Newswise \u2014 UPTON, N.Y. \u2014 A team led by scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory has engineered poplar trees to produce valuable chemicals that can be used to make biodegradable plastics and other products. The modified trees were more tolerant of high salt levels in soil and were easier to break down for conversion into biofuels and other bioproducts.<\/p>\n
The study<\/a>, published in Plant Biotechnology Journal, shows that poplar trees, which are already useful as a bioenergy crop, can be reprogrammed at the genetic level to act as living factories for producing high-value materials. This approach for making important raw materials could help establish a flexible domestic supply chain, potentially lowering costs and reducing reliance on imported specialty chemicals.<\/p>\n \u201cThis study demonstrates the metabolic \u2018plasticity,\u2019 or flexibility, of poplar and the feasibility of engineering stress-resistant crops to produce multiple desired products,\u201d said Brookhaven Lab biologist Chang-Jun Liu, who led the research. \u201cIt\u2019s an example of how basic biological discoveries that help us understand metabolic processes in plants can lead to real-world practical applications.\u201d<\/p>\n The study team included collaborators at the Joint BioEnergy Institute, which is managed by\u00a0DOE\u2019s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and at Kyoto University.<\/p>\n Re-engineering poplar<\/p>\n The team modified hybrid poplar trees to produce 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) \u2014 a compound used to make durable, high-performance plastics and coatings. This compound is normally generated through complex chemical processes or by using bacteria and other microbes to break down biomass.<\/p>\n The Brookhaven team moved the microbial process into the plants by inserting five genes from naturally occurring soil microbes into hybrid poplar trees. These genes make up a synthetic metabolic pathway that redirects part of the plant\u2019s metabolic system to produce PDC and other related compounds, including protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid, both of which have industrial and pharmaceutical uses.<\/p>\n \u201cPoplar grows quickly, adapts to many environments, and is easy to propagate,\u201d said Nidhi Dwivedi, who works with Liu in Brookhaven Lab\u2019s Biology Department<\/a>. \u201cBy adding this new pathway, we\u2019re expanding the range of bioproducts these trees can produce.\u201d<\/p>\n Other beneficial changes<\/p>\n The genetic modifications changed the poplar trees\u2019 internal chemistry in other useful ways. Specifically, the cell walls of the engineered plants contained lower levels of lignin, an organic \u201cwoody\u201d polymer that makes biomass difficult to break down. At the same time, the cell walls had higher levels of hemicellulose, a type of complex sugar that can be used for biochemical conversions. With less lignin and more extractible sugars, the modified trees yielded up to 25% more glucose and 2.5 times more xylose \u2014 key ingredients for making biofuels and other bioproducts.<\/p>\n The metabolic changes also caused a higher amount of a waxy substance called suberin to accumulate in the bark and roots of the poplar trees. Suberin protects plant tissues, helps them retain water and nutrients, and blocks toxins \u2014 allowing the modified poplar trees to grow in less-than-ideal conditions, including salty soil.<\/p>\n \u201cThese trees can grow on soil not suitable for food production, so they won\u2019t compete for prime agricultural land,\u201d said Dwivedi. \u201cWhen they are stressed by high salt levels, they produce even higher levels of bioproducts than when they are not stressed.\u201d<\/p>\n So far, the results have come from greenhouse-grown plants. The next step is to test the engineered poplars under field conditions to confirm their performance and long-term stability. The team will continue to optimize the metabolic pathway for even higher yields of PDC and related compounds.<\/p>\n The researchers point out that this model for plant-based manufacturing is easily modifiable and scalable to meet changing demands without the upfront investment required for conventional chemical manufacturing facilities.<\/p>\n \u201cThis work gives us a deeper understanding of plant metabolism,\u201d said Liu. \u201cUsing different combinations of genes, we can potentially make additional products. This knowledge will help researchers design productive crops for a range of U.S. manufacturing and agricultural needs.\u201d<\/p>\n The study was supported by the DOE Office of Science\u00a0through the Joint BioEnergy Institute, with additional funding for the collaborators at Kyoto University from Japan\u2019s Society for the Promotion of Science.<\/p>\n Brookhaven National Laboratory is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit science.energy.gov<\/a>.<\/p>\n Follow @BrookhavenLab on social media. Find us on Instagram<\/a>, LinkedIn<\/a>, X<\/a>, and Facebook<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n