{"id":131327,"date":"2025-11-12T15:06:09","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T15:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/131327\/"},"modified":"2025-11-12T15:06:09","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T15:06:09","slug":"ethnic-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-prediabetes-and-diabetes-in-australia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-bmc-public-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/131327\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in Australia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Hare MJL, Zhao Y, Guthridge S, Burgess P, Barr ELM, Ellis E, et al. Prevalence and incidence of diabetes among Aboriginal people in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia: a retrospective, longitudinal data-linkage study. BMJ Open. 2022;12: e059716.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35569825\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9125760\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20incidence%20of%20diabetes%20among%20Aboriginal%20people%20in%20remote%20communities%20of%20the%20Northern%20Territory%2C%20Australia%3A%20a%20retrospective%2C%20longitudinal%20data-linkage%20study&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Hare%2CMJL&amp;author=Zhao%2CY&amp;author=Guthridge%2CS&amp;author=Burgess%2CP&amp;author=Barr%2CELM&amp;author=Ellis%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Genovese S, Ceriello A. Focus on migrants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in European countries. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:319\u201326.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26688327\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Focus%20on%20migrants%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus%20in%20European%20countries&amp;journal=Intern%20Emerg%20Med&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=319-326&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Testa%2CR&amp;author=Bonfigli%2CAR&amp;author=Genovese%2CS&amp;author=Ceriello%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142021. Diabetes Care. 2020;44 Supplement_1:S15\u201333.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO\/IDF consultation. 2006.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Zhang H, Rogers K, Sukkar L, Jun M, Kang A, Young T, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of diabetes in Australian adults aged \u226545 years: a cohort study using linked routinely-collected data. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2020;22: 100240.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33294382\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7691170\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%2C%20incidence%20and%20risk%20factors%20of%20diabetes%20in%20Australian%20adults%20aged%20%E2%89%A545%20years%3A%20a%20cohort%20study%20using%20linked%20routinely-collected%20data&amp;journal=J%20Clin%20Transl%20Endocrinol&amp;volume=22&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Zhang%2CH&amp;author=Rogers%2CK&amp;author=Sukkar%2CL&amp;author=Jun%2CM&amp;author=Kang%2CA&amp;author=Young%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Rooney MR, Fang M, Ogurtsova K, Ozkan B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Boyko EJ, et al. Global prevalence of prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:1388\u201394.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsV2qtbbM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37196350\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10442190\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20prevalence%20of%20prediabetes&amp;journal=Diabetes%20Care&amp;volume=46&amp;pages=1388-1394&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Rooney%2CMR&amp;author=Fang%2CM&amp;author=Ogurtsova%2CK&amp;author=Ozkan%2CB&amp;author=Echouffo-Tcheugui%2CJB&amp;author=Boyko%2CEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402:203\u201334.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%2C%20regional%2C%20and%20national%20burden%20of%20diabetes%20from%201990%20to%202021%2C%20with%20projections%20of%20prevalence%20to%202050%3A%20a%20systematic%20analysis%20for%20the%20Global%20Burden%20of%20Disease%20Study%202021&amp;journal=Lancet&amp;volume=402&amp;pages=203-234&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ong%2CKL&amp;author=Stafford%2CLK&amp;author=McLaughlin%2CSA&amp;author=Boyko%2CEJ&amp;author=Vollset%2CSE&amp;author=Smith%2CAE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Davis WA, Peters KE, Makepeace A, Griffiths S, Bundell C, Grant SFA, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II. Intern Med J. 2018;48:803\u20139.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29512259\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6037554\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20diabetes%20in%20Australia%3A%20insights%20from%20the%20Fremantle%20Diabetes%20Study%20Phase%20II&amp;journal=Intern%20Med%20J&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=803-809&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Davis%2CWA&amp;author=Peters%2CKE&amp;author=Makepeace%2CA&amp;author=Griffiths%2CS&amp;author=Bundell%2CC&amp;author=Grant%2CSFA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157: 107843.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31518657\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20and%20regional%20diabetes%20prevalence%20estimates%20for%202019%20and%20projections%20for%202030%20and%202045%3A%20results%20from%20the%20International%20Diabetes%20Federation%20Diabetes%20Atlas%2C%209th%20edition&amp;journal=Diabetes%20Res%20Clin%20Pract&amp;volume=157&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Saeedi%2CP&amp;author=Petersohn%2CI&amp;author=Salpea%2CP&amp;author=Malanda%2CB&amp;author=Karuranga%2CS&amp;author=Unwin%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Facts &amp; figures. International Diabetes Federation. <a href=\"https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/<\/a>. Accessed 1 Jun 2025.