Great white sharks change far more than their size as they age. A recent scientific analysis, discussed in a study published in The Conversation, reveals that these apex predators develop distinctly different types of teeth over their lifetime, reshaping how researchers understand their feeding behavior and ecological role.
A Life Marked by Shifting Teeth and Diets
From birth, great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) rely on teeth that reflect their early survival needs. Juveniles typically feed on fish and small marine animals, and their teeth are narrower and smoother, suited for gripping slippery prey. As sharks grow, their diet expands to include larger and tougher animals such as seals and sea lions. This dietary transition is mirrored by a visible transformation in tooth structure.
Adult great whites develop broader, more triangular teeth with pronounced serrations. These serrations act like saw blades, allowing the shark to cut through thick skin, blubber, and muscle with remarkable efficiency. Researchers note that this shift is not random but follows a clear developmental pattern tied to age, size, and feeding strategy. Teeth are continuously replaced throughout a shark’s life, making it possible for these anatomical changes to occur without disrupting feeding ability.
Scientists measured teeth from nearly 100 white sharks. Credit: Emily Hunt
What the Study Reveals About Shark Evolution
The study published in The Conversation, draws on fossil records, museum collections, and modern observations. Scientists compared teeth from sharks of different ages and sizes, identifying consistent differences that align with known dietary changes. This evidence suggests that tooth variation within a single species can be as significant as differences between separate species.
Such findings challenge older assumptions in paleontology, where fossilized shark teeth are often used to classify extinct species. Some teeth previously thought to belong to different species may represent different life stages of the same shark. This insight reshapes how scientists interpret the fossil record and reconstruct ancient marine ecosystems.
An array of jaws from sharks ranging from 1.2m to 4.4m. Credit: Emily Hunt
Why Tooth Changes Make Sharks More Efficient Predators
The emergence of serrated teeth in older sharks dramatically increases their hunting efficiency. Serrations reduce the force needed to cut through prey, allowing sharks to inflict fatal wounds quickly. This adaptation lowers the energy cost of hunting large marine mammals, supporting the shark’s growth and reproductive success.
Researchers explain that this biological upgrade aligns with the shark’s increasing size and strength. As the jaw muscles become more powerful, the new tooth design maximizes the effectiveness of each bite. This combination of strength and specialized teeth helps explain why adult great whites sit at the top of the marine food web.