Elangovan A, Shah R, Ali SM, Katz J, Cooper GS. High burden of obesity and low rates of weight loss pharmacotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease: 10-year trend. Crohn’s & Colitis 360. 2023;5(2):otad007.


Google Scholar
 

Kim MK, Shin SH, Lee C-H, Kim S, Kim JW, Lee S, et al. Temporal trends in obesity and its prognostic impact in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2025;60(5):583–92.


Google Scholar
 

Khalili H, Ananthakrishnan AN, Konijeti GG, Higuchi LM, Fuchs CS, Richter JM, Chan AT. Measures of obesity and risk of crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(2):361–8.


Google Scholar
 

Chan SS, Chen Y, Casey K, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Carbonnel F, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risk of crohn’s disease, but not ulcerative colitis: a pooled analysis of five prospective cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):1048–58.


Google Scholar
 

Bhagavathula AS, Clark CCT, Rahmani J, Chattu VK. Impact of body mass index on the development of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and Dose-Response analysis of 15.6 million participants. Healthc (Basel). 2021;9(1):35

He Z, Fu T, Lu S, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Shi W, et al. Adiposity as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease and the mediating effect of metabolic and inflammatory status: a population-based cohort study. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2023;11(10):973–84.


Google Scholar
 

Singh S, Dulai PS, Zarrinpar A, Ramamoorthy S, Sandborn WJ. Obesity in IBD: epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease course and treatment outcomes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(2):110–21.


Google Scholar
 

Dai Z-h, Xu X-t, Ran Z-h. Associations between obesity and the effectiveness of anti–tumor necrosis factor-α agents in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(8):729–41.


Google Scholar
 

El-Dallal M, Stein DJ, Raita Y, Feuerstein JD. The impact of obesity on hospitalized patients with ulcerative colitis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2021;34(2):196.


Google Scholar
 

Dahiya DS, Kichloo A, Wani F, Singh J, Solanki D, Shaka H. A nationwide analysis on the influence of obesity in inflammatory bowel disease hospitalizations. Intest Res. 2022;20(3):342–9.


Google Scholar
 

Gu P, Luo J, Kim J, Paul P, Limketkai B, Sauk JS, et al. Effect of obesity on risk of hospitalization, surgery, and serious infection in biologic-treated patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a CA-IBD cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(10):1639–47.


Google Scholar
 

Shneyderman M, Freid H, Kohler D, Peraza J, Haskey N, Abbott E, et al. Management of overweight and obesity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;20(12):712.


Google Scholar
 

Ard J, Fitch A, Fruh S, Herman L. Weight loss and maintenance related to the mechanism of action of Glucagon-Like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Adv Ther. 2021;38(6):2821–39.


Google Scholar
 

Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Popovic D, Maltese G, Mustafa O, Doumas M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists in obese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: from molecular mechanisms to clinical considerations and practical recommendations for safe and effective use. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(2):61–74.


Google Scholar
 

Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Izzo M, De Costanzo I, Imperio G, Landa F, et al. Relevance of Glucagon-Like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in inflammatory bowel diseases: a narrative review. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47(5):383.


Google Scholar
 

Wells GSOCD, Peterson J, Welch VA, Losos M, Tugwel P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2000.

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6.


Google Scholar
 

Luo D, Wan X, Liu J, Tong T. Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range. Stat Methods Med Res. 2018;27(6):1785–805.


Google Scholar
 

Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135.


Google Scholar
 

Anderson SR, Ayoub M, Coats S, McHenry S, Tan T, Deepak P. Safety and effectiveness of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025;120(5):1152–5.


Google Scholar
 

Ramos Belinchón C, Martínez-Lozano H, Serrano Moreno C, Hernández Castillo D, Lois Chicharro P, Ferreira Ocampo P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a GLP-1 agonist in obese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2024;116(9):478–83.


Google Scholar
 

St-Pierre J, Klein J, Choi NK, Fear E, Pannain S, Rubin DT. Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists on metabolic parameters in non-diabetic patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2024;69(12):4437–45.


Google Scholar
 

Sehgal P, Lewis JD, Pickett-Blakely O, Nandi N, Bewtra M, Lichtenstein GR. Safety and clinical effectiveness of GLP1 receptor agonists in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(8):1453-4.e3.


Google Scholar
 

Desai A, Khataniar H, Hashash JG, Farraye FA, Regueiro M, Kochhar GS. Effectiveness and safety of semaglutide for weight loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(3):696–705.


Google Scholar
 

Clarke L, Passam RT, Falahee B, Jirapinyo P, Allegretti JR, Kelly CR. Tolerability and effectiveness of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2025;70(7):2426–32.

Levine I, Sekhri S, Schreiber-Stainthorp W, Locke B, Delau O, Elhawary M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists confer no increased rates of IBD exacerbation among patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(2):467–75.


Google Scholar
 

Weng J, Alizadeh M, Friedman S. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy does not increase Gastrointestinal adverse events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2025;70(10):3476–84.

Peraza J, Abbott E, Shneyderman M, Kornbluth A, Raman M, Gold S. The rising epidemic of obesity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2024;22(3):134–44.


Google Scholar
 

Kim SK, Lee HS, Kim BJ, Park JH, Hwang SW, Yang DH, et al. The clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with obesity. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;2021:9981482.


Google Scholar
 

Moran GW, Dubeau MF, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, Ghosh S. The increasing weight of crohn’s disease subjects in clinical trials: a hypothesis-generatings time-trend analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(13):2949–56.