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Spanakis EK, Golden SH. Race\/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:814\u201323.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24037313\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Race%2Fethnic%20difference%20in%20diabetes%20and%20diabetic%20complications&amp;journal=Curr%20Diab%20Rep&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=814-823&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Spanakis%2CEK&amp;author=Golden%2CSH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Fazli GS, Moineddin R, Bierman AS, Booth GL. Ethnic variation in the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes among immigrant populations relative to Canadian-born residents: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8: e000907.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32071198\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7039599\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ethnic%20variation%20in%20the%20conversion%20of%20prediabetes%20to%20diabetes%20among%20immigrant%20populations%20relative%20to%20Canadian-born%20residents%3A%20a%20population-based%20cohort%20study&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open%20Diabetes%20Res%20Care&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Fazli%2CGS&amp;author=Moineddin%2CR&amp;author=Bierman%2CAS&amp;author=Booth%2CGL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Pham TM, Carpenter JR, Morris TP, Sharma M, Petersen I. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnoses in the UK: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Health Improvement Network Primary Care Database. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:1081\u20138.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32021464\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6948201\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ethnic%20Differences%20in%20the%20Prevalence%20of%20Type%202%20Diabetes%20Diagnoses%20in%20the%20UK%3A%20Cross-Sectional%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Health%20Improvement%20Network%20Primary%20Care%20Database&amp;journal=Clin%20Epidemiol&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=1081-1088&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Pham%2CTM&amp;author=Carpenter%2CJR&amp;author=Morris%2CTP&amp;author=Sharma%2CM&amp;author=Petersen%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Meeks KAC, Freitas-Da-Silva D, Adeyemo A, Beune EJAJ, Modesti PA, Stronks K, et al. Disparities in type 2 diabetes prevalence among ethnic minority groups resident in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:327\u201340.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26370238\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Disparities%20in%20type%202%20diabetes%20prevalence%20among%20ethnic%20minority%20groups%20resident%20in%20Europe%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=Intern%20Emerg%20Med&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=327-340&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Meeks%2CKAC&amp;author=Freitas-Da-Silva%2CD&amp;author=Adeyemo%2CA&amp;author=Beune%2CEJAJ&amp;author=Modesti%2CPA&amp;author=Stronks%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Diabetes, 2022| Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/diabetes\/latest-release\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/diabetes\/latest-release\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/diabetes\/latest-release<\/a>. Accessed 25 Oct 2024.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Islam SMS, Siopis G, Sood S, Uddin R, Tegegne T, Porter J, et al. The burden of type 2 diabetes in Australia during the period 1990\u20132019: findings from the global burden of disease study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199: 110631.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36965709\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20burden%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20in%20Australia%20during%20the%20period%201990%E2%80%932019%3A%20findings%20from%20the%20global%20burden%20of%20disease%20study&amp;journal=Diabetes%20Res%20Clin%20Pract&amp;volume=199&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Islam%2CSMS&amp;author=Siopis%2CG&amp;author=Sood%2CS&amp;author=Uddin%2CR&amp;author=Tegegne%2CT&amp;author=Porter%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Gong JY, Salim A, Fourlanos S, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE. The impact of ethnicity and its definition on diabetes prevalence: a national Australian whole-of-population study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;218: 111937.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39577495\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impact%20of%20ethnicity%20and%20its%20definition%20on%20diabetes%20prevalence%3A%20a%20national%20Australian%20whole-of-population%20study&amp;journal=Diabetes%20Res%20Clin%20Pract&amp;volume=218&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Gong%2CJY&amp;author=Salim%2CA&amp;author=Fourlanos%2CS&amp;author=Magliano%2CDJ&amp;author=Shaw%2CJE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Minges KE, Zimmet P, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Brown A, Shaw JE. Diabetes prevalence and determinants in Indigenous Australian populations: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93:139\u201349.