Evans, N. J. & Rutter, N. Development of the epidermis in the newborn. Biol. Neonate 74–80 https://doi.org/10.1159/000242513 (2009).
Chiou, Y. B. & Blume-Peytavi, U. Stratum corneum maturation. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 17, 57–66 (2004).
Rutter, N. Clinical consequences of an immature barrier. Semin. Neonatol. 5, 281–287 (2000).
Sedin, G., Hammarlund, K. & Strömberg, B. Transepidermal water loss in full-term and pre-term infants. Acta Paediatr. 72, 27–31 (1983).
Ågren, J., Sjörs, G. & Sedin, G. Transepidermal water loss in infants born at 24 and 25 weeks of gestation. Acta Paediatr. 87, 1185–1190 (1998).
Nonato, L., Lund, C., Kalia, Y. & Guy, R. Transepidermal water loss in 24 and 25 weeks gestational age infants. Acta Paediatr. 89, 747–748 (2000).
Stoll, B. J. et al. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics 126, 443–456 (2010).
Kovács, K. et al. The histologic fetal inflammatory response and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 230, 493–511.e3 (2024).
Trevisanuto, D. et al. Fetal placental inflammation is associated with poor neonatal growth of preterm infants: a case-control study. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 26, 1484–1490 (2013).
Liu, Z., Tang, Z., Li, J. & Yang, Y. Effects of placental inflammation on neonatal outcome in preterm infants. Pediatr. Neonatol. 55, 35–40 (2014).
McGrath, C. P. & Boyle, M. A. Early transepidermal water loss in term neonates and its perinatal influences using a closed-chamber system. Acta Paediatr. apa.70583 https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.70583. (2026).
Khong, T. Y. et al. Sampling and definitions of placental lesions: amsterdam placental workshop group consensus statement. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 140, 698–713 (2016).
Rippke, F., Schreiner, V. & Schwanitz, H.-J. The acidic milieu of the horny layer: new findings on the physiology and pathophysiology of skin pH. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 3, 261–272 (2002).
Chikakane, K. & Takahashi, H. Measurement of skin pH and its significance in cutaneous diseases. Clin. Dermatol. 13, 299–306 (1995).
Snyder, C. C. et al. Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced chorioamnionitis by Ureaplasma parvum in sheep. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 208, 399.e1–399.e8 (2013).
Harper’s Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology. (Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444345384.
Narendran, V., Visscher, M. O., Abril, I., Hendrix, S. W. & Hoath, S. B. Biomarkers of epidermal innate immunity in premature and full-term infants. Pediatr. Res. 67, 382–386 (2010).
Casey, M. L., Cox, S. M., Beutler, B., Milewich, L. & MacDonald, P. C. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha formation in human decidua. Potential role of cytokines in infection-induced preterm labor. J. Clin. Investig. 83, 430–436 (1989).
Kim, Y. M. et al. Dermatitis as a component of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome is associated with activation of Toll-like receptors in epidermal keratinocytes. Histopathology 49, 506–514 (2006).