Cancer remains notoriously difficult to treat, partly because tumors co\u2011opt their surrounding environment, including the resident microbiota, to evade immune surveillance and resist conventional therapies. While traditional oncology has largely focused on genetic and cellular alterations within tumor cells, the role of the gut and intratumoral microbiome has long been overlooked. However, new insights into how bacterial metabolites modulate host immunity, how tumor\u2011resident bacteria directly interact with cancer cells, and how microbial signatures correlate with clinical outcomes are opening unexpected avenues for intervention. Based on these challenges, deeper exploration is needed into how microbiome science and cancer biology can converge – not as separate disciplines, but as an integrated front for precision oncology.<\/p>\n
Published in May 2026 in the journal Cancer Biology & Medicine, a special issue was guest\u2011edited by Professor Jun Yu from the Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. The collection features seven review articles that span topics from hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer to gastric cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Together, they cover the mechanistic roles of gut and tumor\u2011resident microbiota, the potential of probiotics as adjuvant therapies, the use of animal models to study premalignant lesions, and the emerging field of immunogenic cell death modulation by microbial metabolites.<\/p>\n
Several articles showcase where microbiome\u2011based strategies are already gaining traction. One review examines how gut dysbiosis- loss of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia and overgrowth of pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae- drives hepatocarcinogenesis through microbial translocation and chronic inflammation<\/a>. Another comprehensive review outlines a multi\u2011omics framework for decoding host\u2011microbe interactions in colorectal cancer, emphasizing the integration of metagenomics<\/a>, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to identify actionable targets. A third article makes the case for probiotics as promising adjuncts to conventional therapy, highlighting their capacity to restore gut barrier function and modulate local immune responses. Perhaps most transformative, a review on tumor\u2011resident bacteria reveals how these previously overlooked inhabitants can serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers while also influencing therapeutic outcomes. Additional contributions cover animal models for gastric cancer research, the role of the microbiome in pancreatic cancer, and a mechanistic framework linking microbial metabolites to immunogenic cell death, which could help convert”cold”tumors into”hot” ones responsive to checkpoint inhibitors.<\/p>\n “This collection shows that the next phase of cancer research isn’t about choosing between genetics, immunology, or microbiology- it’s about understanding how these systems interconnect and learning to modulate them in concert,” the authors noted. They explained that the microbiome works best not as an isolated factor but as an integral component of the tumor ecosystem, and that interventions- whether through fecal microbiota transplantation, engineered bacteria, or metabolite\u2011based drugs- must be designed with this holistic view in mind. When we start treating the microbial community as a therapeutic partner, the boundaries between host and environment, between prevention and treatment, begin to dissolve.<\/p>\n These advances point toward a more integrated model for personalized cancer care. Microbiome\u2011derived biomarkers could one day enable early detection of gastric and colorectal cancers through non\u2011invasive stool tests. Probiotic formulations, tailored to individual gut profiles, might boost the efficacy of<\/a> immune checkpoint inhibitors while reducing immune\u2011related adverse events. Fecal microbiota transplantation, already explored in melanoma and other cancers, offers a practical path for reshaping the gut ecosystem to favor anti\u2011tumor immunity. For patients with bacteria\u2011infected tumors- often linked to poor prognosis- targeted antimicrobial or nanodrug strategies could simultaneously combat infection and malignancy. As these approaches mature, the line between diagnosis, treatment, and prevention will likely continue to blur, pushing cancer care closer to truly precision medicine- where the microbiome, once a forgotten ally, becomes an indispensable guide.<\/p>\n Source:<\/p>\n Chinese Academy of Sciences<\/a><\/p>\n Journal references:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.cancerbiomed.org\/content\/23\/5<\/a><\/p>\n Gut microbiome: an emerging player and therapeutic target in cancer How the gut microbiome affects the immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma Microbiota-host interaction in colorectal cancer: emerging computational technology, multi-omics integration, and mechanisms Probiotics in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and adjunct strategies Tumor-resident bacteria in gastrointestinal cancers: from regulatory mechanisms to clinical implications Animal models and pathogenesis of gastric cancer: from premalignant conditions-to-metastasis Microbial reprogramming of immunogenic cell death: a new paradigm in tumor immunotherapy Gut microbiota and pancreatic cancer: tumorigenesis, progression, and clinical applications Antibiotics and probiotics differentially shape immunotherapy outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer Dietary nitrate drives gastritis by modulating gastric microbiota and metabolites Bifidobacterium animalis suppresses melanoma progression and activates anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting YAP1 expression in CD8+ T cells Comprehensive microbiome profiling reveals mucosal microbiome heterogeneity in patients with left- and right-sided colorectal neoplasia
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