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21742398\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diabetes%20prevalence%20and%20determinants%20in%20Indigenous%20Australian%20populations%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Diabetes%20Res%20Clin%20Pract&amp;volume=93&amp;pages=139-149&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Minges%2CKE&amp;author=Zimmet%2CP&amp;author=Magliano%2CDJ&amp;author=Dunstan%2CDW&amp;author=Brown%2CA&amp;author=Shaw%2CJE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Modesti PA, Galanti G, Cala\u2019 P, Calabrese M. Lifestyle interventions in preventing new type 2 diabetes in Asian populations. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:375\u201384.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Rudnicka AR, Owen CG. An introduction to systematic reviews and meta-analyses in health care. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012;32:174\u201383.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22512371\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20introduction%20to%20systematic%20reviews%20and%20meta-analyses%20in%20health%20care&amp;journal=Ophthalmic%20Physiol%20Opt&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=174-183&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Rudnicka%2CAR&amp;author=Owen%2CCG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Shamshirgaran SM, Jorm L, Bambrick H, Hennessy A. Independent roles of country of birth and socioeconomic status in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1223.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24359144\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3883476\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Independent%20roles%20of%20country%20of%20birth%20and%20socioeconomic%20status%20in%20the%20occurrence%20of%20type%202%20diabetes&amp;journal=BMC%20Public%20Health&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Shamshirgaran%2CSM&amp;author=Jorm%2CL&amp;author=Bambrick%2CH&amp;author=Hennessy%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Tran F, Stone M, Huang C-Y, Lloyd M, Woodhead HJ, Elliott KD, et al. Population-based incidence of diabetes in Australian youth aged 10\u201318 yr: increase in type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15:585\u201390.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24636643\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Population-based%20incidence%20of%20diabetes%20in%20Australian%20youth%20aged%2010%E2%80%9318%20yr%3A%20increase%20in%20type%201%20diabetes%20but%20not%20type%202%20diabetes&amp;journal=Pediatr%20Diabetes&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=585-590&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Tran%2CF&amp;author=Stone%2CM&amp;author=Huang%2CC-Y&amp;author=Lloyd%2CM&amp;author=Woodhead%2CHJ&amp;author=Elliott%2CKD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Fernandez R, Everett B, Miranda C, Rolley JX, Rajaratnam R, Davidson PM. Migratory implications for coronary heart disease risk prevention in asian indians: evidence from the leading health indicators. J Cult Divers. 2015;22:30\u20138.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26288910\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Migratory%20implications%20for%20coronary%20heart%20disease%20risk%20prevention%20in%20asian%20indians%3A%20evidence%20from%20the%20leading%20health%20indicators&amp;journal=J%20Cult%20Divers&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=30-38&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Fernandez%2CR&amp;author=Everett%2CB&amp;author=Miranda%2CC&amp;author=Rolley%2CJX&amp;author=Rajaratnam%2CR&amp;author=Davidson%2CPM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Guo S, Lucas RM, Joshy G, Banks E. Cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles of 263,356 older Australians according to region of birth and acculturation, with a focus on migrants born in Asia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0115627.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25695771\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4335012\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cardiovascular%20disease%20risk%20factor%20profiles%20of%20263%2C356%20older%20Australians%20according%20to%20region%20of%20birth%20and%20acculturation%2C%20with%20a%20focus%20on%20migrants%20born%20in%20Asia&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Guo%2CS&amp;author=Lucas%2CRM&amp;author=Joshy%2CG&amp;author=Banks%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Ndwiga DW, McBride KA, Simmons D, MacMillan F. Diabetes, its risk factors and readiness to change lifestyle behaviours among Australian Samoans living in Sydney: baseline data for church-wide interventions. Health Promot J Aust. 2020;31:268\u201378.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diabetes%2C%20its%20risk%20factors%20and%20readiness%20to%20change%20lifestyle%20behaviours%20among%20Australian%20Samoans%20living%20in%20Sydney%3A%20baseline%20data%20for%20church-wide%20interventions&amp;journal=Health%20Promot%20J%20Aust&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=268-278&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Ndwiga%2CDW&amp;author=McBride%2CKA&amp;author=Simmons%2CD&amp;author=MacMillan%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Serrano J, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Dawson J, Ratnayake A, Ravi S, Dick H, et al. Integrating point-of-care diabetes detection with lifestyle counselling in community settings: outcomes from Western Sydney. Australia BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24:926.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39138433\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Integrating%20point-of-care%20diabetes%20detection%20with%20lifestyle%20counselling%20in%20community%20settings%3A%20outcomes%20from%20Western%20Sydney&amp;journal=Australia%20BMC%20Health%20Serv%20Res&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Serrano%2CJ&amp;author=Meyerowitz-Katz%2CG&amp;author=Dawson%2CJ&amp;author=Ratnayake%2CA&amp;author=Ravi%2CS&amp;author=Dick%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Landers J, Henderson T, Craig J. