide%20network%20monitoring%20forests%20in%20an%20era%20of%20global%20change&amp;journal=Glob.%20Chang.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fgcb.12712&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=1365-2486&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Anderson-Teixeira%2CKJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Global Soil Data Task Group. Global Gridded Surfaces of Selected Soil Characteristics (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">van den Hoogen, J. et al. Global soil temperature code and data. Zenodo <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4558663\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5281\/zenodo.4558663\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4558663<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">ESA Climate Office. Soil Moisture. ESA <a href=\"https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/soil-moisture\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/soil-moisture\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/soil-moisture\/<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Jump, A. S., M\u00e1ty\u00e1s, C. &amp; Pe\u00f1uelas, J. The altitude-for-latitude disparity in the range retractions of woody species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 694\u2013701 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.007\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.06.007\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.007\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19695735\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20altitude-for-latitude%20disparity%20in%20the%20range%20retractions%20of%20woody%20species&amp;journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.06.007&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=694-701&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Jump%2CAS&amp;author=M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s%2CC&amp;author=Pe%C3%B1uelas%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Macarthur, R. &amp; Levins, R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat. 101, 377\u2013385 (1967).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/282505\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/282505\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F282505\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/282505\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20limiting%20similarity%2C%20convergence%2C%20and%20divergence%20of%20coexisting%20species&amp;journal=Am.%20Nat.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F282505&amp;volume=101&amp;pages=377-385&amp;publication_year=1967&amp;author=Macarthur%2CR&amp;author=Levins%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Barnes, D. K. A. Polarization of competition increases with latitude. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 2061\u20132069 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2105\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2105\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2105\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2105\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Polarization%20of%20competition%20increases%20with%20latitude&amp;journal=Proc.%20R.%20Soc.%20Lond.%20B&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2105&amp;volume=269&amp;pages=2061-2069&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Barnes%2CDKA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Adler, P. B. et al. Competition and coexistence in plant communities: intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1319\u20131329 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/ele.13098\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/ele.13098\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fele.13098\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/ele.13098\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29938882\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Competition%20and%20coexistence%20in%20plant%20communities%3A%20intraspecific%20competition%20is%20stronger%20than%20interspecific%20competition&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fele.13098&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=1319-1329&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Adler%2CPB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Detto, M. &amp; Muller-Landau, H. C. Stabilization of species coexistence in spatial models through the aggregation\u2013segregation effect generated by local dispersal and nonspecific local interactions. Theor. Popul. Biol. 112, 97\u2013108 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tpb.2016.08.008\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tpb.2016.08.008\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tpb.2016.08.008\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tpb.2016.08.008\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27609405\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stabilization%20of%20species%20coexistence%20in%20spatial%20models%20through%20the%20aggregation%E2%80%93segregation%20effect%20generated%20by%20local%20dispersal%20and%20nonspecific%20local%20interactions&amp;journal=Theor.%20Popul.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tpb.2016.08.008&amp;volume=112&amp;pages=97-108&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Detto%2CM&amp;author=Muller-Landau%2CHC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Detto, M. mdetto \/ Positive-Interactions. GitHub <a href=\"http:\/\/github.com\/mdetto\/positive-interactions\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/github.com\/mdetto\/positive-interactions\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/github.com\/mdetto\/positive-interactions<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Detto, M. The relative importance of competition and facilitation in explaining latitudinal gradient of tree diversity. Code Ocean <a href=\"https:\/\/codeocean.com\/capsule\/4844196\/tree\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/codeocean.com\/capsule\/4844196\/tree\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/codeocean.com\/capsule\/4844196\/tree<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Michalet, R. et al. Competition, facilitation and environmental severity shape the relationship between local and regional species richness&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":389573,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[3178,6822,94769,242,4068,85,46,4069,141],"class_list":{"0":"post-389572","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-environment","8":"tag-biodiversity","9":"tag-climate-change-ecology","10":"tag-community-ecology","11":"tag-environment","12":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","13":"tag-il","14":"tag-israel","15":"tag-multidisciplinary","16":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/389572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=389572"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/389572\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/389573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=389572"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=389572"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/il\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=389572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}