Government of Canada. Highlights from the 2021 childhood national immunization coverage survey. 2024. [cited 2024 Nov 30]. Available from. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization-vaccines/vaccination-coverage/2021-highlights-childhood-national-immunization-coverage-survey.html.

Humble RM, Dubé E, Olson J, Scott SD, MacDonald SE. Routine childhood vaccination among ethnocultural groups in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study. Preventative Med Rep. 2023, Dec, 1;36:102435.


Google Scholar
 

MacDonald SE, Graham B, King KD, Huang L, Svenson LW, Nelson G. Improved vaccine coverage for First Nations children receiving first dose on-reserve: a retrospective cohort study in western Canada. BMJ Global Health. 2023, Dec, 1;8(12):e013261.


Google Scholar
 

Taylor L. Canada sees surge in measles as cases rise across North America. BMJ. 2025, Aug, 5;390.

Schellenberg N, Petrucka P, Leurer MD, Crizzle AM. Determinants of vaccine refusal, delay and reluctance in parents of 2-year-old children in Canada: findings from the 2017 childhood national immunization coverage survey (cNICS). Travel Med Infect Disease. 2023, May, 1;53:102584.


Google Scholar
 

World Health Organization. Understanding the behavioural and social drivers of vaccine uptake: who position paper – May 2022. Wkly epidemiol Rec. 2022, May, 20;97(20):209–24. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/79007951-d442-42fe-a9f6-23455cc457d5/content.


Google Scholar
 

Sullivan P, Starr V, Dubois E, Starr A, Acharibasam JB, McIlduff C. Where past meets present: indigenous vaccine hesitancy in Saskatchewan. Med Humanit. 2023, Jun, 1;49(2):321–31.


Google Scholar
 

Allan B, Smylie J. First peoples, second class treatment: the role of racism in the health and well-being of indigenous peoples in Canada. Toronto: Wellesley Institute; 2015.


Google Scholar
 

Tarrant M, Gregory D. Exploring childhood immunization uptake with First Nations mothers in north-western Ontario, Canada. J Educ Chang Adv Nurs. 2003, Jan;41(1):63–72.


Google Scholar
 

MacDonald SE, Graham B, Paragg J, Foster-Boucher C, Waters N, Shea-Budgell M, McNeil D, Kunyk D, Bedingfield N, Dubé E, Kenzie L. One child, one appointment: how institutional discourses organize the work of parents and nurses in the provision of childhood vaccination for First Nations children. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2022, Nov, 30;18(5):2048558.


Google Scholar
 

Henderson RI, Shea-Budgell M, Healy C, Letendre A, Bill L, Healy B, Bednarczyk RA, Mrklas K, Barnabe C, Guichon J, Bedingfield N. First Nations people’s perspectives on barriers and supports for enhancing HPV vaccination: foundations for sustainable, community-driven strategies. Gynecologic Oncol. 2018, Apr, 1;149(1):93–100.


Google Scholar
 

Peacock S, Konrad S, Watson E, Nickel D, Muhajarine N. Effectiveness of home visiting programs on child outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013, Dec;13:1–4.


Google Scholar
 

El-Mohandes AA, Katz KS, El-Khorazaty MN, McNeely-Johnson D, Sharps PW, Jarrett MH, Rose A, White DM, Young M, Grylack L, Murray KD, Katta PS, Burroughs M, Atiyeh G, Wingrove BK, Herman AA. The effect of a parenting education program on the use of preventive pediatric health care services among low-income, minority mothers: a randomized controlled study. Pediatrics. 2003, Jun;111(6 Pt 1):1324–32. PMID: 12777548.


Google Scholar
 

Enns JE, Chartier M, Nickel N, Chateau D, Campbell R, Phillips-Beck W, Sarkar J, Burland E, Lee JB, Katz A, Santos R. Association between participation in the families first home visiting programme and First Nations families’ public health outcomes in Manitoba, Canada: a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data. BMJ Open. 2019, Jun, 1;9(6):e030386.


Google Scholar
 

Isaac MR, Chartier M, Brownell M, Chateau D, Nickel NC, Martens P, Katz A, Sarkar J, Hu M, Burland E, Goh C. Can opportunities be enhanced for vaccinating children in home visiting programs? A population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2015, Dec;15:1–1.


Google Scholar
 

Tremblay M, Ferguson C, Willsie J, Downie H, Rattlesnake C, Kolb B, Gokiert R, Hayden J, Fallon B. Co-developing culturally grounded early years programming with indigenous communities. Contemp Issues Early Child. 2024;.

Martin family initiative. Early Years toolbox.Trees Network. 2022. https://treesnetwork.themfi.ca/early-years-toolbox/.

Rattlesnake C. Cultural considerations while using a wraparound approach: learning from the maskwacis early years program successes to increase immunization uptake. BC Centre for Disease Control; 2024. http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/2024%20Western%20Canada%20Imms%20Forum%20-%20Charlene%20Rattlesnake.pdf.


Google Scholar
 

Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 1998, May;19(1):173–202.


Google Scholar
 

Ivankova NV, Creswell JW, Stick SL. Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: from theory to practice. Field Method. 2006, Feb;18(1):3–20.


Google Scholar
 

Mertens DM. Research and evaluation in education and psychology: integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. 4th. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 2019.