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in indigenous Australians within central Australia: the Central Australian ocular health study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1140\u20134.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cjpsV2ktQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20530181\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20prevalence%20and%20causes%20of%20visual%20impairment%20in%20indigenous%20Australians%20within%20central%20Australia%3A%20the%20Central%20Australian%20ocular%20health%20study&amp;journal=Br%20J%20Ophthalmol&amp;volume=94&amp;pages=1140-1144&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Landers%2CJ&amp;author=Henderson%2CT&amp;author=Craig%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Einsiedel L, Fernandes L, Joseph S, Brown A, Woodman RJ. Non-communicable diseases, infection and survival in a retrospective cohort of Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults in central Australia. BMJ Open. 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2013-003070\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003070\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23872293\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3717469\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Non-communicable%20diseases%2C%20infection%20and%20survival%20in%20a%20retrospective%20cohort%20of%20Indigenous%20and%20non-Indigenous%20adults%20in%20central%20Australia&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2013-003070&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Einsiedel%2CL&amp;author=Fernandes%2CL&amp;author=Joseph%2CS&amp;author=Brown%2CA&amp;author=Woodman%2CRJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Gador-Whyte AP, Wakerman J, Campbell D, Lenthall S, Struber J, Hope A, et al. Cost of best-practice primary care management of chronic disease in a remote Aboriginal community. Med J Aust. 2014;200:663\u20136.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24938349\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cost%20of%20best-practice%20primary%20care%20management%20of%20chronic%20disease%20in%20a%20remote%20Aboriginal%20community&amp;journal=Med%20J%20Aust&amp;volume=200&amp;pages=663-666&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Gador-Whyte%2CAP&amp;author=Wakerman%2CJ&amp;author=Campbell%2CD&amp;author=Lenthall%2CS&amp;author=Struber%2CJ&amp;author=Hope%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Rajamohan M, Jayhoon Z, Gomez B, Tankel F, Clarke N, Foskett S, et al. Heart failure among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in remote Central Australia. Intern Med J. 2024;54:755\u201363.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXitlahsbjJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37929803\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Heart%20failure%20among%20Indigenous%20and%20non-Indigenous%20Australians%20in%20remote%20Central%20Australia&amp;journal=Intern%20Med%20J&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=755-763&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Rajamohan%2CM&amp;author=Jayhoon%2CZ&amp;author=Gomez%2CB&amp;author=Tankel%2CF&amp;author=Clarke%2CN&amp;author=Foskett%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Hoy WE, Davey RL, Sharma S, Hoy PW, Smith JM, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan S. Chronic disease profiles in remote Aboriginal settings and implications for health services planning. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34:11\u20138.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20920099\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chronic%20disease%20profiles%20in%20remote%20Aboriginal%20settings%20and%20implications%20for%20health%20services%20planning&amp;journal=Aust%20N%20Z%20J%20Public%20Health&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=11-18&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Hoy%2CWE&amp;author=Davey%2CRL&amp;author=Sharma%2CS&amp;author=Hoy%2CPW&amp;author=Smith%2CJM&amp;author=Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Hyde Z, Smith K, Flicker L, Atkinson D, Almeida OP, Lautenschlager NT, et al. Mortality in a cohort of remote-living Aboriginal Australians and associated factors. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0195030.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29621272\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5886486\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mortality%20in%20a%20cohort%20of%20remote-living%20Aboriginal%20Australians%20and%20associated%20factors&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Hyde%2CZ&amp;author=Smith%2CK&amp;author=Flicker%2CL&amp;author=Atkinson%2CD&amp;author=Almeida%2COP&amp;author=Lautenschlager%2CNT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Hyde Z, Smith K, Flicker L, Atkinson D, Fenner S, Skeaf L, et al. HbA1c is associated with frailty in a group of Aboriginal Australians. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8:17\u201320.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BB3cfgsFCisA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30734826\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=HbA1c%20is%20associated%20with%20frailty%20in%20a%20group%20of%20Aboriginal%20Australians&amp;journal=J%20Frailty%20Aging&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=17-20&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Hyde%2CZ&amp;author=Smith%2CK&amp;author=Flicker%2CL&amp;author=Atkinson%2CD&amp;author=Fenner%2CS&amp;author=Skeaf%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Hussain MA, Katzenellenbogen JM, Sanfilippo FM, Murray K, Thompson SC. Complexity in disease management: a linked data analysis of multimorbidity in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients hospitalised with atherothrombotic disease in Western Australia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0201496.