Google Scholar
 

Bischoff SC, Barazzoni R, Busetto L, Campmans-Kuijpers M, Cardinale V, Chermesh I, et al. European guideline on obesity care in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases – Joint European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism / United European Gastroenterology guideline. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(7):663–720.


Google Scholar
 

Van Der Sloot KW, Joshi AD, Bellavance DR, Gilpin KK, Stewart KO, Lochhead P, et al. Visceral Adiposity, genetic Susceptibility, and risk of complications among individuals with crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23(1):82–8.


Google Scholar
 

Thin L, Teh WL. GLP-1R agonists and their therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease and other Immune-Mediated inflammatory diseases, a systematic review of the literature. Biomedicines. 2025;13(5):1128.

Vahora I, Moparthi KP, Al Rushaidi MT, Muddam MR, Obajeun OA, Abaza A, et al. Efficacy of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for weight loss management in non-diabetic patients. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e65050.


Google Scholar
 

Bayoumy AB, Clarke LM, Deepak P, Desai A, Sehgal P, Gorelik Y, Bar-Yoseph H, Villumsen M, Mulder CJJ, Stenvers DJ, Tushuizen ME, de Boer NKH. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RA) and the Clinical Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2025:jjaf181. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaf181. Epub ahead of print. PMID:41071055.

Yang M, Huo Y, Liu Z, Bai G, He D, Zhang L. The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in IBD-related surgery and IBD-related complications of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with metabolic comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med Lausanne. 2025;12:1621958.


Google Scholar
 

Wong HJ, Sim B, Teo YH, Teo YN, Chan MY, Yeo LLL, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight loss, BMI, and waist circumference for patients with obesity or overweight: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 47 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(2):292–300.


Google Scholar
 

Liu Y, Ruan B, Jiang H, Le S, Liu Y, Ao X, et al. The weight-loss effect of GLP-1RAs glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;118(3):614–26.


Google Scholar
 

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.


Google Scholar
 

Meloni AR, DeYoung MB, Lowe C, Parkes DG. GLP-1 receptor activated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells: mechanism and glucose dependence. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(1):15–27.


Google Scholar
 

Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Smith BA. GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021;12:2042018821997320.


Google Scholar
 

Gorelik Y, Ghersin I, Lujan R, Shlon D, Loewenberg Weisband Y, Ben-Tov A, et al. GLP-1 analog use is associated with improved disease course in inflammatory bowel disease: A report from the Epi-IIRN. J Crohns Colitis. 2025;19(4):jjae160.

Desai A, Petrov J, Hashash JG, Patel H, Brahmbhatt B, Kochhar GS, Farraye FA. Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes mellitus and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;60(5):620–32.


Google Scholar
 

Nielsen J, Friedman S, Nørgård BM, Knudsen T, Kjeldsen J, Wod M. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists are not associated with an increased risk of ileus or intestinal obstruction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease-a Danish nationwide cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(7):1961–5.


Google Scholar
 

Villumsen M, Schelde AB, Jimenez-Solem E, Jess T, Allin KH. GLP-1 based therapies and disease course of inflammatory bowel disease. E Clin Med. 2021;37:100979.


Google Scholar
 

Gala K, Tome J, Krall M, Tian D, League JB, Vargas EJ, et al. Quality of bowel Preparation for colonoscopy in patients on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Gastrointest Endosc. 2025;101(5):1068–e721.


Google Scholar
 

Beran A, Nayfeh T, Akhras A, Ramai D, Mohamed M, Guardiola JJ, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025;120(7):1653–6.


Google Scholar
 

Abu-Freha N, Yitzhak A, Shirin H, Nevo-Shor A, Abu-Jaffar J, Abu-Rafe S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists significantly affect the quality of bowel Preparation for colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 2025;57(2):126–33.


Google Scholar
 

Al-Dwairi A, Alqudah TE, Al-Shboul O, Alqudah M, Mustafa AG, Alfaqih MA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on mouse colon smooth muscle cells through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/nuclear factor-κB pathway in vitro. J Inflamm Res. 2018;11:95–109.


Google Scholar
 

Mehdi SF, Pusapati S, Anwar MS, Lohana D, Kumar P, Nandula SA, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1148209.


Google Scholar
 

Chen J, Mei A, Liu X, Braunstein Z, Wei Y, Wang B, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates macrophage migration in monosodium urate-induced peritoneal inflammation. Front Immunol. 2022;13:772446.


Google Scholar
 

Bang-Berthelsen CH, Holm TL, Pyke C, Simonsen L, Søkilde R, Pociot F, et al. GLP-1 induces barrier protective expression in brunner’s glands and regulates colonic inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(9):2078–97.


Google Scholar
 

Lucotti P, Lovati E, Lenti MV, Valvo B, Sprio E, Aronico N, et al. Abnormal post-prandial glucagon-like peptide release in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(4):101533.


Google Scholar
 

Mahmoud M, Syn WK. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on IBD outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2024;69(8):2741–53.


Google Scholar
 

Sehgal P, Su S, Zech J, Nobel Y, Luk L, Economou I, et al. Visceral adiposity independently predicts time to flare in inflammatory bowel disease but body mass index does not. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024;30(4):594–601.


Google Scholar
 

Krugliak Cleveland N, St-Pierre J, Kellar A, Rubin DT. Clinical application of intestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2024;26(2):31–40.


Google Scholar
Â