Alkhouli, M. et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion: current advances and remaining challenges. JACC Adv. 1, 100136 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Holmes, D. R. et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion: opportunities and challenges. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63, 291–298 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Smit, J. M. et al. Anatomical characteristics of the left atrium and left atrial appendage in relation to the risk of stroke in patients with versus without atrial fibrillation. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 14, e009777 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lip, G. et al. Atrial fibrillation. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2, 16016 (2016).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Marini, C. et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke 36, 1115–1119 (2005).

Article 
ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sievert, H. et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion to prevent stroke in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: early clinical experience. Circulation 105, 1887–1889 (2002).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Whitlock, R. P. et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion during cardiac surgery to prevent stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 2081–2091 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Saw, J. Left atrial appendage occlusion. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 21, 153–154 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Yu, C. M. et al. Mechanical antithrombotic intervention by LAA occlusion in atrial fibrillation. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 10, 707–722 (2013).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Aryana, A. et al. Association between incomplete surgical ligation of left atrial appendage and stroke and systemic embolization. Heart Rhythm 12, 1431–1437 (2015).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Su, P. et al. Occluding the left atrial appendage: anatomical considerations. Heart 94, 1166–1170 (2008).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kasper, K. et al. The Watchman FLX device. JACC Clin. Electrophysiol. 6, 1633–1642 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Sick, P. B. et al. Initial worldwide experience with the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage system for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49, 1490–1495 (2007).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kar, S. et al. Primary outcome evaluation of a next-generation left atrial appendage closure device: results from the PINNACLE FLX trial. Circulation 143, 1754–1762 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Paitazoglou, C. et al. The ALSTER-FLX Registry: 3-month outcomes after left atrial appendage occlusion using a next-generation device, a matched-pair analysis to EWOLUTION. Heart Rhythm 19, 917–926 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Price, M. J. et al. Comparative safety of transcatheter LAAO with the first-generation Watchman and next-generation Watchman FLX devices. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 15, 2115–2123 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Di Biase, L. et al. Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation? Results from a multicenter study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60, 531–538 (2012).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lee, J. M. et al. Impact of increased orifice size and decreased flow velocity of left atrial appendage on stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Am. J. Cardiol. 113, 963–969 (2014).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Viles-Gonzalez, J. F. et al. The clinical impact of incomplete left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device in patients with atrial fibrillation: a PROTECT AF (Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) substudy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59, 923–929 (2012).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lugtu, I. C. et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure using an occluder device: a single center experience. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 38, 352–361 (2022).

PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Dukkipati, S. R. et al. Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Circulation 138, 874–885 (2018).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sedaghat, A. et al. Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure: data on thrombus characteristics, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes from the EUROC-DRT-registry. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 14, e010195 (2021).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Tanaka, T. et al. Challenges and advances in device-related thrombus in left atrial appendage occlusion. Future Cardiol. 20, 343–358 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Toumanides, S. et al. Transcatheter patch occlusion of the left atrial appendage using surgical adhesives in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58, 2236–2240 (2011).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Robinson, S. S. et al. Patient-specific design of a soft occluder for the left atrial appendage. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 8–16 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, B. et al. Magnetically driven biohybrid blood hydrogel fibres for personalized intracranial tumour therapy under fluoroscopic tracking. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 9, 1471–1485 (2025).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kuang, X. et al. Self-enhancing sono-inks enable deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing. Science 382, 1148–1155 (2023).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

de Lima J. et al. Phase diagrams of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) and dimethylformamide solutions exhibiting both liquid-iquid and solid-liquid phase separation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 118, 1787–1795 (2010).

Zhang, Y. S. et al. Regenerative cell therapy with 3D bioprinting. Science 385, 604–606 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Lasagabaster, A. et al. FTIR study on the nature of water sorbed in polypropylene (PP)/ethylene alcohol vinyl (EVOH) films. Eur. Polym. J. 42, 3121–3132 (2006).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, K. C. et al. A tough bioadhesive hydrogel supports sutureless sealing of the dural membrane in porcine and ex vivo human tissue. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadj0616 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Gupta, D. et al. The electrospinning behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) in DMSO–water binary solvent mixtures. RSC Adv. 6, 102947–102955 (2016).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Alderman N. et al. Non-Newtonian Fluids: Guide to Classification and Characteristics (ESDU, 1997).

Kendrew, J. C. et al. A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis. Nature 181, 662–666 (1958).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Takeda, S. et al. Structure of the core domain of human cardiac troponin in the Ca2+-saturated form. Nature 424, 35–41 (2003).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kashima, Y. et al. Single cell sequencing techniques from individual to multiomics analyses. Exp. Mol. Med. 52, 1419–1427 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Jana, S. Endocardialization of cardiovascular devices. Acta Biomater. 99, 53–71 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhuang, Y. et al. Challenges and strategies for in situ endocardialization and long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1791–1809 (2020).

PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kong, P. et al. Biodegradable cardiac occluder with surface modification by gelatin–peptide conjugate to promote endogenous tissue regeneration. Adv. Sci. 11, 2305967 (2024).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Li, Z. et al. A fully biodegradable polydioxanone occluder for ventricle septal defect closure. Bioact. Mater. 24, 252–262 (2023).

PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Hendrickson, T. et al. Thermally responsive hydrogel for atrial fibrillation related stroke prevention. Mater. Today Bio 14, 100240 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Yuan, H. et al. Clinical applicable carboxymethyl chitosan with gel-forming and stabilizing properties based on terminal sterilization methods of electron beam irradiation. ACS Omega 9, 18599–18607 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Hiruta, Y. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based temperature- and pH-responsive polymer materials for application in biomedical fields. Polym. J. 54, 1419–1430 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Strus, B. et al. PLGA-PEG-PLGA polymer: from synthesis to advanced pharmaceutical applications. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2025, 8899828 (2025).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, Y. et al. Liquid embolic agents for interventional embolization. ChemPhysMater 1, 39–50 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Jin, D. et al. Swarming self-adhesive microgels enabled aneurysm on-demand embolization in physiological blood flow. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf9278 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, X. et al. Magnetic soft microfiberbots for robotic embolization. Sci. Robot. 9, eadh2479 (2024).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Peng, Q. et al. Thermal and magnetic dual-responsive catheter-assisted shape memory microrobots for multistage vascular embolization. Research 7, 0339 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Fan, X. et al. Light scattering and surface plasmons on small spherical particles. Light Sci. Appl. 3, e179 (2014).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Khan S. et al. in Handbook of Materials Characterization 317–344 (Springer, 2018).

Jonkman, J. et al. Tutorial: guidance for quantitative confocal microscopy. Nat. Protoc. 15, 1585–1611 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Guo, J. et al. Characterization of pore structures with mercury intrusion porosimetry after electrochemical modification: a case study of Jincheng anthracite. ACS Omega 7, 11148–11157 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988).