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30106971\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6091927\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Complexity%20in%20disease%20management%3A%20a%20linked%20data%20analysis%20of%20multimorbidity%20in%20Aboriginal%20and%20non-Aboriginal%20patients%20hospitalised%20with%20atherothrombotic%20disease%20in%20Western%20Australia&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Hussain%2CMA&amp;author=Katzenellenbogen%2CJM&amp;author=Sanfilippo%2CFM&amp;author=Murray%2CK&amp;author=Thompson%2CSC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Hyde Z, Flicker L, Smith K, Atkinson D, Fenner S, Skeaf L, et al. Prevalence and incidence of frailty in Aboriginal Australians, and associations with mortality and disability. Maturitas. 2016;87:89\u201394.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27013294\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20incidence%20of%20frailty%20in%20Aboriginal%20Australians%2C%20and%20associations%20with%20mortality%20and%20disability&amp;journal=Maturitas&amp;volume=87&amp;pages=89-94&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Hyde%2CZ&amp;author=Flicker%2CL&amp;author=Smith%2CK&amp;author=Atkinson%2CD&amp;author=Fenner%2CS&amp;author=Skeaf%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">McDermott RA, Li M, Campbell SK. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in two Indigenous Australian populations: a 6-year follow-up study. Med J Aust. 2010;192:562\u20135.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20477730\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Incidence%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20in%20two%20Indigenous%20Australian%20populations%3A%20a%206-year%20follow-up%20study&amp;journal=Med%20J%20Aust&amp;volume=192&amp;pages=562-565&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=McDermott%2CRA&amp;author=Li%2CM&amp;author=Campbell%2CSK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Renzaho AMN, Bilal P, Marks GC. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure amongst recently arrived Sudanese refugees in Queensland, Australia. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16:86\u201394.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3srktFChsw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23576028\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Obesity%2C%20type%202%20diabetes%20and%20high%20blood%20pressure%20amongst%20recently%20arrived%20Sudanese%20refugees%20in%20Queensland%2C%20Australia&amp;journal=J%20Immigr%20Minor%20Health&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=86-94&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Renzaho%2CAMN&amp;author=Bilal%2CP&amp;author=Marks%2CGC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Bilal PI, Chan CKY, Somerset SM. Depression mediates association between perceived ethnic discrimination and elevated blood glucose levels among sub-Saharan African migrants in Australia. J Immigr Minor Health. 2021;23:199\u2013206.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BB3svkt1Sluw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33385270\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Depression%20mediates%20association%20between%20perceived%20ethnic%20discrimination%20and%20elevated%20blood%20glucose%20levels%20among%20sub-Saharan%20African%20migrants%20in%20Australia&amp;journal=J%20Immigr%20Minor%20Health&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=199-206&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bilal%2CPI&amp;author=Chan%2CCKY&amp;author=Somerset%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Nisar M, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Burton NW, Khan A. A Longitudinal Assessment of Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Adults in Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8621.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168621\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/ijerph18168621\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168621<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Wang Z, Hoy WE, Si D. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in Aboriginal Australians: an 11-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:487.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20712905\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2931471\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Incidence%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20in%20Aboriginal%20Australians%3A%20an%2011-year%20prospective%20cohort%20study&amp;journal=BMC%20Public%20Health&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Wang%2CZ&amp;author=Hoy%2CWE&amp;author=Si%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Renzaho AM, Nowson C, Kaur A, Halliday JA, Fong D, Desilva J. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease among African migrant and refugee adults in Melbourne: a pilot study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20:397\u2013403.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12rur%2FL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21859658\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20vitamin%20D%20insufficiency%20and%20risk%20factors%20for%20type%202%20diabetes%20and%20cardiovascular%20disease%20among%20African%20migrant%20and%20refugee%20adults%20in%20Melbourne%3A%20a%20pilot%20study&amp;journal=Asia%20Pac%20J%20Clin%20Nutr&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=397-403&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Renzaho%2CAM&amp;author=Nowson%2CC&amp;author=Kaur%2CA&amp;author=Halliday%2CJA&amp;author=Fong%2CD&amp;author=Desilva%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Taylor YJ, Davis ME, Mahabaleshwarkar R, Spencer MD. Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Care and Outcomes: A Mixed Methods Study.; J Health Dispar Res Pract. 2018;11(2):Article 9. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/oasis.library.unlv.edu\/jhdrp\/vol11\/iss2\/9\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/oasis.library.unlv.edu\/jhdrp\/vol11\/iss2\/9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/oasis.library.unlv.edu\/jhdrp\/vol11\/iss2\/9<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Xie J, Arnold A-L, Keeffe J, Goujon N, Dunn RA, Fox S, et al. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in indigenous Australians: the National Indigenous Eye Health Survey. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2011;39:487\u201393.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21819502\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20self-reported%20diabetes%20and%20diabetic%20retinopathy%20in%20indigenous%20Australians%3A%20the%20National%20Indigenous%20Eye%20Health%20Survey&amp;journal=Clin%20Experiment%20Ophthalmol&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=487-493&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Xie%2CJ&amp;author=Arnold%2CA-L&amp;author=Keeffe%2CJ&amp;author=Goujon%2CN&amp;author=Dunn%2CRA&amp;author=Fox%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Keel S, Foreman J, Xie J, van Wijngaarden P, Taylor HR, Dirani M. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes in the Australian National Eye Health Survey. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0169211.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28045990\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5207759\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20prevalence%20of%20self-reported%20diabetes%20in%20the%20Australian%20National%20Eye%20Health%20Survey&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Keel%2CS&amp;author=Foreman%2CJ&amp;author=Xie%2CJ&amp;author=Wijngaarden%2CP&amp;author=Taylor%2CHR&amp;author=Dirani%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Foreman J, Keel S, McGuinness MB, Crowston JG, Taylor HR, Dirani M. Prevalence and associations of non-retinopathy ocular conditions among older Australians with self-reported diabetes: The National Eye Health Survey. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13:1642\u201351.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33078117\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7511380\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20associations%20of%20non-retinopathy%20ocular%20conditions%20among%20older%20Australians%20with%20self-reported%20diabetes%3A%20The%20National%20Eye%20Health%20Survey&amp;journal=Int%20J%20Ophthalmol&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1642-1651&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Foreman%2CJ&amp;author=Keel%2CS&amp;author=McGuinness%2CMB&amp;author=Crowston%2CJG&amp;author=Taylor%2CHR&amp;author=Dirani%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Pink N, Liddell A, Gonzalez-Chica D, Stocks N. Pharmaceutical management of type 2 diabetes among Indigenous Australians living in urban or rural locations: a comparative study using a national general practice database. Aust J Rural Health. 2023;31:979\u201390.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37622661\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pharmaceutical%20management%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20among%20Indigenous%20Australians%20living%20in%20urban%20or%20rural%20locations%3A%20a%20comparative%20study%20using%20a%20national%20general%20practice%20database&amp;journal=Aust%20J%20Rural%20Health&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=979-990&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Pink%2CN&amp;author=Liddell%2CA&amp;author=Gonzalez-Chica%2CD&amp;author=Stocks%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Tran DT, Jorm LR, Johnson M, Bambrick H, Lujic S. Prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in older Vietnam-born Australians. J Community Health. 2014;39:99\u2013107.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23913107\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20risk%20factors%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20in%20older%20Vietnam-born%20Australians&amp;journal=J%20Community%20Health&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=99-107&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Tran%2CDT&amp;author=Jorm%2CLR&amp;author=Johnson%2CM&amp;author=Bambrick%2CH&amp;author=Lujic%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Ferdinand KC, Nasser SA. Racial\/ethnic disparities in prevalence and care of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31:913\u201323.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25772230\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Racial%2Fethnic%20disparities%20in%20prevalence%20and%20care%20of%20patients%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus&amp;journal=Curr%20Med%20Res%20Opin&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=913-923&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Ferdinand%2CKC&amp;author=Nasser%2CSA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Agyemang C, van der Linden EL, Bennet L. Type 2 diabetes burden among migrants in Europe: unravelling the causal pathways. Diabetologia. 2021;64:2665\u201375.