Wolfe, A. M., Gawiser, E. & Prochaska, J. X. Damped Lyα systems. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 861–918 (2005).
Prochaska, J. X. & Wolfe, A. M. On the (non)evolution of H i gas in galaxies over cosmic time. Astrophys. J. 696, 1543–1547 (2009).
Noterdaeme, P. et al. Column density distribution and cosmological mass density of neutral gas: Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III Data Release 9. Astron. Astrophys. 547, L1 (2012).
Fynbo, J. P. U. et al. Low-resolution spectroscopy of gamma-ray burst optical afterglows: biases in the Swift sample and characterization of the absorbers. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 185, 526–573 (2009).
Tanvir, N. R. et al. The fraction of ionizing radiation from massive stars that escapes to the intergalactic medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 5380–5408 (2019).
Heintz, K. E. et al. The cosmic buildup of dust and metals. Accurate abundances from GRB-selected star-forming galaxies at 1.7 < z < 6.3. Astron. Astrophys. 679, A91 (2023).
Heintz, K. E. et al. Strong damped Lyman-α absorption in young star-forming galaxies at redshifts 9 to 11. Science 384, 890–894 (2024).
Heintz, K. E. et al. The JWST-PRIMAL archival survey: a JWST/NIRSpec reference sample for the physical properties and Lyman-α absorption and emission of ~600 galaxies at z = 5.0–13.4. Astron. Astrophys. 693, A60 (2025).
Terp, C. et al. Uncovering the physical origin of the prominent Lyman-α emission and absorption in GS9422 at z = 5.943. Astron. Astrophys. 690, A70 (2024).
Helton, J. M. et al. The JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey: discovery of an extreme galaxy overdensity at z = 5.4 with JWST/NIRCam in GOODS-S. Astrophys. J. 962, 124 (2024).
Oesch, P. A. et al. The JWST FRESCO survey: legacy NIRCam/grism spectroscopy and imaging in the two GOODS fields. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 525, 2864–2874 (2023).
Tepper-García, T. Voigt profile fitting to quasar absorption lines: an analytic approximation to the Voigt-Hjerting function. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 369, 2025–2035 (2006).
Bosman, S. E. I. et al. Hydrogen reionization ends by z = 5.3: Lyman-α optical depth measured by the XQR-30 sample. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 514, 55–76 (2022).
Bennett, J. S. & Sijacki, D. Resolving shocks and filaments in galaxy formation simulations: effects on gas properties and star formation in the circumgalactic medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499, 597–615 (2020).
Rennehan, D. The Manhattan Suite: accelerated galaxy evolution in the early Universe. Astrophys. J. 975, 114 (2024).
Keating, L. C. et al. JWST observations of galaxy-damping wings during reionization interpreted with cosmological simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 532, 1646–1658 (2024).
Finlator, K., Keating, L., Oppenheimer, B. D., Davé, R. & Zackrisson, E. Reionization in technicolor. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 2628–2649 (2018).
Witten, C. et al. Deciphering Lyman-α emission deep into the epoch of reionization. Nat. Astron. 8, 384–396 (2024).
Kashino, D., Lilly, S. J., Shibuya, T., Ouchi, M. & Kashikawa, N. Evidence for a highly opaque large-scale galaxy void at the end of reionization. Astrophys. J. 888, 6 (2020).
Angelinelli, M., Ettori, S., Dolag, K., Vazza, F. & Ragagnin, A. Redshift evolution of the baryon and gas fraction in simulated groups and clusters of galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 675, A188 (2023).
Daddi, E. et al. Evidence for cold-stream to hot-accretion transition as traced by Lyα emission from groups and clusters at 2 < z < 3.3. Astrophys. J. Lett. 926, L21 (2022).
Rohr, E. et al. The cooler past of the intracluster medium in TNG-cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 536, 1226–1250 (2025).
Daddi, E. et al. Three Lyman-α-emitting filaments converging to a massive galaxy group at z = 2.91: discussing the case for cold gas infall. Astron. Astrophys. 649, A78 (2021).
Bacon, R. et al. The MUSE extremely deep field: the cosmic web in emission at high redshift. Astron. Astrophys. 647, A107 (2021).
Leonova, E. et al. The prevalence of galaxy overdensities around UV-luminous Lyman-α emitters in the epoch of reionization. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 515, 5790–5801 (2022).
Planck Collaborationet al. Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
Astropy Collaborationet al. Astropy: a community Python package for astronomy. Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013).
Bunker, A. J. et al. JADES NIRSpec initial data release for the Hubble ultra deep field: redshifts and line fluxes of distant galaxies from the deepest JWST cycle 1 NIRSpec multi-object spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 690, A288 (2024).
Barrufet, L. et al. Quiescent or dusty? Unveiling the nature of extremely red galaxies at z > 3. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 537, 3453–3469 (2025).
