Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 491–496 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rentschler, J. et al. Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985. Nature 622, 87–92 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kotz, M., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L. The effect of rainfall changes on economic production. Nature 601, 223–227 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ban, J., Sutton, C., Ma, Y., Lin, C. & Chen, K. Association of flooding exposure with cause-specific mortality in North Carolina, United States. Nat. Water 1, 1027–1034 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Raju, E., Boyd, E. & Otto, F. Stop blaming the climate for disasters. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 1 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rajput, A. A., Liu, C., Liu, Z. & Mostafavi, A. Human-centric characterization of life activity flood exposure shifts focus from places to people. Nat. Cities 1, 264–274 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gao, P. et al. Author Correction: Heterogeneous pressure on croplands from land-based strategies to meet the 1.5 °C target. Nat. Clim. Change 15, 682–682 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Costa, R., Bolte, E., Sharp, C. & Bowers, C. Repeated and localized flooding is an underestimated challenge for urban disaster risk management. Nat. Cities 1, 587–596 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kephart, J. L. et al. Social disparities in neighborhood flood exposure in 44,698 urban neighborhoods in Latin America. Nat. Cities 2, 246–253 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Dottori, F. et al. Increased human and economic losses from river flooding with anthropogenic warming. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 781–786 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, W., Yang, S., Stanley, H. E. & Gao, J. Local floods induce large-scale abrupt failures of road networks. Nat. Commun. 10, 2114 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tian, Z. et al. Dynamic adaptive engineering pathways for mitigating flood risks in Shanghai with regret theory. Nat. Water 1, 198–208 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Kotz, M., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L. The economic commitment of climate change. Nature 628, 551–557 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Willner, S. N., Otto, C. & Levermann, A. Global economic response to river floods. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 594–598 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. & Jafino, B. A. Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries. Nat. Commun. 13, 3527 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Smiley, K. T. et al. Social inequalities in climate change-attributed impacts of Hurricane Harvey. Nat. Commun. 13, 3418 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Palagi, E., Coronese, M., Lamperti, F. & Roventini, A. Climate change and the nonlinear impact of precipitation anomalies on income inequality. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2203595119 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Botzen, W. J. W., Deschenes, O. & Sanders, M. The economic impacts of natural disasters: a review of models and empirical studies. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 13, 167–188 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ward, P. J. et al. A global framework for future costs and benefits of river-flood protection in urban areas. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 642–646 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Aerts, J. C. J. H. et al. Integrating human behaviour dynamics into flood disaster risk assessment. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 193–199 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Haer, T., Botzen, W. J. W., de Moel, H. & Aerts, J. C. J. H. Integrating household risk mitigation behavior in flood risk analysis: an agent-based model approach. Risk Anal. 37, 1977–1992 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hallegatte, S. An adaptive regional input–output model and its application to the assessment of the economic cost of Katrina. Risk Anal. 28, 779–799 (2008).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Carrera, L., Standardi, G., Bosello, F. & Mysiak, J. Assessing direct and indirect economic impacts of a flood event through the integration of spatial and computable general equilibrium modelling. Environ. Model. Softw. 63, 109–122 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Koks, E. E. et al. The macroeconomic impacts of future river flooding in Europe. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 084042 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hirabayashi, Y. et al. Global flood risk under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 816–821 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, W. et al. Integrated urban flood vulnerability assessment using local spatial dependence-based probabilistic approach. J. Hydrol. 575, 454–469 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jiao, S. S., Li, W. J. & Wen, J. H. Spatiotemporal changes of manufacturing firms in the flood prone Yangtze Delta. Environ. Hazards Hum. Policy Dim. 21, 334–360 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Marin, G., Modica, M., Paleari, S. & Zoboli, R. Assessing disaster risk by integrating natural and socio-economic dimensions: a decision-support tool. Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. 77, 101032 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Mendoza-Tinoco, D., Guan, D., Zeng, Z., Xia, Y. & Serrano, A. Flood footprint of the 2007 floods in the UK: the case of the Yorkshire and The Humber region. J. Clean. Prod. 168, 655–667 (2017).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, Z. et al. Economic ripple effects of individual disasters and disaster clusters. Int. J. Disast. Risk Sci. 13, 948–961 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

León, J. A., Ordaz, M., Haddad, E. & Araújo, I. F. Risk caused by the propagation of earthquake losses through the economy. Nat. Commun. 13, 2908 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, D. et al. Economic footprint of California wildfires in 2018. Nat. Sustain. 4, 252–260 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Huizinga, J., De Moel, H. & Szewczyk, W. Global Flood Depth–Damage Functions: Methodology and the Database with Guidelines (Joint Research Centre, 2017).

Jin, X. Y., Fang, D. L., Chen, B. & Wang, H. Multiobjective layout optimization for low impact development considering its ecosystem services. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 209, 2986 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

He, Y., Yang, Y. & Wang, S. Network and mechanism of China’s new energy vehicle industry from the perspective of value chain. J. Geogr. Sci. 34, 779–803 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Development Index Report on China’s Aviation Logistics Hubs (‌Social Sciences Academic Press, 2024).