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34657183\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8563673\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Type%202%20diabetes%20burden%20among%20migrants%20in%20Europe%3A%20unravelling%20the%20causal%20pathways&amp;journal=Diabetologia&amp;volume=64&amp;pages=2665-2675&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Agyemang%2CC&amp;author=Linden%2CEL&amp;author=Bennet%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Marchesini G, Gibertoni D, Giansante C, Perlangeli V, Grilli R, Scudeller L, et al. Impact of migration on diabetes burden: audit in the metropolitan area of Bologna, Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2024;47:411\u201320.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsF2iurzF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37474878\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Impact%20of%20migration%20on%20diabetes%20burden%3A%20audit%20in%20the%20metropolitan%20area%20of%20Bologna%2C%20Italy&amp;journal=J%20Endocrinol%20Invest&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=411-420&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Marchesini%2CG&amp;author=Gibertoni%2CD&amp;author=Giansante%2CC&amp;author=Perlangeli%2CV&amp;author=Grilli%2CR&amp;author=Scudeller%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Thomas CG, Channa R, Prichett L, Liu TYA, Abramoff MD, Wolf RM. Racial\/ethnic disparities and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in youths. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139:791\u20135.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34042939\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Racial%2Fethnic%20disparities%20and%20barriers%20to%20diabetic%20retinopathy%20screening%20in%20youths&amp;journal=JAMA%20Ophthalmol&amp;volume=139&amp;pages=791-795&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Thomas%2CCG&amp;author=Channa%2CR&amp;author=Prichett%2CL&amp;author=Liu%2CTYA&amp;author=Abramoff%2CMD&amp;author=Wolf%2CRM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Tung EL, Baig AA, Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Chua K-P. Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes screening between Asian Americans and other adults: BRFSS 2012\u20132014. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32:423\u20139.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27848187\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Racial%20and%20ethnic%20disparities%20in%20diabetes%20screening%20between%20Asian%20Americans%20and%20other%20adults%3A%20BRFSS%202012%E2%80%932014&amp;journal=J%20Gen%20Intern%20Med&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=423-429&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Tung%2CEL&amp;author=Baig%2CAA&amp;author=Huang%2CES&amp;author=Laiteerapong%2CN&amp;author=Chua%2CK-P\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Shah NS, Luncheon C, Kandula NR, Cho P, Loustalot F, Fang J. Self-reported diabetes prevalence in Asian American subgroups: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2013\u20132019. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37:1902\u20139.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34109541\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Self-reported%20diabetes%20prevalence%20in%20Asian%20American%20subgroups%3A%20behavioral%20risk%20factor%20surveillance%20system%2C%202013%E2%80%932019&amp;journal=J%20Gen%20Intern%20Med&amp;volume=37&amp;pages=1902-1909&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Shah%2CNS&amp;author=Luncheon%2CC&amp;author=Kandula%2CNR&amp;author=Cho%2CP&amp;author=Loustalot%2CF&amp;author=Fang%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Aggarwal R, Bibbins-Domingo K, Yeh RW, Song Y, Chiu N, Wadhera RK, et al. Diabetes screening by race and ethnicity in the United States: equivalent body mass index and age thresholds. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175:765\u201373.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35533384\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diabetes%20screening%20by%20race%20and%20ethnicity%20in%20the%20United%20States%3A%20equivalent%20body%20mass%20index%20and%20age%20thresholds&amp;journal=Ann%20Intern%20Med&amp;volume=175&amp;pages=765-773&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Aggarwal%2CR&amp;author=Bibbins-Domingo%2CK&amp;author=Yeh%2CRW&amp;author=Song%2CY&amp;author=Chiu%2CN&amp;author=Wadhera%2CRK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Kim EJ, Kim T, Conigliaro J, Liebschutz JM, Paasche-Orlow MK, Hanchate AD. Racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosis of chronic medical conditions in the USA. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:1116\u201323.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29736755\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6025658\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Racial%20and%20ethnic%20disparities%20in%20diagnosis%20of%20chronic%20medical%20conditions%20in%20the%20USA&amp;journal=J%20Gen%20Intern%20Med&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=1116-1123&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kim%2CEJ&amp;author=Kim%2CT&amp;author=Conigliaro%2CJ&amp;author=Liebschutz%2CJM&amp;author=Paasche-Orlow%2CMK&amp;author=Hanchate%2CAD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Diabetes: Australian facts, Summary. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/diabetes\/diabetes\/contents\/summary\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/diabetes\/diabetes\/contents\/summary\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/diabetes\/diabetes\/contents\/summary<\/a>. Accessed 10 Dec 2024.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Cheran K, Murthy C, Bornemann EA, Kamma HK, Alabbas M, Elashahab M, et al. The growing epidemic of diabetes among the Indigenous population of Canada: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023;15: e36173.