Eisenstein, D. J. et al. Overview of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02465 (2023).
Jakobsen, P. et al. The near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope. I. Overview of the instrument and its capabilities. Astron. Astrophys. 661, A80 (2022).
Brammer, G. msaexp: NIRSpec analyis tools. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7299500 (2023).
Schaerer, D., Marques-Chaves, R., Xiao, M. & Korber, D. Discovery of a new N-emitter in the epoch of reionization. Astron. Astrophys. 687, L11 (2024).
Horne, K. An optimal extraction algorithm for CCD spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 98, 609–617 (1986).
Chiang, Y.-K., Overzier, R. A., Gebhardt, K. & Henriques, B. Galaxy protoclusters as drivers of cosmic star formation history in the first 2 Gyr. Astrophys. J. Lett. 844, L23 (2017).
Miralda-Escudé, J. Reionization of the intergalactic medium and the damping wing of the Gunn-Peterson trough. Astrophys. J. 501, 15–22 (1998).
McQuinn, M., Lidz, A., Zaldarriaga, M., Hernquist, L. & Dutta, S. Probing the neutral fraction of the IGM with GRBs during the epoch of reionization. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 388, 1101–1110 (2008).
McGreer, I. D., Mesinger, A. & D’Odorico, V. Model-independent evidence in favour of an end to reionization by z ≈ 6. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 447, 499–505 (2015).
Fan, X., Bañados, E. & Simcoe, R. A. Quasars and the intergalactic medium at cosmic dawn. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 373–426 (2023).
Totani, T. et al. Implications for cosmic reionization from the optical afterglow spectrum of the gamma-ray burst 050904 at z = 6.3. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 58, 485–498 (2006).
Umeda, H. et al. JWST measurements of neutral hydrogen fractions and ionized bubble sizes at z = 7–12 obtained with Lyα damping wing absorptions in 27 bright continuum galaxies. Astrophys. J. 971, 124 (2024).
D’Eugenio, F. et al. JADES: carbon enrichment 350 Myr after the Big Bang. Astron. Astrophys. 689, A152 (2024).
Hainline, K. N. et al. Searching for emission lines at z > 11: the role of damped Lyα and hints about the escape of ionizing photons. Astrophys. J. 976, 160 (2024).
Carniani, S. et al. Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14. Nature 633, 318–322 (2024).
Witstok, J. et al. Witnessing the onset of reionization through Lyman-α emission at redshift 13. Nature 639, 897–901 (2025).
Heintz, K. E. et al. Dissecting the massive pristine, neutral gas reservoir of a remarkably bright galaxy at z = 14.179. Astrophys. J. Lett. 987, L2 (2025).
Larson, R. L. et al. Spectral templates optimal for selecting galaxies at z > 8 with the JWST. Astrophys. J. 958, 141 (2023).
Brammer, G. B., van Dokkum, P. G. & Coppi, P. EAZY: a fast, public photometric redshift code. Astrophys. J. 686, 1503–1513 (2008).
Witstok, J. et al. On the origins of oxygen: ALMA and JWST characterise the multi-phase, metal-enriched, star-bursting medium within a ‘normal’ z > 11 galaxy. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.22888 (2025).
Hu, W. et al. CLASSY VII Lyα profiles: the structure and kinematics of neutral gas and implications for LyC escape in reionization-era analogs. Astrophys. J. 956, 39 (2023).
Speagle, J. S. DYNESTY: a dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 3132–3158 (2020).
Higson, E., Handley, W., Hobson, M. & Lasenby, A. Dynamic nested sampling: an improved algorithm for parameter estimation and evidence calculation. Stat. Comput. 29, 891–913 (2019).
Cameron, A. J. et al. Nebular dominated galaxies: insights into the stellar initial mass function at high redshift. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 534, 523–543 (2024).
Katz, H. et al. 21 Balmer jump street: the nebular continuum at high redshift and implications for the bright galaxy problem, UV continuum slopes, and early stellar populations. Open J. Astrophys. 8, 104 (2025).
Chen, Z. et al. JWST spectroscopy of z ~ 5–8 UV-selected galaxies: new constraints on the evolution of the Ly α escape fraction in the reionization era. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 528, 7052–7075 (2024).
Henden, N. A., Puchwein, E., Shen, S. & Sijacki, D. The FABLE simulations: a feedback model for galaxies, groups, and clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 5385–5412 (2018).
Angulo, R. E. et al. Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 426, 2046–2062 (2012).
Bird, S. et al. Moving-mesh cosmology: properties of neutral hydrogen in absorption. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 429, 3341–3352 (2013).
Madau, P. & Dickinson, M. Cosmic star-formation history. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 415–486 (2014).
Brammer, G. grizli. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1146904 (2023).