Zhang, X., Lu, J. & Peng, Y. Hybrid MCDM model for location of logistics hub: a case in China under the Belt and Road Initiative. IEEE Access 9, 41227–41245 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhao, L. et al. Optimizing logistics hub selection in the integrated network of the China–Europe Railway Express and New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor. J. Ind. Manag. Optim. 21, 4384–4411 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

La Rosa, D. & Pappalardo, V. Planning for spatial equity—a performance based approach for sustainable urban drainage systems. Sustain. Cities Soc. 53, 101885 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Brillinger, M., Scheuer, S. & Albert, C. Deliberating options for nature-based river development: insights from a participatory multi-criteria evaluation. J. Environ. Manag. 317, 115350 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Landry, C. E., Turner, D. & Petrolia, D. Flood insurance market penetration and expectations of disaster assistance. Environ. Resour. Econ. 79, 357–386 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bradt, J. T., Kousky, C. & Wing, O. E. J. Voluntary purchases and adverse selection in the market for flood insurance. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 110, 102515 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Vitale, C., Meijerink, S. & Moccia, F. D. Urban flood resilience, a multi-level institutional analysis of planning practices in the Metropolitan City of Naples. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 66, 813–835 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tellman, B. et al. Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. Nature 596, 80–86 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, X., Zhou, L., Gao, G., Guo, J. & Ji, Z. Urban flood depth-economic loss curves and their amendment based on resilience: evidence from Lizhong Town in Lixia River and Houbai Town in Jurong River of China. Nat. Hazards 82, 1981–2000 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Tanoue, M. et al. Estimation of direct and indirect economic losses caused by a flood with long-lasting inundation: application to the 2011 Thailand flood. Water Resour. Res. 56, 120068 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, Z., Lv, H., Meng, Y., Guan, X. & Zang, Y. The determination of flood damage curve in areas lacking disaster data based on the optimization principle of variation coefficient and beta distribution. Sci. Total Environ. 750, 142277 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Koks, E. E., Bočkarjova, M., de Moel, H. & Aerts, J. C. J. H. Integrated direct and indirect flood risk modeling: development and sensitivity analysis. Risk Anal. 35, 882–900 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jongman, B. et al. Declining vulnerability to river floods and the global benefits of adaptation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, E2271–E2280 (2015).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jonkman, S. N., Bočkarjova, M., Kok, M. & Bernardini, P. Integrated hydrodynamic and economic modelling of flood damage in the Netherlands. Ecol. Econ. 66, 77–90 (2008).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhu, Z. et al. Historic storms and the hidden value of coastal wetlands for nature-based flood defence. Nat. Sustain. 3, 853–862 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jonkman, S. N., Vrijling, J. K. & Vrouwenvelder, A. C. W. M. Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method. Nat. Hazards 46, 353–389 (2008).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Jonkman, S. N., Maaskant, B., Boyd, E. & Levitan, M. L. Loss of life caused by the flooding of New Orleans After Hurricane Katrina: analysis of the relationship between flood characteristics and mortality. Risk Anal. 29, 676–698 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hallegatte, S. Modeling the role of inventories and heterogeneity in the assessment of the economic costs of natural disasters. Risk Anal. 34, 152–167 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sun, Y. et al. Global supply chains amplify economic costs of future extreme heat risk. Nature 627, 797–804 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, D. et al. Supply chains create global benefits from improved vaccine accessibility. Nat. Commun. 14, 1569 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, Z. et al. How to integrate labor disruption into an economic impact evaluation model for postdisaster recovery periods. Risk Anal. 39, 2443–2456 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Li, J., Crawford-Brown, D., Syddall, M. & Guan, D. Modeling imbalanced economic recovery following a natural disaster using input–output analysis. Risk Anal. 33, 1908–1923 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Noth, F. & Rehbein, O. Badly hurt? Natural disasters and direct firm effects. Fin. Res. Lett. 28, 254–258 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xia, Y. et al. Assessment of the economic impacts of heat waves: a case study of Nanjing, China. J. Clean. Prod. 171, 811–819 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fang, D., Duan, C. & Chen, B. Average propagation length analysis for carbon emissions in China. Appl. Energy 275, 115386 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Fang, D. L. et al. Clean air for some: unintended spillover effects of regional air pollution policies. Sci. Adv. 5, 115386 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Vazquez Santiago, J., Hata, H., Martinez-Noriega, E. J. & Inoue, K. Ozone trends and their sensitivity in global megacities under the warming climate. Nat. Commun. 15, 10236 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, R. et al. Global population exposure to landscape fire air pollution from 2000 to 2019. Nature 621, 521–529 (2023).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bakhtsiyarava, M. et al. Potential drivers of urban green space availability in Latin American cities. Nat. Cities 1, 842–852 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, B. et al. Contrasting inequality in human exposure to greenspace between cities of Global North and Global South. Nat. Commun. 13, 4636 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Li, Z. & Chen, B. EULUC China 2.0: Essential Urban Land Use Categories Map across China for 2022 (Shapefile and Geodatabase). Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16794007 (2025).

Peng, S. High-spatial-resolution monthly precipitation dataset over China during 1901–2017. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3114194 (2019).

Che, Y. et al. Building height of Asia in 3D-GloBFP. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11397015 (2024).