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37065334\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10103803\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20growing%20epidemic%20of%20diabetes%20among%20the%20Indigenous%20population%20of%20Canada%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Cureus&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Cheran%2CK&amp;author=Murthy%2CC&amp;author=Bornemann%2CEA&amp;author=Kamma%2CHK&amp;author=Alabbas%2CM&amp;author=Elashahab%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Wedekind LE, Mitchell CM, Andersen CC, Knowler WC, Hanson RL. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous communities in the United States. Curr Diab Rep. 2021;21:47.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34807308\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8665733\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Epidemiology%20of%20type%202%20diabetes%20in%20Indigenous%20communities%20in%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=Curr%20Diab%20Rep&amp;volume=21&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wedekind%2CLE&amp;author=Mitchell%2CCM&amp;author=Andersen%2CCC&amp;author=Knowler%2CWC&amp;author=Hanson%2CRL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">The University of Melbourne, Atkinson-Briggs S, Jenkins A, University of Sydney, Ryan C, The University of Melbourne, et al. Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviours Among Indigenous Australians With Diabetes: A Review. J Aust Indig Heal. 2022;3:1\u201330.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Edith Cowan University, Ride K, Burrow S, University of Western Australia. Review of diabetes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. J Aust Indig Heal. 2022;3:1\u201343.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Foliaki S, Pearce N. Prevalence and causes of diabetes in Pacific people. Pac Health Dialog. 2003;10:90\u20138.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18181422\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20causes%20of%20diabetes%20in%20Pacific%20people&amp;journal=Pac%20Health%20Dialog&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=90-98&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Foliaki%2CS&amp;author=Pearce%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Hawley NL, McGarvey ST. Obesity and diabetes in Pacific Islanders: the current burden and the need for urgent action. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:29.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25809458\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Obesity%20and%20diabetes%20in%20Pacific%20Islanders%3A%20the%20current%20burden%20and%20the%20need%20for%20urgent%20action&amp;journal=Curr%20Diab%20Rep&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Hawley%2CNL&amp;author=McGarvey%2CST\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Wang Y, Yang H, Huynh Q, Nolan M, Negishi K, Marwick TH. Diagnosis of nonischemic stage B heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus: optimal parameters for prediction of heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:1390\u2013400.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29778859\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diagnosis%20of%20nonischemic%20stage%20B%20heart%20failure%20in%20type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus%3A%20optimal%20parameters%20for%20prediction%20of%20heart%20failure&amp;journal=JACC%20Cardiovasc%20Imaging&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=1390-1400&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Wang%2CY&amp;author=Yang%2CH&amp;author=Huynh%2CQ&amp;author=Nolan%2CM&amp;author=Negishi%2CK&amp;author=Marwick%2CTH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Nisar M, Kolbe-Alexander T, Khan A. Chronic diseases and their behavioural risk factors among South Asian immigrants in Australia. Aust Health Rev Publ Aust Hosp Assoc. 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH24032\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1071\/AH24032\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH24032<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1071\/AH24032\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1071\/AH24032\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071%2FAH24032\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1071\/AH24032\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chronic%20diseases%20and%20their%20behavioural%20risk%20factors%20among%20South%20Asian%20immigrants%20in%20Australia&amp;journal=Aust%20Health%20Rev%20Publ%20Aust%20Hosp%20Assoc&amp;doi=10.1071%2FAH24032&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Nisar%2CM&amp;author=Kolbe-Alexander%2CT&amp;author=Khan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Hare MJL, Zhao Y, Guthridge S, Burgess P, Barr ELM, Ellis E, et al. Prevalence and incidence of&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":131328,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[85,14215,3535,2058,5384,90462,2294,134,48545,14214,111,139,69,18395,39355,1675,14216],"class_list":["post-131327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-health","tag-australia","tag-biostatistics","tag-diabetes","tag-environmental-health","tag-epidemiology","tag-ethnic-disparities","tag-general","tag-health","tag-immigrants","tag-medicine-public-health","tag-new-zealand","tag-newzealand","tag-nz","tag-prediabetes","tag-prevalence","tag-public-health","tag-vaccine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131327"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131327\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/131328"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}