Google Scholar
 

Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Res. 2005, Nov;15(9):1277–88.


Google Scholar
 

Mayan MJ. Essentials of qualitative inquiry. Routledge; 2016 Sep 16.


Google Scholar
 

Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M. Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination and autism: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019, Apr, 16;170(8):513–20.


Google Scholar
 

Ilesanmi MM, Abonyi S, Pahwa P, Gerdts V, Scwandt M, Neudorf C. Trends, barriers and enablers to measles immunisation coverage in Saskatchewan, Canada: a mixed methods study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(11):e0277876.


Google Scholar
 

Chen R, Guay M, Gilbert NL, et al. Determinants of parental vaccine hesitancy in Canada: results from the 2017 childhood national immunization coverage survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:2327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17079-4.


Google Scholar
 

Bell CA, Simmonds KA, MacDonald SE. Exploring the heterogeneity among partially vaccinated children in a population-based cohort. Vaccine. 2015, Aug, 26;33(36):4572–78.


Google Scholar
 

Gilbert NL, Gilmour H, Wilson SE, Cantin L. Determinants of non-vaccination and incomplete vaccination in Canadian toddlers. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2017, Jun, 3;13(6):1447–53.


Google Scholar
 

McNeil DA, Mueller M, MacDonald S, McDonald S, Saini V, Kellner JD, Tough S. Maternal perceptions of childhood vaccination: explanations of reasons for and against vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2019, Dec;19:1–2.


Google Scholar
 

Schellenberg N, Crizzle AM. Vaccine hesitancy among parents of preschoolers in Canada: a systematic literature review. Can J Public Health. 2020, Aug;111:562–84.


Google Scholar
 

Olson O, Berry C, Kumar N. Addressing parental vaccine hesitancy towards childhood vaccines in the United States: a systematic literature review of communication interventions and strategies. Nato Adv Sci Inst Se. 2020, Oct, 8;8(4):590.


Google Scholar
 

Charron J, Gautier A, Jestin C. Influence of information sources on vaccine hesitancy and practices. Med Mal Infect. 2020, Nov, 1;50(8):727–33.


Google Scholar
 

Novilla MLB, Goates MC, Redelfs AH, Quenzer M, Novilla LKB, Leffler T, Holt CA, Doria RB, Dang MT, Hewitt M, Lind E, Prickett E, Aldridge K. Why parents say No to having their children vaccinated against measles: a systematic review of the social determinants of parental perceptions on MMR vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines (Basel). 2023, May, 2;11(5):926. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050926. PMID: 37243030; PMCID: PMC10224336.


Google Scholar
 

McGregor S, Goldman RD. Determinants of parental vaccine hesitancy. Can Fam Phys. 2021, May, 1;67(5):339–41.


Google Scholar
 

Chung Y, Schamel J, Fisher A, Frew PM. Influences on immunization decision-making among us parents of young children. Matern Child Health J. 2017, Dec;21(12):2178–87.


Google Scholar
 

Viskupič F, Wiltse DL. The messenger matters: religious leaders and overcoming COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. PS Polit Sci Polit. 2022, Jul;55(3):504–09.


Google Scholar
 

Thomson A, Vallée-Tourangeau G, Suggs LS. Strategies to increase vaccine acceptance and uptake: from behavioral insights to context-specific, culturally-appropriate, evidence-based communications and interventions. Vaccine. 2018, Oct, 22;36(44):6457–58.


Google Scholar
 

Schoeppe J, Cheadle A, Melton M, Faubion T, Miller C, Matthys J, Hsu C. The immunity community: a community engagement strategy for reducing vaccine hesitancy. Health Promot Pract. 2017, Sep;18(5):654–61.


Google Scholar
 

Jong KM, Sikora CA, MacDonald SE. Childhood immunization appointment reminders and recalls: strengths, weaknesses and opportunities to increase vaccine coverage. Public Health. 2021, May, 1;194:170–75.


Google Scholar
 

Gowda C, Schaffer SE, Kopec K, Markel A, Dempsey AF. A pilot study on the effects of individually tailored education for MMR vaccine-hesitant parents on mmr vaccination intention. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2013, Feb, 1;9(2):437–45.


Google Scholar
 

MHS. Vaccines: a finch video for expectant parents. 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZPlSbiNpns%26t=70s.

Greyson D, Bettinger JA. How do mothers’ vaccine attitudes change over time? SSM-Qualitative Res In Health. 2022, Dec, 1;2:100060.


Google Scholar
 

Khalil GE, Fisher CL, Chi X, Hansen MD, Sanchez G, Gurka MJ, Staras SA. The role of personal social networks in parental decision-making for HPV vaccination: examining support and norms among Florida parents. Nato Adv Sci Inst Se. 2025, Jun, 21;13(7):667.


Google Scholar
 

Coulter A, Oldham J. Person-centred care: what is it and how do we get there? Future Healthcare J. 2016, Jun, 1;3(2):114–16.


Google Scholar
 

Taddio A, Coldham J, Logeman C, McMurtry CM, Bucci LM, Gudzak V, Ne M, Little C, Samborn T, Moineddin R. Card (Comfort Ask Relax Distract) for school-based immunizations in Calgary, Canada: a pragmatic cluster trial. Pain. 2024, Mar, 1;165(3):644–56.


Google Scholar